L19b 暗物质议

(this text in English see the rear)

提   要 本文讨论是否存在暗物质

关键词  暗物质   暗能量 　隐宇宙

　　宇宙空间是现实的真实空间，三维坐标系的三个坐標轴从零伸向无限远，定义了空间任何位置而不会留下空白点，于是，宇宙只有这一个空间，一切都被这个空间包含，一切物质都置身与这个空间之中。同“我们只有一个地球”类似，“我们只有一个宇宙，宇宙只有一个空间”。

　　任何物质，无法置身与这个宇宙之外。不存在“另外一个宇宙空间”、另外一个“时空体系”。只要事件涉及物质或空间，以上所述是不能摆脱的前提。

　　虽然现在的“多维空间”“理论”不顾上述事实，不断增加空间维度，最多已经超过30 维，但是，并不能证明，超过3 维的空间置身于何处，这里需要阐明的是“四维时空”，3维空间与时间形成了“四维时空”，其意义在于“光速”渗进了对于客观世界的认识，对某物体的位置、速度的识别同相对运动速度相关，同信息传播需要时间有关，因此，需要在数学方程中引入时间这个自变量，使方程成为四元，因此，“四维时空”的含义等于“四维数学空间”，当数学空间被混同于真实空间之后，“空间只能是三维”的规则被搁置，大于3的虚幻维度被强加于空间，显示了理论的失误。

　　物质为实，真空为虚，最基本的“实”是基本粒子，即引力子与斥力子，它们是有质量、有体积、能发出力线的实体粒子，《物质演变》一文阐述了基本粒子如何演变成为质子、中子、原子、星体的机理。可见，除了基本粒子，其它任何物质及空间都是虚实相间、虚中有实、实中有虚、虚虚实实的状态。只有基本粒子是纯粹的“实”体，其大小<10-21(10的-21次方)厘米，纯粹的“虚”大得多， 空间电场中电子之间的距离，尺寸在10-5(10的-5次方)厘米，就是说，空间散布着大大小小的物质，都浸没在电子矩阵之中，理论上单纯的真空体积不超过10-5厘米的三次方。

　　远星光谱线条向红色方向偏移一事被认为表示远星“均以亚光速离开我们”，据此有了宇宙大爆炸理论、宇宙加速膨胀理论。并不追问远星为什么离开的机理，又有了“暗物质、暗能量”理论。认为是一种看不见的“暗物质、暗能量”推动众星远离我们高速飞去。

　　上述理论形成的起缘是为了解释问题，立论依据有二：一是存在的“红移”现象，二是对现象所作的判断。如果理论正确，问题得到解答就告一段落。反之，如果在解答了一个问题的同时，又引出了新难题，这多半意味着理论未能真正解决问题。现在面临的就是这样的问题，用存在“暗物质”解释远星光谱红移存在不少问题：

　　把看不见作为“暗物质”的特性是不合适的，空间的各种粒子都不能被光学仪器观察到，它们的尺寸都小于10-5厘米，这体现不出暗物质的特点，小于半个光波波长的所有物质岂不都成了“暗物质”。所以，要提出暗物质理论，先要明确暗物质的定义，避免似是而非的模糊理念。

　　如果它“暗”到用任何方法都不能发现，永远隐形，而它却能推动众星，能“产生”力、能作功，于是，必定将它的动能传给了星球，自己失去速度只能留在星球内部或表面，若干亿年来，远星的“暗物质含量”必定“越来越高”，质量越来越大，事实并非如此！空间星体质量并不同远近成比例。

　　若说暗物质没有质量是不对的，有质量才有力。质量增大是恒星走向“超新星爆发”的原因（参见《物质演变》），由此，远星的“爆发率”似乎应当高于近星。以上这些设想看来不切实际，于是，现在回答不了问题。

　　由红移作出的判断既是“众星离去且星体越远离去速度越大”，自然发生了一个“暗物质来自何处”的问题，它肯定不会来自“中心”（现理论使“我们”处于“宇宙大爆炸”中心），因为，从中心发出的暗物质其密度随距离而下降，这会导致“星体越远速度越小”！

　　由此，“暗物质”只能从一层层空间的球面上发射出，而且外层球面较内层球面发射得多。由此，空间又必须有许多层由暗物质形成的能够单方向向外辐射暗物质的球形壳体，它们以若干亿光年为半径，能够承受发射的反作用力，它们既不可见，又探测不到………这些能够成为物理理论吗？

　　再说，在空间，从“球壳”发出的“暗物质”只能有极少数落在远星上，多数飞入无际空间。于是，这些“球壳”有发射不完的“暗物质”，是否人们难以相信这一点。

　　这些“球壳”上要承受“暗物质” 辐射的反作用力(此力可使恒星离去)，什么样的物质能够“受得了”？

　　这里还有个问题，“暗物质”不断辐射，必定越来越少，为什么却“宇宙加速膨胀”呢？

　　“暗物质”全是粒子呢还是有类似原子那样的结构？它是一种粒子呢还是有多种“基本粒子”？它的粒子之间是相互吸引呢还是排斥？它有质量吗？如果没有质量，力又从何而来？

　　“暗物质”有什么样的物理性质？有比重、密度、尺度吗？同温度、电磁、相关吗 ………。

　　可见，关于“暗物质”，派生了许多问题，如果不能明确回答这些问题，所谓“暗物质”只能是想象出来的神话般的物质，不能说由这样一种说不明白的“物质”、没有机理，却致使远星“远离”。

　　“红移”是光波传播中出现的物理现象，波动理论认为，光的频率、振幅两个参量中，频率不随传播距离而改变。此理论的含义是：光速守恒。

　　光速能否守恒？《相对论》说“真空中光速守恒”，但是，真空中没有光，何来光速？光的传播只能在介质中进行,有两类介质：空间和透明物质。空间电场中的电子矩阵是空间传播电波的“物质”，电子的质量小、惯性小因而对于不同频率都表现出“光速守恒”。但情况也不能绝对化，空间的光速同空间电场中电子密度当然相关，由于电子间的互斥，空间电场密度趋于均匀，而在恒星（电子发射场）附近，电子密度存在梯度，光速就不可能守恒，此外，毕竟电子质量和惯性都不为零，因此，守恒也是相对的。透明物质传播光波的当然是原子外层电子，它们没有空间电场中的电子“自由”，除了电子之间斥力作用，它们还被核引力牢牢栓住，于是，光从这里通过受到一定阻尼，速度当然降低，频率高的光波阻尼相对较大，这是白光进入三棱镜后“拉开了差距”分为不同色光的物理背景。

　　由此，回看远星红移，如果星光已经微弱到只能在大型望远镜中才能看到，波速有所降低为什么不可能呢？毕竟，光速在空间守恒是“理论上”的、理想化了的理论，在极端情况下实际上的有限偏离不影响理论上的守恒。迄今，没有发现一个理论上“守恒”的物理量可以绝对守恒。所以，远星“红移”应当作为空间光学现象加以分析，可以考虑，即使光源不很远，只要足够微弱，同样可能出现红移。

　　多普勒效应能够帮助我们将远星红移判断为“远星高速离去”吗？答案是：不能。为什么？因为空间不仅有许多远星发生“红移”，也有一些远星发生“蓝移”，于是，只能将红移或蓝移都看作空间光学现象，不能去同“星体以光速来、去”挂钩，以免理论出现“困难”。

　　“暗物质”理论的主要问题在于，没有物理规律和机理支持。空间有了断然不同的、来源不明、状态含糊的神奇物质，这同“平直空间”相乖。更有甚者，还提出了“暗物质”总量比“现有宇宙中物质总量”多好多倍！

　　暗物质理论还有一个理论上的混淆，就是将质量与能量并列，提出了一个“宇宙组成清单”，开列了：宇宙中“暗物质”占23%，“暗能量”占73%，星系物质只占4%！

　　将质量和能量放在一起计算比例在理论上不妥，质量“m”指物质的量，能量具有“mv”（ 即质量乘以速度v）的“规格”，二者有不同的物理量纲，虽相关却不可比。近代物理的“质量可变”之误终于导致混淆了二者的界限。

　　“暗物质、暗能量”理论问题不少，无法解决，难以视为正确理论。

　　光波能量极度衰减可以作为远星红移的原因，从物理光学角度，应当将远星红移或蓝移看作光传播中发生的物理现象而不去同“多普勒效应”挂钩，无形中可使上述那些问题烟消云散，使理论不再建立在模糊与神奇之上。但同时，也使一些十分富于想象力的“理论”退出，其中，居先要失去媚力的，就是“暗物质”理论了。

　　这是否否定了空间多普勒效应的物理含义呢？否，这里是对于遥远空间和极度微弱光波出现的现象持审慎态度，防止出现虽然事出有因却匪夷所思的“理论”，特别是违反物理规律的“理论”。

　　当前已经风靡物理领域的“宇宙大爆炸”“宇宙加速膨胀”“暗物质、暗能量”“多(>3)维空间”等“理论”,显然已经越出了“理”的界限，突破了自然规律的束缚，步出了“论理”，进入了“渐进自由”，而且自由得没有边界，比神话还神，如：“宇宙大爆炸之前，现有宇宙的全部物质都压缩在一个理论的点里”，是可信的吗？

　　如上所述，“暗物质、暗能量”从理论上不能成立，对于“红移”或“蓝移”不能同“宇宙膨胀”或“宇宙收缩”挂钩，应当在物理光学领域另觅合理解释。

　　这里附带可以看出，建立在“暗物质、暗能量”基础上的所谓“隐宇宙”乃是空中楼阁。

(2014-10-25 06:26:08 由L19a 改为 L19b) 

2019.3.20加注： 本文2008/7/20 登上本网站原先架构，2019.1月的新架构未设计“加入时间、阅读次数”，故加注以保持原貌。

　　L19b

The view for the dark matter

S. G. Chinese

Abstract this text to discuss if the dark matter is in existence

Key words dark matter dark energy　hidden cosmos

　　Cosmic space is the real space, three axes of three-dimensional coordinate system from zero run out infinity, it defines any position of space will not leave blank spot, therefore, cosmos only have one space, every thing was contain in this space, all substance place oneself stay in this space．It like “we only have one earth”, “we only have one cosmos, cosmos only has one space”.

　　Any matter unable on the sideline away with this cosmos．There is no “another cosmic space”、 “time-space, system”．If only the event relate to mass or space, the above is premise of inseparably．

　　Though current “hyperspace” theory in spite of the above fact, ceaseless increase space dimension, at most yet exceed 30．But it can’t be prove, the dimension of exceed 3 place oneself where, here need expound “4 dimension time-space”．

　　3 dimension and time form “4 dimension time-space”, its meaning lie in “light speed” seep in cognition of objective world, the recognition of position、speed of some matter is related with speed of relative motion, related with the information spreading need time, thus need introduce the argument of the time, make equation become 4 element, There fore, the true meaning of “4 dimension time-space” is “4 dimension mathematics space”, after the mathematics space to be considered as the real space, the law of “space can 3 dimension only” get lay up, the unreal dimension press on the space, show the error of theory.

　　Material  ;;;;;for solid, vacuum is empty，the most basic real is the basic (elementary) particle, mean graviton (was the basic particle which sent out attracting force-line )and repulton (was the basic particle which sent out repulsion force-line ), they the real particle of possess quality and volume and sent out force-line, text 《Development of matter》has expound the mechanism of how the basic particle develop become proton、neutron、atom、star．Visible, except for basic particle, any other matter and space are all the status of alternate with void and solid、the solid in the void and the void in the solid, only the basic particle is the pure “solid” body , its size about 10-21(10 to the power of -21)cm, the pure void is most large, the distance between electron of space electric field, its size about 10-5(10 to the power of -5)cm, that is to say, large and small materials in the space, they are all dipped in the electron matrix, the volume of “pure” vacuum less then the cubic of 10-5CM in theory．　

　　The thing of the spectral lines of remote star shift towards the red direction which be know as it shows remote stars “are all leave us with light speed”, on the basis of the big bang theory and the expansion of the universe to accelerate. did not to ask the mechanism of why they should leave, another had theory of “dark matter and dark energy ”. To think there is the “dark matter” and “dark energy” push the stars away from us and fly with the high speed.

　　The original reason of the above theory is for explain the problems, there are two theoretical basis：the first is there is the phenomenon of “red shift”, the other is the judgment of the phenomenon. If the theory is correct, the problem get the answer thus come to a conclusion, otherwise, if at the same time of the problem get solved, leads to the new problems, this probably means that problem have not truly get solved. Now  ;;;;;is facing such a problem, to use exist “dark matter” to explain the spectral lines of remote star shift towards the red direction there are some problems：

　　 It is not proper if put invisible as the properties for the “dark matter”, space every kinds of particles are all cannot observed by optical instrument, their size all less than 10 to the power of -5cm, this cannot embody the properties for the “dark matter”, doesn’t whole matter of less than 1/2 wavelength all become the “dark matter”. So, when put forward “dark matter” theory, at first need to clear and definite the definition of the “dark matter”, to avoid the paradox . 

　　If that “dark” is cannot discovered by any method, ever stealth, but it can push stars, able “produce” force, able to work, therefore, it should be give its kinetic energy to the stars, it loss of speed can stay on the star’s surface or center only, several hundred million years, “the content of dark matter” of remote stars must be “more and more”, the quality big and big, but it does not the fact！The quality of remote star does not rational with the quality.

If to say the “dark matter” none quality that is wrong, there is quality there is force. The mass increment is the reason of stars go to “supernova outburst” (see also in 《L04 matter’s evolution》), so, the “explosion ratio”of remote star seems to be higher than near star. Above imagine seems impractical, hence, it cannot to reply the problems. 

　　since the judgment from red shift was “stars leave and more far the star more large the speed of leave”, naturally happen the problem of “where come from the dark matter”, it surely should not come from the “center” (present theory make “we” lay at the center of “big bang”), because the density of “dark matter” which issued out from center would reduce follow the distance magnify, this would lead to “ the further the object speed is smaller”!

　　Hence, the “dark matter” can send from the layers of space spheres only, and that outer sphere would be send more much than the inner sphere. Thus, space should have many layer sphere shell made of dark matter they able to send out “dark matter” single direction to the outside, their radius is several light years, able to bear the reaction force of launching, as well as they do not visible, and undetectable………can these be the physical theory?

　　Besides, in the space, the “dark matter”send out from “sphere shell” only the the few can land up on the remote star, the most of them would fly in to the boundless space. Hence, these “sphere shell” have don’t finish of “dark matter”, whether people is difficultly to believe in this viewpoint. 

　　These “sphere shell” should to bear the reacting force which was radiate from the “dark matter”(this force can make stars leave), what matter can bear this?

　　Here still have a problem, the “dark matter” constantly radiate, will be less and less, why the cosmos is accelerating expand?

　　Whether the all “dark matter” are the particles or with the structure like the atom? Is it the one kind of particle or have many kinds of “basic particle”? Between its particles is attract or repel? Has it the quality? If none the quality, where come from the force?

　　What properties about the“dark matter”? Has it the specific gravity, density, scale?does it related to the temperature, electromagnetic? 

　　Visible, bout the “dark matter”, it derived many problems, if cannot replied these problems clearly, so called “dark matter”can be the imagine and mythic matter only, can’t to say due to this matter of said don’t understand, none physical mechanism, but make the remote stars “leave away”.

　　“red shift”is the physical phenomenon in light wave travels, wave theory is that in the two parameters of frequency and amplitude, amplitude does not follow distance change. The meaning of this theory is, the speed of light is conserved.

　　 Can the speed of light conservation? In the《relativity》〉“the speed of light in vacuum is conserved ”, but, there is not light in the vacuum, how can the speed of light? There are two kinds of medium：the space and the transparent substance. The electrons of electronic matrix of space electric field is the waves spreading “matter”, electron’s quality and inertia is small so appears “the speed of light is conserved ” for different frequency. But the condition cannot absolute, light speed of the space is related to the electron density of space electric field, due to the electron is mutual repel each other, the density of space electric field would go uniformity, but near the star(the field of electron emission) , electron’s density exist of gradient, then the speed of light cannot be conserved, besides, after all the electron’s quality or inertia are all not the zero, hence, the conservation is relative. 

　　The transparent substance to spread the light wave certainly is the electrons of the atomic outer, they is not so “freedom” as that electrons in the space electric field, besides the repel force from electrons, they also firmly tied by nuclear attraction, hence, the light pass through here suffer a certain damping, the speed certainly get reduce, the frequency higher the damping relatively bigger, this is the physical back ground of after the white light enter into prism “get the gap” divided into the different coloured light. 

　　Thus, review to the red shift of the remote stars, if star’s light already so weak only can see in the large telescope, why is that impossible the wave speed has some reduce? after all, light speed conserved in the space was the theory of “in theory”, idealized theory, in extreme cases actual limited deviation does not effect to the conservation of theoretic. So far, never find any physical quantity of theoretic “conservation” can absolute conservation. So, “red shift” of the remote stars ought to analyze as the optical phenomenon of the space, can be considered, even the light source does not very far, s long as enough weak, it may be appear red shift the same. 

　　Can the Doppler effect help us to judged “ remote stars leave with high speed” by remote stars red shift? The answer is：can’t. Way? Because the space not only there are many remote stars happen “red shift”, also some remote stars happen “blue shift”, hence, can but to see the red shift or blue shift as the space optical phenomenon, cannot link it to “stars come or go with the light speed”, to avoid the theory appear “difficulty”.

　　The min problem of the “dark matter” theory is, none the support from the physical law. There was the magic matter of decidedly、unknown origin 、state of vague in the space, that is deviating with “flat space”. More than that, even put forwarded the sum of “dark matter ” is much than “the sum of present cosmos” many times!

　　The dark matter theory also a theoretic confusion, that is the quality can paralleling, raised a list of “cosmic constituting”, list it：in the cosmos，the “dark matter” (23%), “dark energy”(73%), the matter of stars (4%) only!

　　The quality and energy together to calculate the ratio is not proper in theory, the quality “m” is the quantity of the substance, the energy possess the specification of “mv”（means quantity times speed, the both have the different physical dimension, although is related but can’t to compare. The error of “quality variable” of modern physics finally lead to mixed the boundary of these two.

　　The theory of “ the dark matter, dark energy” may be to say the problems not a few, not method to resolved, hardly to see as a correct theory. 

　　 The energy extreme attenuation of light wave may be as the reason for the red shift of the remote stars, from the angle of physical optics, ought to see the remote stars red shift or blue shift as the physical phenomenon and do not to link with “ Doppler effect”, virtually may make above those problems vanish as the cloud or the smoke, make the theory no longer establish on the fuzzy and magic. But t the same time it also make some very imaginative “theory” drop out, among these, prior will loss of attractive, just the theory of dark matter. 

　　Whether this is negated the physical meaning of the Doppler effect? No, this is the cautious attitude for the emergent phenomenon of remote space and extremely weak light wave, to prevent although there is good reason the “theory” but that is unimaginably queer, especially the “theory” of violate physics law. 

　　 “big bang”、“the universe’s accelerating expansion”、“dark matter and dark energy”、“many(>3) dimensional space” and so on “theory” current has been popular in the field of physics, apparently they are go out of the boundaries of the “mechanism”, break the bondage of the law of nature, step out of the “discuss mechanism”, into the “progressive freedom”, and none boundary, the miraculous more than the myth, such as：“before the big bang, all matter of the current cosmos are pressed in a theoretic point ” , is it credible? 

　　As above stated, “dark matter,dark energy” unable to establish in theory, s for the “red shift” or “blue shift” unable to link with “the cosmos expansion” or “the cosmos shrink”, it ought to find reasonable explanation in the physical optics field.

　　Attached it can see here, so called the “dark cosmos” which based on the “dark matter,dark energy” just the castle in the air.

(2014-10-25 06:26:08 to use L19b instead of L19a)