L34 引力子、斥力子——基本粒子 graviton、re

2019-1-7

L34  引力子、斥力子——基本粒子

                  陈理士 


(this text in Eenglish see the rear) 

提要 从力线作用角度,讨论基本粒子的品种、数量,基本粒子聚合,聚合效应,它们在质子内、原子内的运动等问题,

关键词  引力子  斥力子  基本粒子  真正粒子  镜像粒子  对称原理  聚合效应  能量方程  终身量子  分数电荷  粒子物理 

1 关于粒子理论

1.1 存在的问题 

  如果说:“当今粒子理论已发生一系列的失误”,也许难以置信,如果说:“夸克并非一粒,也不是基本粒子,不存在渐进自由与渐进束缚”,也许更加耸人听闻。所好物理学是叙理的科学,现今,夸克理论虽然有数学支撑,恰恰缺少机理。

 构建一个方程表示作用力与距离同方向改变或反方向改变并非不需要,更需要的是为改变找到机理,例如:六种夸克可以转变,机理何在?如果没有机理,仅凭数学是靠不住的。其实,并非仅仅是夸克理论缺少机理,可以举出不少这样的例子,如:“运动方向物体长度缩短”、“真空中光速不变”、“质量不是不变”、“光的引力弯曲”等等。有了机理,方程可以使机理简明、定量;如果始终不能找到机理,“理论”的正确性必然受到怀疑而成为缺理之论。

  现象说明,现代基本粒子理论发生了系列缺理,表现为:

(1)除电子外,几乎所有“粒子”均可分裂、转变,可成为“碎片”,即使是电子,也发现了至今无法解释的“分数电荷”

(2)出现了一批“无质量粒子”(如胶子、“传力粒子” )、“质量从有到无粒子”(如光子)以及理论上需要的粒子(如玻色子、正电子)等

(3)力来自粒子的力线相互作用,基本粒子有12“种”,力却有“四种”,此中关系却无法说明

(4)不能说明所有“粒子”的真像,如质子、重子、介子的实况和区别

(5)不能说明核能来源,仅仅依靠缺乏机理的“质量变能量”方程

(6)不能形成圆满系统的理论,存在“困难”和“问题”

(7) 12“种”质量各不相同的基本粒子分为“三组”,“每组出一粒组成质子”,这样的“质子”质量显然不能划一,同现实相乖

(8)存在过分人性化影响

1.2基本粒子

1.2.1 基本粒子的条件

  基本粒子理论是粒子理论的开端,迄今未能建立起基本粒子的标准并严格把关,以至基本粒子队伍扩大化。现在,人们不能肯定会不会再出现新的“基本粒子”。既然是基本粒子,至少应该符合的条件是:

(1a) 是真正的一粒

(2a) 不能再分裂

(3a) 不能“转变”

(4a) 发出力线,通过力线相互作用生成力 

(5a) 力线密度最高 

(6a) 具有质量与体积

(7a) 单个质量与尺度最小

(8a) 比重最大

(9a) 能够聚合成为迄今发现的所有“粒子”或任何规模的物质且有明确的机理

(10a) 能够发生现已发现的所有的物质演变,其作用符合自然规律

(11a) 品种充分而必要

(12a) 是一切物理现象的“始作俑者”

  认识基本粒子需反复分析实验结果,需要正确解读自然现象、尊重自然规律、发现机理,防止成见和过度人性化的误导。

1.2.2 基本粒子的种类

  基本粒子有多少种?基本粒子是力线的真正发出者,没有不发出力线不会产生作用力的基本粒子。牛顿力来自质量m1、m2的相互作用,其自然延伸便是:基本粒子发出力线,力线相互作用产生力。

  自然界真正“种类”不同的力只有“引力、斥力”两种,所以,种类不同的“力线”也只有两种。发出不同力线的基本粒子有两种便“既充分、又必要”了。因此,从力和力线角度,基本粒子只需要两种而不是12种,更不需要62种甚至>300种。这就是:发出引力线的“引力子”和发出斥力线的“斥力子”。

  从引力、斥力的发生可以看出,“力线相互作用”并不需要任何“中介”,“介力粒子”乃是未能认识到“力是如何形成”的想象中的“粒子”。

  引力子、斥力子作为基本粒子当然是粒子,是最小的粒子,能够聚合成为迄今已“命名的”所有“粒子”(它们其实是“复数”粒子),如何聚合?见以下1.2.5 节,但本文的引力子同以往见诸文献的“引力子”并不雷同,这里的引力子是一枚“发出引力线”的基本粒子,力线并不成为力,只有力线与另外的力线相互作用才成为力; 斥力子则是发出斥力线的基本粒子,作为一个专用名词,是陈理士物理提出的,且英译为“repulton”。

  斥力子是否就是电子?是,但不完全是,主要区别在于它的质量只有<10-36(10的-36次方)克而不是10-28克(参见《L01 粒子今论》),亦即,陈理士物理认为,斥力子(电子)的质量<10-36(10的-36次方)克。 

1.2.3 基本粒子从何处来

  关于基本粒子的来龙去脉需要放在宇宙空间物质演变的大环境中加以考察,物理基础理论的主要元素相互间的关系有系统性,一环失真影响其它,从而难以达到“求真”目的。以上所述已可见到现代物理理论失误的一斑,正确回答此类问题需搁置现代物理学的不完善部分,包括:“基本粒子有12种、对称原理、粒子可变、质量可变、渐进自由、渐进束缚”等不妥判断。

  整个宇宙是一个大的演变体系,演变具有“循环”的性质,如何“循环”?即:“基本粒子—→质子、中子—→原子、分子—→宇宙尘—→星际物质—→行星—→恒星—→超新星爆发—→基本粒子”,根据“聚合效应”,不同规模的物质都发出引力线,因此从小到大的聚合不成问题,只有其中的两个环节 “恒星”和“超新星爆发”需要解释。

  行星为什么会“成长”以至达到恒星的“个头”?又为什么能够点燃心部核反应之火?其机理已在论文《L04 物质演变》中加以叙述。

  恒星和“超新星爆发”都存在原子解体成为基本粒子射向空间的“辐射”,使空间不断获得基本粒子的“供应”。或许要问,恒星与“超新星”的基本粒子又从何而来?

  此问题相当于问“物质从何而来?”这里触到了物理学和哲学的基点,“运动的物质客观存于宇宙中”是答案,这一回答已经达到了底部,人们不能再提出“物质为什么存在”,对此,只能承认,承认客观存在的事物。

亦即,所有基本粒子,客观存在于宇宙之中,物理学研究它们的演变,追寻演变的机理与规律,对它们的客观存在予以承认。

  质子是引力子的“微涡旋星系”,宇宙射线粒子是直线飞行的引力子及其组群,中子是引力子与斥力子的“微涡旋星系”,空间充满电子形成的“空间电场”,因此,基本粒子时时刻刻在人们四周和“身上”,测量工具不能发现它们,只能理解不能观测。

  基本粒子只需要两种的上述理念对于当今学者是难以置信的,现在那么多都不能使理论圆满,两种能行吗?回答是,如果两种基本粒子就可以聚合形成现已命名的所有“粒子”、有明确的机理,不存在“困难”和“问题”,至少,难道不是远胜于现行理论吗?至于是否完全符合实际,不妨长期考核反复考核。

1.2.4 基本粒子的质量和力 

  基本粒子的质量估计有多大?宇宙射线给出的暗示是,“600种以上宇宙射线粒子”其实是“一种”粒子的不同数量的“组群”而已,何以见得?这种“粒子”的“可分、可裂变”暗示了这一点。其实“可分、可变”都是“越分越小、越变越小”,那个“最小”的还能再分吗?所以,宇宙射线的“能量差”应当解读为质量差,而最小的那个便是“一枚”基本粒子。如果此差值1012(10的12次方)正确,由此估计引力子的质量<10-36(10的-36次方)克。

  引力子发出引力线,引力线与引力线相互作用自然产生引力(记为F1),两枚引力子相互作用的物理模型是两个“异性磁极”,这种力线分布图已为人们熟悉,若将这两个磁极放置在字母H的笔画交点上,H的两条竖线将力线分为两部分,竖线内部力线相互交连形成引力,是为“作用力线”;竖线之外力线伸向空间是为“剩余力线”。 

  为什么“600种以上”宇宙射线“粒子”毫无例外地都“带正电荷”呢?需要反思当今的电荷“正、负”理论。被称为“带正电荷”的粒子或物体其实乃是:有“引力线”向外伸出。宇宙射线粒子是引力子的组群,当然有剩余引力线向外!从力线角度认识“电荷”实质,才能突破过度人性化的误导,正确理解质子为什么“相吸”而不是“同性相斥”,基本粒子为什么聚合以及怎样聚合等。

  显然,斥力(记为F2)是斥力线相互作用的结果。斥力子发出斥力线,问题是,斥力线同引力线作用结果如何?

从原子结构可知,产生的也是引力(记为F3),且F3 < F1,证据是,电子相对地容易离开原子。并未发现多枚基本粒子绕一枚“另一种基本粒子”回旋,由此推想,斥力子的质量接近引力子,也大约为10-36克。

  为什么发现了“分数电荷”呢?这同“斥力子”有何关联?

斥力子是电子吗?若说是,目前测量提供的电子质量为10-28克似乎相去甚远;若说不是,迄今只发现了一种“相互排斥”的粒子,即电子,因为“排斥”,它肯定是“单身”粒子,不会聚合为“组群”。问题在哪里?在于测量结果需要正确的分析判断,现在的“电子质量”——10-28(-28次方)克——是对氢原子外部电子质量测量出来的结果,数值本身没有问题,只是因为人们认为“氢原子外围只有一枚电子”,所以定下了这一数值。但是,如果那里果真只有一枚电子,氢原子的“领空”还能良好密封吗?质子的引力线能不外泄吗?氢原子还能表现电磁中性且进行布朗运动吗?在氢原子的实际状态面前,需要改变认识,那里不是一枚电子而是“一份”电子。这“一份”便是上述两数据之差,即108(1亿)枚。这样,“分数电荷”的发现,就不会成为问题。

这里可以看出:

(1)两种基本粒子乃是两种力线的原始发出者,力线相互作用形成力,于是,自然界有引力——F1、F3——与斥力——F2 两种力

(2)作用力的大小,正比于“作用力线”的数量

(3)由于下一节所述的“聚合效应”,引力的“作用力线”比例随聚合物质的增多而下降,斥力则没有这种效应,斥力大小仅同作用双方的电子数量成正比

(4)两种基本粒子的质量估计值有可能还偏大,这要看今后是否发现比所述1012(12次方)更大的数字

(5)力仅仅来自力线相互作用,力线仅仅来自基本粒子,别无其他“来源”

(6)力,只有“引”、“斥”之分,没有“第三种”、“第四种”

1.2.5 引力子的聚合 

  在《L04 物质演变》一文叙述了在空间高速飞行的引力子的聚合有两种方式:

一是“蓄能聚合”:这使引力子改变运动方式,由直线运动转变为圆运动,成为“微双星”、“微多星”、“微涡旋星系”,受“聚合效应”制约,最大成为质子。引力子被引力“栓”在其中,它们同时在作高速——光速量级——回旋,其“径向”存在引力——强作用力——可以说“受到束缚”,而切向作高速惯性运动,可以说是“自由”的。

 原子既然“吸引”电子,它依然存在少量剩余引力线,这是两个质量m1、m2之间发生引力的原因,因此,宇宙的基本演变趋势是聚合;这也是万有引力的来源。

  这里需要提到“聚合效应”,其机理见《L04 物质演变》,“微涡旋星系”的成员越多,它对外的引力线密度越小,达到质子规模,已不能再“栓住”从身边飞过的引力子。因此,质子质量大小是引力平衡的结果,因此具有相当的“划一性”。

  在某一空域如果存在高速电子,因为F3也是引力,它可能进入“微涡旋星系”,使质子出现改变,不再对电子有“吸引力”且质量略大于质子,这便是中子。因此,中子之所以“中”是由于在质子基础上有斥力子加入,同时发出引斥两种力线,对外既不能形成明显的的引力,也不能形成单纯的斥力从而在电场中显示“中”,“中子星”一词说明现代物理学也暗许了中子对外依然发出少量引力线,否则,中子怎么能够聚合成为“星”?,其实,中子能够加盟原子,这证明它发出少量引力线,组成原子核不能仅靠质子的引力线,引力F1 是双方力线作用的结果。

  二是“代数聚合”,方向大致相同的引力子距离很近时“结伴同行”,使空间产生以光速飞行的不同“队员数量”即不同电子伏——被误以为是不同质量——的宇宙射线“粒子”。

  受“聚合效应”影响,宇宙射线“粒子”也只能以质子为极限,它的速度等于引力子飞出质子时的速度,因此,宇宙射线“粒子”恒以“光速量级”的速度飞行,它的能量差异乃是“结伴”数目的差异。至于“光速量级”(简称光速)究竟是多大?这可以通过精确地验证方程E=1/2MV2(平方)加以验证。

  质子的质量比基本粒子大10的12次方之多,如果将不同成员数量的宇宙射线“粒子”认为是“不同粒子”,宇宙射线中“不同粒子”的数量已发现600多种便可以理解,还可以“发现”的“种类”比这多得多!将其理解为“结伴”数目之差便可推测引力子的质量数值。

1.2.6 令人目不暇接的其它许许多多“粒子” 

  实践表明,“最大的粒子”是中子、质子,为什么?乃是“聚合效应”起的作用,这里要说的是,上述“蓄能聚合”从两枚引力子开始,逐渐增加成员,最多达到万亿枚引力子形成的“微涡旋星系”,成为质子、中子(含有斥力子成员时)。在人们未能理解到这一聚合过程前,“电子伏”不同似乎就是“质量不同的粒子”而未能觉察乃是成员数量不同的“微涡旋星系”。在实验室里,通过“轰击质子”形成许多“质量不同的新粒子”,其实乃是成员数量不同的“微涡旋星系”,它们并非“质量不同”而是“引力子数量不同”从而“电子伏”不同而已,根据以上机理推断,由于它们都发出引力线,它们将毫无例外的“带正电荷”,而且是“分数电荷”,在清楚了其物理机理后,可以相信,它们没有一个是“单身粒子”而全是“复数”,名副其实的粒子必须是“单身”,这样的粒子,自然界仅有引力子、斥力子两种。

  有了这两种基本粒子,通过上述“蓄能聚合”在空间不断聚合生成质子、中子,恒星辐射两种基本粒子为这种聚合“供应原料”。在F3力的作用下,当然可以生成原子、分子,原子、分子的剩余引力线使其进一步聚合,宇宙尘、彗星便应运而生,至于行星、恒星也来自中子、质子。所以,有了引力子、斥力子这两种基本粒子,不但能够形成名目繁多的各种“粒子”,也能够聚合成为宇宙万物。

  发现了“聚合效应”、“蓄能聚合”、“微涡旋星系”等的机理,可以使令人眼花缭乱的“粒子大家庭”简化到“两口之家”,使一些“难题”得以化解,使相关理论有理化。

1.2.7基本粒子的状态

1. 2.7.1 引力子 终身量子

  核反应使原子、质子、中子解体之后,两种基本粒子立即飞向空间,当时,引力子的速度等于原先在质子内部回旋的切线速度,亦即为“光速”。要注意的是:引力子的这一速度值今后不会改变!理由何在?其机理在于,引力子“对外”只形成两种力F1和F3,而两种力都是引力,于是,引力子在空间不会受到推拒,因而不会“减速”。

  引力子聚合成为宇宙射线“粒子”也不会影响它的速度。因此,当测量发现不同“电子伏”——能量——的宇宙射线“粒子”时,判断为“不同质量的粒子”是不正确的。

  引力子在“蓄能聚合”中最终成为质子,在质子这个“微涡旋星系”里回转的引力子依然保持原来的速度,只是由直线运动转变为圆运动而已。至此,可以看出,引力子不但是“量子”,而且是“终身量子”,它的能量约为mc2(平方),不会发生改变。

当面对任何类型的物质时,不妨意识到,那里的引力子并不静止,而是具有光速和能量mc2蕴含于质子、中子之中。

  可见,引力子有一种能态和两种运动形态。它是聚合成为质子的唯一基本粒子,质子的质量由“聚合效应”制约,因此,可以保持其数值发散小于10-6(-6次方)的高度划一。如果组成质子的“基本粒子”是“11种,分为3组,每组各出一枚组成质子”,(这11种“粒子”的质量各不相同)如何能够使质子的质量高度划一(这一点说明基本粒子不可能有12种之多,更不可能多达62种)?

1.2.7.2 斥力子 电子

  需要改变的观点是电子——斥力子——的质量<10-36(-36次方)克而不是现在认为的10-28(-28次方)克,它是斥力线的发出者,它们同类之间由于生成斥力F2而相互排斥,因此难以积少成多成为“强大的斥力”,引力可以自然地将星球“引住”相互环绕回旋,而用斥力悬浮一列车厢则需要高科技。

  恒星和“超新星爆发”发出两种基本粒子,引力子的行为已如上述,斥力子进入空间受到空间电场中电子的推拒,必然渐渐减速,最终速度完全失去成为空间电场中的成员,将它们的动能转化为空间电场的微骚动。

因此,当初将原子外围的电子认准为“量子”是正确的,但是,它们离开原子之后,其能量(动能)将很快失去,成为普通电子而不再是量子。力F2使电子在空间扩散,弥漫整个物质宇宙空间,但是,F3力使电子不至于散入无际空间而是只弥散在恒星所形成的物质宇宙的空域。正是这个空间电子分布场——空间电场——成为电波传播的介质,人们才能看到天象从而认识宇宙。

1.2.7.3 引力子、斥力子总量的动态平衡

  两种基本粒子源源不断来自恒星和“超新星爆发”,它们在空间的“密度”会不会越来越大?答案是:不会,因为,以上是它们的“来龙”,它们同时还有“去脉”,就是不断聚合形成质子、中子、原子,原子进一步聚合成为物体、星体,直至再次演变为“超新星爆发”如此不断循环,“直到永远”。因此,空间,各种粒子、物质、星体的数量,都处于动态平衡之中。其中引力子、斥力子亦复如此。

1.3 质子和原子能 能量方程

  聚成质子的基本粒子只有引力子一种,上面说过,质子的规模是由力平衡决定的,力平衡受到“聚合效应”的制约(参见《L04 物质演变》),这一机制使得质子的质量1.67248×10-24(-24次方)克具有6位有效数字。关于质子的任何其它理论,如果不能说明如何保证这6位有效数字,仅这一点就能质疑其正确性。

  质子内部既是高速回旋引力子,速度为光速量级,其动能当然是1/2mv2(平方),这里自然地会联想到爱因斯坦的能量方程:E=mc2(平方),有文章称此方程获得精确验证,如果属实,则表明引力子在质子中的回旋速度v达到1.414倍光速。在核实这一点之前,不妨假设此速度为光速c量级,也不妨假设核能大约为mc2(平方)(以上c 为光速)。

  这里清楚地看到了原子能的来源:质子含有动能mc2, 正常情况下,这一能量并不表现出来而是“潜”于内部,仅在质子解体时基本粒子飞向空间才能体现出来。核能正是质量为m的粒子速度为光速c时的动能,在明确了以上机理后,还需要相信原子能是“质量变能量”吗?其实只是能量守恒而已。

  在质子里和质子解体后,基本粒子的质量、速度均未改变,变的只是聚合方式和运动方式。

可见,为了解释核能来源,提出“质量不是不可变”,虽然当时回答了问题,但是却离开了“物质不灭”这一基础物理规律,不意中进入了理论误区。

为了维护“基本粒子只有两种”的观点,这里进一步增加以下内容:


2 粒子理论之虚 

2.1镜像粒子 正电子 对称机制

  镜像粒子是“对称理论”的产物,该理论认为,粒子、物质存在“镜像粒子、物质”,于是,认为所有已发现的“粒子”都有“反粒子”,“反粒子”还可以组成“反物质”。甚至开拓为“对称原理”,具有“更普遍的意义”。但是,迄今这种“对称”,仅限于“电荷”,如:认为电子的对称粒子是“正电子”,电子“带负电荷”,正电子带“正电荷”。  重要的是自然界是否存在“对称机制”?不难发现,许多自然现象确实存在对称机制,但是,同样也有许多自然现象不存在对称机制。

  前者如:作用力等于反作用力、入射角等于反射角…;后者如:时间进程、光的折射…。在“对称”与“不对称”双方又可分为“大致”与“精确”两种情况。如作用力与反作用力是精确对称、绝对对称;动、植物的形体对称是大致对称。总之,某一物理事物是否对称决定于是否“存在对称机制”,“事实上已发现对称”的物理事物必定存在对称机制,有对称机制的事物,必定对称。这是因果关系。

  粒子的对称如何说呢?既没有发现对称机理,也没有发现对称事实,只是“理论”如此,如果不能补充机理或机制,这种理论的可信度便成问题。

以“正电子”为例,认为它是“负电子”——即电子——的“对称”粒子,它 似乎由 “正电荷”而来。而电荷最初来自“摩擦生电”,人们发现带电碎屑有“相吸”与“相斥”两种情况,于是定义了“正电荷”和“负电荷”。

  当年——1932——安德森发现“正电子”的那张照片乃是客观存在,但是照片上那条运动方向相反的痕迹只能说明“受到引力作用”,亦即,是发出引力线的粒子,不能说那是“正电子”参见《L09 正电子》一文。

  今天看来,摩擦,无非使原子外电子层的电子数量发生暂时偏少或暂时偏多两种情况,偏多,斥力线多于正常原子,为“同性相斥”提供了条件;偏少,不足以很好屏蔽核内伸出的引力线,从而这些原子有一定的引力线外泄。

  可见,不论电荷是“正”还是“负”,渉及的只是电子即“负电子”,本没有“正电子”出过场,在原子里它也没有来源。摩擦乃是原子的电子层相互驱赶,怎么会出来了“正电子”呢?粒子理论至今没有证明,“正电子”究竟来自何处?如果原子里面没有,它便游离于物质之外。但太空中充满了“负电子”,形成空间电场,更没有“正电子”的藏身之地。

  当今,虽然“正、负电子对撞” 常常听到,但是,并没有分离出“正电子”,如果将“带正电荷”的离子代表“正电子”,并不能说明真的有“正电子”,仅仅是暗度陈仓地更换了主体的内容而已。

以上说明,电子、电荷并不“对称”,“正电子”乃是查无实据的“粒子”。

  质子是否对称?引力子被认为“带正电荷”,实质是发出引力线。所以,两个质子“相吸”是必然的,电荷理论只有从原子状态、力线作用角度出发才能得到正确认识。所以,在正常情况下“带负电荷”的质子是不存在的,质子也不存在对称机制。

但是,往质子里增加一些电子是可能的,因为质子对外发出引力线,接纳少量电子(由于F3力)有可能。中子对外也发出引力线,也有可能再增加少量电子,使它“带负电荷”,这种不自然的增加不能理解为“质子对称”或“中子不对称”。

  “镜像粒子”理论需要明确,究竟哪一个粒子真的是镜像粒子?“正电子”到底何在?如不能落实“正电子”,如果连一个真正的“镜像粒子”也找不到,此理论便要落空。

2.2 光子

  “光子”同光的微粒说相洽,是否真的存在“光子”,先要理清“光”的理论。

当今已将不同速度的电子辐射、不同频率的电波全部按在“光”(light)之中,而且用“二象性”来弥合“波、粒”的龃龉。这一处理方法忽视了机理,事物的 “二象性”或“多象性”必须有相应机理。

  以透过三棱镜的光为例,那里只是纯粹的“波”,如果要说是“光子”,它们怎么忽然在界面上突然转折了呢?而且转变不同角度了呢?这里只有“波”能够解释问题,没有“光子”可置喙之处。又以X射线为例,那是运动电子在靶金属上反射产生的“电子射线”,同 “1正电子+1负电子 = 2光子”学说不能相容,在形成X射线过程中,既无“正电子”的来源,也无“正电子”的参与,那是“地地道道的粒子”——电子——形成的射线。

  可见,“光子”对于“可见光”和“射线”都不相容,如果用“光子”理论能在某些场合解释问题,具有“局部适用性”而不能在广大领域适用,说明“光子理论”不是正确理论,“光子”的存在没有得到肯定。

  在“电子射线”领域,虽然出现“光子、光量子”术语,真正的演员,乃是电子;在可见光范畴内,存在的是电波,是电场的波动,也不涉及“光子”。当电炉丝被电流渐渐加热,开始发出光亮时,那里发出了一定频率的电波,若要说成“光子”射出,哪里来的“正电子”参加“制造”“光子“的呢?这些“光子”一进三棱镜怎么有规则地“拐弯”了呢? 

  所以,“光子”不是真实的粒子而只是理论所需的“粒子”。更何况,“光子没有质量”,没有质量等于真空,真空即是虚无。“无”中哪能有“光子”?任何粒子或物质必须有质量和发出力线,这是物理学基础理论中的“存在”,是物质存在的属性,不能忽视。

2.3 “粒子碎片”辨

  “粒子碎片”不时作为一个名词出现,给人的印象是,“粒子”类似一个脆性材料的球,经过碰撞便形成许多“碎片”,有必要分析,基本粒子、质子、中子、介子、夸克等等

可以形成碎片吗?

  以上可知,真正的基本粒子只有引力子、斥力子两种,这两种粒子能不能成为碎片?斥力子——电子——显然不能成为碎片。理由之一是,若两束“高速”电子发生对撞,当方向相反的电子相互接近时,斥力线在它们之间形成的斥力越来越大,大到难以真正碰撞,因为,原先电子达到“高速”,也是由这样的斥力推动起来的,现在的斥力,足以使其减速;理由之二是,如果电子能够相撞破碎,在空间无数年的不断辐射中,大多数电子早就成为“碎片” 难以组成新原子了。如果不能形成新的原子,不能发展成为新的恒星,空间又不断因为“超新星爆发”减少恒星,宇宙岂不早已演变不下去了!

  引力子能否成为碎片?引力子的速度很大,在光速量级,它们对撞的速度极高,能不能在对撞中成为碎片是值得关注的问题。不妨穷举两种可能的情况,一是不能击碎;二是能够击碎。但是这两种情况没有多大区别,理由是,如果两枚相对碰撞的引力子相互击成了碎片,产生的是两团高速分离的“碎片组群”,每一个“组群”不久即重新聚合成为一个“碎片球”,这个“球”的速度值等于原先(破碎前)引力子的速度,方向相反。不同的是,原先是“囫囵个”的引力子,现在有许多“裂纹”,但是,有没有裂纹对外来说,无关紧要。因为,“强作用力”使其依然“牢不可破”,没有任何机械力可以使之分散,因此与“不破裂的”看不出什么两样。

  因此,不妨认为,两种基本粒子不存在“碎片”问题。

质子、中子等许多“粒子”成为“碎片”的描述常见于文章,这种描述有一个重要误解:将质子、中子、重子、轻子等均看做“一粒”,未能理解到它们乃是基本粒子的“微涡旋星系”。

2.4 其它“粒子”

  其它所有“粒子”分为两类,一是上面说过的由若干基本粒子聚合在一起的粒子组群,但不是真正“一粒”,如重子、介子、夸克、中微子、超子、宇宙射线粒子等等;二是为了解释现象虚构出来的,如:胶子、希格斯子、玻色子、光子、“暗物质”中的“粒子”等等。

  这里要再次强调的是,除了两种基本粒子之外,现已命名的许许多多“粒子”都不是真正的“一粒”,已经称之为“粒子”是以往的认识结果,没有必要急于修改名称,以往这些“粒子”的研究与命名,凝聚了成千上万科学家的智慧和汗水,他们为后人的认识铺平了道路,功不可没,这些理论依然具有宝贵的参考价值。 


3 需要认清基本粒子的真像

  由以上可见,至今关于基本粒子的理论虽然成绩不小,但问题也不少:认定了少则12种多则62种甚至>300种“基本粒子”,其中只有电子认对了,未能觉察大量“粒子”都是“复数”,这使关于基本粒子的理论远离真像,不能圆满。

  作为物理学基础理论需要毫不含糊地认定:基本粒子只能有两种,那些形形色色的“粒子”都不是“一粒”而是不同数量的“基本粒子的复数”,那些粒子的“碎片”乃是不同数量的基本粒子组群,若论“真正的基本粒子”,宇宙中只有引力子与斥力子两种。基本粒子理论从这里出发,方是正道。

2019.3.25 加注: 本文2009/8/28 登上本网站原先架构,2019.1月现在的新架构投入使用后未设计“加入时间、阅读次数”,故加注以保持原貌。



L34   graviton、repulton——the basic particle 

  S. G. Chinese



Abstract  from the angle of the effect of force-line, discuss the problem of the variety、quantity、polymerization of the basic particle, polymerizing effect, and their motion in the inner of proton 、atom etc. 

Key words   graviton  repulton  basic (elementary) particle  true particle  

image particle  symmetry principle  polymerizing effect  energy equation  lifelong(eternal) quantum  tractional charge   participle physics


1 about the particle theory 

1.1 open question 

  If “nowadays the particle theory has been happen a sense of fault”, it perhaps beyond belief, if: “quark really not a grain, also not basic particle, absent asymptotic freedom and asymptotic fetter ”, it maybe more sensational.Fortunately physics is science of appraise mechanism, modern, though quark theory get math support, just lack of mechanism.

  Build a equation to explain the acting force change in the same direction or in the negative direction with distance really not very difficulty, the difficulty lie in find mechanism, such as:six   kinds of quarks can change, what is the mechanism? If non the mechanism, only rely on the math equation is unreliable.Really, not only quark theory lack of mechanism, can hold up not a few such examples, as: “at the direction of motion the object contraction in length ”、 “the light velocity unchanging in vacuum”、“mass (quality) does not invariant”、“gravitational bend of light” etc.possess mechanism, equation can make mechanism concise、ration;if all along can’t find mechanism, the exactness of theory certainly under suspicion and become theory of lack mechanism. 

  The phenomenon explain, theory of modern basic particle happened series lack of mechanism, register as:

(1) besides electron, almost all “particle” may split、transform, may become “splinter”, even electrons, also find “fractional charge ” which so far in-explainable

(2) appeared a shipment of “mass-less particle” (as gluon、“Power transmission particles” etc.)、“particle of mass from have to have not” (as photon) and the particle of needs in theory (as boson、positron) 

(3) the force is come from force-line’s act each other, the basic particle have 12 kinds, but the force then have 4 kinds, the relation in this however cannot explain

(3) cannot explain the true image of all particle, such as the scene and difference of proton、baryon、meson etc

(4) cannot explain the source of nuclear energy, only rely the equation of “mass change to energy” of lack of mechanism

(5) cannot form satisfactory systematic theory, exist “difficulty” and “problem”

(6) 12 kind of “basic particle” of different quality each other divided to “three group”, “every group give out one form proton”, the quality of such “proton” clearly cannot uniform, it is contrary with reality 

(7) exist the influence of excessive humanization

1.2 The basic (elementary) particle

1.2.1 kind of basic particle

  Theory of basic particle is the beginning of particle theory, so far cannot strike up the standard of basic particle and strict hold, down to the ranks of basic particle magnify.Modern, folk cannot affirm will or will not reappear new “basic particle”.since the basic particle, should coincident condition is:

(1a)to be the true “a grain”

(2a)cannot again fission

(3a) cannot transform

(4a) force-line density is highest 

(5a) issue force-line, through act each other and generate force

(6a) possess mass and volume

(7a) the single mass and size was the minimum

(8a) the proportion was the maximum

(9a) be able to polymerizing to all “particle” of so far find out or any scale mass and have specific mechanism

(10a) be able to happen all development of matter of now has been discoverable, the action fit with natural law

(11a) the variety was full and necessary

(12a) to be the beginner of all physical phenomena 

Know basic particle is the result of repeated analysis and experiments, need to right reading natural phenomenon、respect for natural law、find out mechanism, avoid prejudice and the mislead of excessive humanity. 

1.2.2 the type of the basic particle 

  How much kinds of basic particle? basic particle is the true sender of force-line, there is not basic particle of can’t issue force-line or can’t generate acting force.Newtonian force come from act each other of mass m1、m2 , its natural extend was:the basic particle issue the force-line, the force-line act each other generate the force. 

  The true different “kind” of force in the natural world only two kinds of “attracting force、repulsion force”, therefore, the different “kind” of “force-line” also only two kinds.Upon that, it have two kind of basic particle of issue different force-line then “already full、also necessary”.So from the angle of force-line, the basic particle only need two kinds and not 12 kinds more not need 62even >300 kinds.This exactly “graviton” which issue attracting force-line and “repulton” which issue repulsion force-line.

  From gravitation、magnetic force can be seen, “force-line act each other form force” not need “agent”, “particle of agent force” to be imaginary “particle” of cannot understand “the force how get generated”.

Graviton、repulton act as the basic particle absolutely is the particle, it is the smallest particle, can polymerization become so far already named whole “particles” (they actually to be the “plural” particle) , what way to polymerize? See next section 1.2.5, but graviton in this text is not in the same of before “graviton” of seen in some documents, here the graviton is a basic particle of “issue attracting force-line”, the force-line does not become force, only the force-line interact with another force-line can become the force ;repulton is the basic particle of issue repulsion force-line, serve as a special noun, it is suggested by Chinese physics, just translate in English for “repulton".

If the repulton is quite right the electron? Right, but not all right, the main distinction is lie in its quality only about 10-36 gram (10 to the power of -36) and does not 10-28 gram, that is, Chinese physics consider, repulton’s (electron’s) quality is < 10-36 (10 to the power of -36) gram.

1.2.3 where come from the basic particle

 The context of the basic particle need inflict inspect on the all situation of matter’s evolution of cosmic space, the relation between the major element of physical basic theory possess systematic-ness, one loop distortion would affect other, thus difficult to reach the aim of “find true”.Above stating already visible a spot of theory fault of modern physics, right answer these problems need to shelve the faultiness part of modern physics, include:“there are 12 kinds of basic particle、particle variable、symmetry principle、mass variable、asymptotic freedom、asymptotic fetter ” and so on improper judge.

Whole cosmos is a large evolutional system, the evolution possess “loop” properties, namely:“basic particle—→proton、neutron—→atom、molecule—→cosmic dust—→interstellar matter—→planet—→star—→supernova explosion—→basic particle—→”,according to “polymerizing effect” mass of different scale all issue attracting force-line, so the polymerization from small to large is no problem at all, therein only two links are “star” and “supernova explosion” need explain. 

Why the planet can “grow up” up to reach star’s “scale”? the mechanism has been narrated in thesis 《L04 the evolution of matter 》。

“star” and “supernova explosion” are all exist the “radiation” to space of the atom break up become basic particle, this make space ceaseless acquire supply of the basic particles.Perhaps ask for, where come from the basic particles of star and “supernova”?

This question amount to ask: “where come from the matter”? Here touched the base point of physical and philosophical, “motional matter objectively existing in cosmos” is the reply, this reply already reach to the bottom, folk cannot be reintroduce “why matter is exist”, withal, can but admit, admit the matter of objective existing. 

That is, all basic particle, objectively exist in cosmos, physics study its evolution, seek the evolutional mechanism and law, to their objective existing give admission.

The above idea of the basic particle only need two kinds is incredible to nowadays scholars, at present that much all cannot make theory satisfactory, can two kinds do it? The reply is, if two kinds of basic particles at once can polymerize to all “particle” of now has been named、have specific mechanism, in-exist “difficulty” and “problem”, at least, could it be said that is outclass present theory? As for if fully truthfulness, might as well check it for long-term.

1.2.4 mass and force of the basic particle 

How big of the mass for the basic particle? the hint from cosmic rays was: “the particle of more than 600 kinds” of cosmic rays in fact is the “group” in different quantity of “one kind”, why do think so? “detachable、fissionable” of this kind of “particle” hinted this.Really “detachable、fissionable” are all “more detach more little、more fission more little”, can that least still detachable? So, the “energy different” of cosmic rays ought to reading for the different of mass, and that the least exact “one”(a)basic particle. if this difference-value is correct, thus estimate the mass of graviton about10-36 (10 to the power of -36)gram. 

Graviton issue attracting force-line, attracting force-line and attracting force-line act each other naturally generate attracting force (write down for F1), the physical model of two gravitons act each other is two “magnetic pole of the opposite sex”, this kind of layout plan of force-line has been know well for folk, if site this two magnetic pole on the strokes point of intersection of letter H, the two vertical bars divide force-line into two part, the inner of vertical bars force-line interconnect become attracting force, be the “acting force”;besides the vertical bars force-line stretch to space is the “surplus force-line”.

why “over 600 kinds” of “particles” of cosmic rays are all “carry positive charge” and without exception? 

  Need introspect nowadays theory for “positive、negative” charge.The particle or matter go by the name of “carry positive charge” actually to be:have attracting force-line stretch outward.The particle of cosmic rays to be the group of gravitons, certainly have surplus attracting force-line stretch out! From the angle of force-line to know the substance of “electric charge”, ability break the miss guide of excessive humanity, right understand why proton “absorb each other” and does not “the same sex repel in the contrary”, why the basic particles should polymerize and how to polymerize etc.

clearly, repulsion force ( write down for F2 ) is the result of repulsion force-line act each other.The repulton issued repulsion force-line, the question is, what result was the repulsion force-line act with attracting force-line?

From atomic structure can know, generated also attracting force (write down for F3), just F3 < F1,the evidence is, the electron relatively easy leave atom.Also about 10-36 (10 to the power of -36) gram.

  Does repulton is electron? If say yes, at present supplied quality from measure was 10-28 (10 to the power of -28) gram seems different too much with this, if say no, so far only find one kind of particle which repel each other, mean electron, because of “repel”, it certainly was the particle of “bachelordom”, will not polymerizing to “group”.Where is the problem?

It lie in the result of measure need to correct analysis and judging, current “electron mass”——10-28(10 to the power of -28)gram—— was the result of measure for hydrogen atom, numerical value itself no problem, just because it is believed that “hydrogen atom’s outer only have one electron”, so fix up this value.But, if there really only one electron, can the “airspace” of hydrogen still get well seal? Can the attracting force-line of proton not escape? Can hydrogen atom appear electromagnetic neutral and process Brownian motion? Face the reality condition of hydrogen need change cognition, there does not one electron but “a share of ” electrons.This “a share” exactly above different of value, namely 108 (100,000,000) .like this, that is no problem of find “fractional charge ”.

It can be seen:

(1)two kinds of basic particle to be the original sender of two kinds of force-line, the force-line act each other form force, upon that, nature have two kinds of attracting force——F1、F3——and repulsion force——F2 

(2) the big or small of acting force been direct ratio to the quantity of “acting force-line”

(3) due to the “polymerizing effect” of next section related, the ratio of “acting force-line” of attracting force would to drop follow increase polymerizing mass, repulsion force then non this effect, big or small of repulsion force only direct ratio with both act electron quantity 

(4) mass (quality) of two kinds of basic particle still may leaning large, this may look if find more bigger value large than above 1012 (10 to the power of 12) future

(5) the force only come from the force-line act each other, force-line only come from the basic particle, not have other source

(6)force, only divided with “attracting”、“repulsion”, to not have the “third kind”、“the fourth kind” 

1.2.5 polymerizing of graviton 


There are two kinds of method of graviton it has been narrated in text 《L04 development of matter 》:

The first is “storing-energy polymerization” :it make graviton change motion method, linear motion translated to circular motion, gravitons tied up in the proton by attracting force, they make high speed——the magnitude of light velocity——convolution at the same time, its “radial” exist attracting force——strong force——so to speak “suffer tie”, and the tangential do high speed inertial motion, so to speak “freedom”.

Therefore, neither “asymptotic freedom” nor “asymptotic fetter“,graviton in proton all along coexist “freedom” and “fetter”,or rather “fetter in radial direction、freedom in tangential direction”. 

  Proton interior really not resting “basic particle” and it to be the “micro galaxy vortex” of the “basic particles”, that is the reasonable results of existing law of conservation of energy.Think here the basic particle exist the mechanism of “asymptotic freedom” and “asymptotic fetter” or exist “gluon” really to be misunderstand.

  Proton Still have weaker density of attracting force-line relative to graviton, therefore, its transmutation trend still polymerizing, this polymerizing of lesser acting force can “tie up” slowish neutron、proton and cannot tie up high speed basic particle, the result in generated “atomic nucleus”, once the force F3 draw down electrons, then form atom.Though this process relative to the “richness” of graviton、repulton but also have the randomness, for this reason, in-exist the create order of the element of “earlier heavy rear light ” or “earlier light rear heavy ”.theory of ‘cosmos earlier “generated” light element then “thermonuclear fusion” in star nuclear reaction generated become heavy element’ there is not any support from the mechanism.

Since proton “attract” electron, it still exist a few surplus attracting force-line, this is the reason of between two mass m1、m2 generate attracting force, therefore, the basic transmutation trend of cosmos is polymerization.

Here need refer to the “polymerizing effect”, its mechanism please see 《L04 development of matter 》, more much the members of “micro galaxy vortex”, its external attracting force-line density more little, when reach to proton scale, it already cannot again “tie up” graviton of fly across its side.So the mass of proton to be the result of attracting force balance, possess considerable “uniform ”.

   If a certain space exist high speed electrons, because of force F3 also the attracting force, it possible enter into “micro galaxy vortex”, it make proton appear change, no longer have “attraction” to the electron, this to be the neutron.Therefore, the reason of “neutral” of neutron was due to on the base of proton have the electrons add in, it at a time issue two kinds of force-line of “attracting” and “repulsion”, neither form distinct attracting force nor simple repulsion force external so appear “neutral”, the word of “neutron star” explain modern physics hidden promise the proton still issue a certain attracting force-line external, if not, how can the proton polymerize to “star”? really, the proton can to join atom, this prove it issue attracting force-line, form nucleus cannot only depend on the attracting force-line of proton, attracting force F1 was generated from the result of the effect of both force-line.

The second is “algebra polymerization”, it maybe “go in company” when distance of the gravitons of the direction roughly same is very near, this make space generate cosmic rays “particle” of fly with light velocity and different “quantity of term number” namely different electron volt——it is misunderstand for different mass.

  Suffer the influence of “polymerizing effect”, “particle” of cosmic rays also with the limit of proton, its velocity is equal to the velocity of when graviton fly out of proton, therefore, “particle” of cosmic rays always fly with light velocity, its energy different to be the quantity different of “mate”.

Mass of proton large then basic particle much to 1012 (10 to the power of 12), if think the “particle” of different member quantity for “different particle”, “it has been find more than 600 kinds of ‘different particles’ in cosmic rays” then can be understand, still can “find out” more and more then these! Understand it was the different of “mate” then can guess the mass value of graviton. 

1.2.6 Lots of lots of “particles” make one too many things to see 

The practice is makes clear, “the largest particle’ is neutron proton, why? It was suffer the action of “polymerizing effect”, here would to say, above “storing-energy polymerization” is begin 

From two gravitons, gradually increases members, at most reach to the “micro vortex galaxy” form of trillion gravitons, become proton、neutron (when contains repulton member).Before one have not understand this polymerizing process, different of “electron volt” seems to be “the new particle of different quality”, in fact it is the “micro vortex galaxy” of different members, they does not “different in quality” but “different in the quantity of graviton” thus different in “electron volt” nothing more, according to above mechanism infer, duo to they are all issue attracting force-line, they will “carry positive charge” without exception, and to be the “tractional charge”, after clear the physical mechanism, may believe in, they neither one was “single particle” and that are all “plural”, the particle of worthy of the name have to be “bachelordom”, such particle, only two kinds of graviton and repulton in the natural world.

Having this two kinds of basic particles, through above “storing-energy polymerization” ceaseless polymerizing proton、neutron in the space, star radiate this two kinds of basic particle “supply raw material” for this polymerizing.Under the action of force F3, of course generate atom、molecule, the surplus attracting force-line of atom、molecule make they more polymerizing, cosmic dust、comet then emerge as the times require, as far as the planet、star also come from neutron、proton.therefore, having this two kinds of basic particle of graviton and repulton, not only may form all kind of “particle” of a multitude of names, also can polymerizing to cosmic inventory.

  The problem’s key is lie in find out “polymerizing effect”、“storing-energy polymerization ”、“ micro vortex galaxy” and so on mechanism, thus may make the “particle’s big family” simplify to “the family of two peoples”, make so that some “difficult problem” can defuse, the correlation theory get rationalization. 

1.2.7 the status of the basic particle

  1. 2.7.1 graviton  lifelong quantum

   After nuclear reaction make proton、neutron get dissolution, two kinds of basic particle at once fly to space, while, their velocity is equal to the linear velocity of original whirl in proton inner, namely in the order of magnitude of light velocity.Need attentive is:this velocity of graviton from now on will not change! Wherein the reason? The mechanism lie in, graviton can but form two kinds of force F1、F3 to external, this two kinds of force are all attracting force, therefore, graviton will not suffer repel, thus will not “speed-down”. 

  Graviton polymerize to proton also will not to effect the velocity of the “particle” of cosmic rays.Therefore, when through measure find the “particle” cosmic rays of different “electron volt”——different energy, judge it for “the particle of different mass” is untrue.

Graviton at the final of “storing-energy polymerization” become proton, in this “micro galaxy vortex” of proton the turn around gravitons still keep primary velocity, merely from linear motion change to circle motion nothing more.Thus, can to see, graviton not only is the “quantum”, but also the “lifelong quantum”, its energy about MC2 (square), will not happen change.

When face any typological matter, might as well realize, over there graviton not static at all, but possess light velocity and energy mc2 contained in proton、neutron.

  It is visible, graviton have one kind of energy state and two kinds of motion state.It is the sole basic particle of polymerize to proton, the mass of proton suffer restrict by “polymerizing effect”, so can keep its numerical value highly uniform of diffuse less then 10-6 (10 to the power of -6). 

If the “basic particle” of form proton is “kinds of 11”, they divided to three groups, “every one group put out one to make up proton”, (this 11 kind of particle are differ from one another in mass ) how can the proton’s mass get highly uniform (this explain the basic particle no way have so much kinds of 12 more of 62)?

1.2.7.2 repulton electron 

  The viewpoint of need to change is mass of electron——repulton——is < 10-36 (10 to the power of-36) and not 10-28 (10 to the power of -28) gram, it is the sender of repulsion force-line, between their similar generate repulsion force F2 and repel each other, so hard to many a little makes a mickle become “strong repulsion force”, gravitation can naturally “lead” a star and circle round each other, when use repulsion force to suspend a carriage then need hightechnology. 

  Star and “supernova” issue two kinds of basic particle, the action of graviton has been state as above, repulton enter into space suffer repel from electron of space electric field, certain gradually slow down, at final the velocity whole absence become the member of space electric field, their energy change to the micro turmoil of space electric field.

  Therefore, originally think of the peripheral electron of atom for quantum is correct, but, after they leave of atom, its energy (kinetic energy) gradually lose become an common electron and not quantum. Force F2 make electrons spread in space, pervade to whole mass space of cosmos, but force F3 make electron will not come loose enter into the boundless space and only disperse in the space of mass cosmos of matter forming.Just this electron distributing field——space electric field——become the spread medium of electric wave, folk can see state of sky and know cosmos.

1.2.7.3 The amounts dynamic balance of gravitons and repultons 

  Two kinds of basic particles continuously come from star and “supernova”, in the space whether their density will bigger and bigger? The answer is:no, because, above is their “cause sequence”, they still have the “effect sequence”, exactly ceaselessly form proton、neutron、atom, the atom more to form object、aster, until again to morph into “supernova” so ceaseless circulate, “until ever”, therefore, in the space, the quantity of every kinds of particle、matter、aster, are all in the dynamic balance.graviton、repulton also as so. 

1.3 proton and atomic energy  energy equation 

  There is only one kind of basic particle polymerizing to proton, above has been said, the scale of proton is determined of force balance, and force balance suffer restrict from “polymerizing effect” (see also in《L04 development of matter》), this mechanism make the mass of proton 1.67248×10-24(10 to the power of -24)have significant digit of 6-figure.Any theory about proton , if cannot explain how to guarantee this 6-figure significant digit, only this at once can query its correctness.

  Since proton inner is gravitons in high speed circle round, the velocity for the order of magnitude of light velocity, its kinetic energy certainly was 1/2mv2 (square), here naturally associate Einstein’s energy equation:E=mc2 (square), have the article say this equation got precise proving, if it is true, be explain the velocity of graviton circle round in proton reach to 1.414 light velocity.Before verify this, may suppose this velocity be the order of magnitude of light velocity, also may suppose atom energy about equal to mc2(square)(above c is light velocity).

  Here clearly catch sight of the source of atom energy:proton contains kinetic energy mc2, under normal condition, this energy does not express out and “latent” inner, only appeared when proton get break up and basic particle fly out to space.Atomic energy just the particle’s kinetic energy of mass for m and velocity for c , after clear above mechanism, yet need believe in atomic energy to be “mass change to energy”? actually only conservation of energy nothing more.

  After proton get disassembly, mass、speed of basic particle are all not change, the alternate only the pattern of polymerizing and motion.

Visible, for explain the source of nuclear energy, to raise “mass does not variable”, although at that time replied problem, but leave of the basic physical law of “conservation of mass”, unconsciously enter into the wrong region.

For maintain the viewpoint of “it is only two kind of the basic particle”, here more increases below details: 

2 the empty of particle theory 

2.1mirror particles  positron  symmetrical mechanism 

  Mirror particles been the product of “symmetrical theory”, this theory think, particles、matters exist of mirror particles and mirror matters, therefore, to think all discovered “particle” have “antiparticle”, “antiparticle” yet can form “antimatter”.Even open up for “symmetry principle”, “possess more popular sense”.But, so far this “symmetry” only be “applicable” in “charge”, as:think of electron’s symmetry particle is “positron”, electron “carry negative charge”, “positron carry positive”.

These are theory, it is important that whether nature exist “symmetrical mechanism”? many natural phenomena really exist symmetrical mechanism, but similarly also have many natural phenomena not exist symmetrical mechanism.The former as:acting force is equal to the reacting force、incidence angle is equal to the angle of reflection ……;the latter as:time progress、light refraction…….

  At both of “symmetry” and “dissymmetry” again can divided two conditions of “rough” and “precise”.Such as the acting force and the reacting force to be the precise symmetry、absolute symmetry;the body of animal、plant to be the rough symmetry.In a word, whether such physical thing is symmetry it divided whether exist the symmetry mechanism, if have it certain symmetry.This is the causality.

How to say about particle’s symmetry? Neither find symmetry mechanism, nor find symmetry fact, only “theory” in this way, if cannot replenish reason or mechanism, the reliability of this theory then become problem.

For example of “positron”, it is the symmetry particle of “negative electron”——mean electron, it seems come from “positive charge”.And that charge prime come from “charging by friction”, folk discover electrified fragment have two conditions of “suck each other” and “repel each other”, and then defined “positive charge” and “negative charge”.

  Today it seems, friction, nothing but make the electron quantity of atom’s outer shell happen two conditions of temporary shortage or more, more, repulsion force-line more than normal atom, offered condition for “the same sex repel in the contrary”;shortage, not enough well shield attracting force-line stretch out from nucleus, thus these atoms have a certain attracting force-line escape. 

Visible, no matter the charge is “positive” or “negative”, only hand to electron mean “negative electron”, there is not “positron” appear, also not have the source in atom.Friction to be whip in each other of atom’s electronic shell, how can out the “positron”? particle theory so far have not proving, where come from the “positron” any way? If it have not in atom, it then free of matter.But outer space be full of “negative electrons”, form the space electric field, more not have the hiding place.

  Now, although “conflict of positive-negative electron” often hear, but, there is not isolate “positron”, if use ion of “carry positive charge” stand for “positron”, it can not explain really have “positron”, only be secretly change the content of subject nothing more.

  Above explained, electron、charge does not “symmetry”, “positron” to be the “particle” of it has been found that the report is not substantiated by fact.

Whether proton is symmetry? Graviton be deemed to “carry positive charge”, the essence is issue attracting force-line.therefore, two protons “attract each other” be sure, charge theory only set out from the angle of atom’s condition、force-line act can but get correct cognition.So under the common circumstances proton of “carry negative charge” does not exist, proton also not exist the symmetry mechanism.

  But, added some electrons to proton is possible, because proton issue attracting force-line external, take in a few electrons (due to the force F3) it’s possible.Neutron also issue attracting force-line external, also possible re-increase a few electrons, make it “carry negative charge”, this kind of unnatural adding can’t understand for “proton is symmetry” or “neutron is un-symmetry”.

Theory of “mirror particle” need clear-cut, any way which one particle to be the true “mirror particle”? Where have the “positron” to the end? If cannot put into practice for “positron”, if cannot find even one true “mirror particle”, this theory then will fall.

2.2 photon 

  “Photon” be in harmony with corpuscular theory of light, whether truly exist “photon”, the first should clear theory of light.

  Nowadays has been going to give particle radiation of different speed、electric wave of different frequency all press in the “light”, and use “duality” to bridge the disagreement of “wave、particle”.this handing method ignored mechanism, matter’s “duality” or “polymorphism” should have the relevant mechanism. 

  For example of the light which trans- from prism, over there just pure “wave”, if demand to say it is “photon”, why they suddenly transition in the interface? And transform with the different angle? Here only the “wave” can explain the problem, have not photon’s seat。Again for example of X-ray, that is the “electron’s redial” of motion electron reflex on the target metal so generated, cannot compatibility with theory of “1 positron + 1 electron = 2 photons”, in the process of form X-ray, neither “positron source ” nor participation of “positron”, that’s the radial formed by “out and out particle”——electron.

  Visible, photon all incompatible for “visible light” and “radial”, if use photon theory can explain problems in some occasion, possess “part applicability” and cannot apply to vast field, it explain “photon theory” does not correct theory, “photon’s” existing have not get affirm.

In the “electron radial” field, although appear the term of “photon、light quantum”, the true performer to be electron;in the visible light field, existing to be electric wave, the wave of electric field, also not relate to “photon”.When the electric stove wire suffer current gradually heating, begin issue light, over there issue electric wave of a certain frequency, if to say send up “photon”, where come from the “positron” and join “to make” “photon”? when these “photons” enter into the prism why they regularly “to turn a corner”? 

  So “photon” does not the true particle but only particle of theory need.Quite apart from, “photon have not mass”, have not mass is equal to vacuum, vacuum mean nothingness.How can from “nothingness” get “photon”? any particle should have mass and issue force-line, this is “existing” in physical basic theory, be the attribute of matter existing, cannot ignore.

2.3 distinguish for “particle fragment” 

  Some time “particle fragment” serve as a noun show up, it give the impression to folk is, “particle” similar a ball of fragile material, pass collision become much “fragments”, be necessary analysis, basic particle、proton、neutron、meson、quark and so on,. can they become fragment?

  From above can know, the true basic particle only two kinds of graviton and repulton, can these two kinds of basic particles become the fragment? The repulton——electron——clearly cannot become the fragment.One of the reason is, if two bundle of “high speed” electron suffer head on collision, when the electron of opposite direction come near one another, the repulsion force between them bigger and bigger, bit to hardly real repulsion, because, original the electron reach to “high speed”, also push forward by such repulsion force, present, enough make it slow down;the second reason is, if electron can fragment from collision, at countless years constant radiation in the space, the great majority of electrons long since become “fragment” and difficult to form new atom.If can’t from new atom, can’t develop to new star, space again reduce star constantly from “supernova”, isn’t it that cosmos long ago then cannot develop go down! 

  Can graviton become fragment? Speed of graviton is very large, in the order of light velocity, their collision speed is very large, can or cannot become fragment from collision is the problem of be worth attention.Might as well exhaust two kinds of possible condition, the first is cannot crush;the second is can crush.But these two condition have not how big distinguish, the reason is, if two graviton of opposite collision become fragment, generated two “fragment group” of separate with high speed, every “group” soon rejoin become a “fragment ball”, the velocity of this “ball” is equal to the velocity of original (before broken)graviton’s, the direction is on the contrary.The difference is, original to be the “unitary” graviton, now have mush “crackle”, but have or have not crackle is indifferent external, Because, “strong force” make it still “indestructible”, not have any mechanical force can make it scatter, so unable to perceive any different with “none cracked ”.

Therefore, might as well think, two kinds of basic particle in-exist the problem of “fragment”.

  The describing of proton、neutron and so on much “particles” become fragment often catch in sight in the article, this kind of describing have a important misunderstand:to see proton、neutron、baryon、lepton are all “a grain”, fail to understand they are the “micro vortex galaxy” of the basic particles.

2.4 the other “particle” 

  All the other “particles” divided into two kinds, the first are the particle’s group of some basic particle be get together, but does not true “a grain”, as:baryon、meson、quark、neutrino、hyperon、cosmic rays particle etc;the second is make up for explain the phenomenon, as:gluon、Higgson、boson、photon、the “particle of “dark matter” etc. 

  Here need again ascensive is, except two kinds of basic particles, lots and lots of “particles” of now has been named are all not true “a grain”, name they for “particle” is the result of past cognition, no need for eagerly alter name, but, should not from this affect more depth knowledge for them to be propriety place.

3 need to see clearly for the true image of the basic particle 

  From above can see, so far theory about the basic particle though get huge performance, but the problem also not a few:affirmed not a few “basic particles”, among these only the cognition for electron was right “half”, fail detect a large number of “particle” are all “plural” , this make theory about the basic particle far away with true imager, cannot satisfactory.

The basic theory serves as the base for physics need unequivocally affirm:basic particle can but have two kinds only, those mixed “particle” are all not “a grain” but “the plural of basic particle”, those particle’s “fragment” to be the group of basic particle of the different quantity, as if to say “true basic particle”, only have two kinds of graviton and repulton in the cosmos.theory of basic particle start off from here, just the right way.