L08 电磁学寻真

                                                                   陈理士

(this text in English see the rear) 

摘   要 以基本粒子和力线为基础，阐明电荷正负、电子正负、由电生磁的真像以及磁力线的实质 

关键词 电荷 正电荷 负电荷 引力线 斥力线 磁力线 电场 磁场

 1 静电

1.1 静电荷

静电电荷起源于“摩擦生电”，两绝缘材料相互摩擦，在摩擦部位出现异常“力现象”：对微小绝缘物产生“引、斥”。人们定义这种现象为“带静电荷”，根据引与斥，定义静电荷为“正、负”或“阴、阳”并归结为“同性相斥、异性相吸”。这一人性化描述已被视为“规律”，长期以来，并未受到质疑。但是，为了追寻真相，难免要问：正、负电荷的物理意义何在？

“电荷”同电子有何关联？为什么会“相斥”和“相引”？电与磁到底有何联系？

公认的理论是，任何原子内部不存在“正电子”。因此，两种材料相互摩擦只是原子的外电子层相互驱赶，这使原子外层电子分布失常，局部——被摩擦部位——原子外层电子偏密或偏稀。偏密，意味着该处电子“多余”，这便是“带负电”或“带负电荷”；“多”的电子何来？是从相对摩擦的另一表面上“摩擦”来的，于是，另一受摩擦表面的原子外层便缺失了部分电子，这种情况被称为“带正电荷”。

一个普通原子呈电磁中性，之所以如此，是因为外层电子的绝大部分力线同内部作用形成了引力，此引力使电子不能离去，一旦缺失了部分电子，内部引力线便因失去部分作用对象而外泄。这是“带正电荷”的物理实质。

可见，静电的“带电”，分为带“正、负”两种“电荷”。但是，两种“电荷”所涉及到的粒子只是电子，是原子外层电子的偏多与偏少。从以上产生静电荷的机理看出，一次摩擦所产生的电子“偏多”与“偏少”，其数量严格相等。因为，“偏多”来自“偏少”，别无来龙去脉。静电的“正、负”类似“借、贷”，必须相等，但这里并不存在“对称”机理，从正、负电荷中不可能引伸出“正电子”来。“正电子”只是一枚虚设粒子，它的“存在”满足了对称理论，也可以用以解释某些现象，但是，却难圆其说。例如，电子可以在导体中流动，“正电子流”充其量只是带正电荷的粒子流而已，它在导体内却无法流动。如上所述，从正电荷不能引伸到“正电子”。

“同性相斥”是一项物理规律吗？质子在原子核内的表现与此相悖，公认质子带正电荷，它们在原子核中不仅不相斥，而是“吸”得难以分开，以至只能说这是“胶子”将它们胶在原子核里，为什么？原因在于，上述人性化的信条缺乏机理支持。因而不是真正的规律。

这种理论上的不圆源于当今基础理论存在问题，基本粒子有多少种？它们之间力的关系如何？参考文献《1》较顺利地回答了这两个问题。答案是：

基本粒子只有两种：引力子与斥力子，它们间的“力关系”是，引力子向空间发出引力线，斥力子向空间发出斥力线，力线相互作用方形成力，分为以下情况：

（1） 引力线同引力线作用形成引力,记为F1;

（2） 斥力线同斥力线作用形成斥力,记为F2;

（3） 引力线同斥力线作用形成引力，记为F3 ，F3〈F1 。

所以，负电荷之间的力是F2；正电荷之间的力是 F1 ；正、负电荷之间的力是 F3 。

离开“同性”、“异性”，将电荷间的力以及“电磁力”归结于力线相互作用，方能圆满地解释电荷及电磁学领域的有关问题。

“来顿瓶”（验电器）对电荷的反应不能说明“同性相斥”，因为，不论那里出现的是引力还是斥力，都是在两片金属箔、金属杆三者间存在，亦即，不论引力还是斥力，金属箔都会张开呈人字形。

发生静电需要绝缘材料，这自然由于绝缘材料的电子不易流动，材料局部电子偏多或偏少的状态可以保持较长时间。

静电感应对于被感应材料，电子数量并未改变，于是，如果某一局部感应生成电荷，必定在该物体的另一局部生成与之相反的电荷。仅就“正、负”描述而言，似乎对称。这种描述上的对称不应开拓为机理的对称。摩擦和感应是物质发生静电荷的两种方法。

上述静电荷产生力的机理阐述了静电力的来源是基本粒子间的力线相互作用形成的力，分为引力与斥力，并非一种“特有”的力。

可见，人性化的“性别”描述仅仅适用于电子，其机理是产生了F2力，将人性化描述视为规律自当陷于失误，理论的核心是机理，如果机理缺失，理论难以正确。

1.2 静电场

分布于空间的电子形成空间电场。由于各种元素均呈电中性，既不吸引也不排斥电子，因此，恒星发射的电子在空间先是高速飞行，然后逐渐减速，最终成为空间电场的成员而不去加入物质的原子。根据空间电场（亦即空间电子矩阵）传播的电波估计，场中电子之间的距离约为10-5CM。此场并不平静，它不断迎来恒星发射的电子，不断受到“波”的骚动。但就整个空间来看，也可将它看作一个巨大的静电场，这个场“纯”由基本粒子——电子——组成，同原子、分子以及大大小小的物体不相关联，这个场显然“带负电”。 同摩擦产生的电荷不同的是，它“电而不荷”，不需要原子、分子作为电荷载体，电子在空间相互排斥，形成“距离”，因此空间电场与磁无关,因为，如物质规模小于原子，无所谓磁。在空间电场中传播的波是电波，也不涉及磁，空间电场与波导不同，电磁波只在金属材料中存在。

空间电场充满整个物质宇宙空间，原因是，场中电子来自恒星。有恒星的空间便有电子,因为恒星不断放射基本粒子包括作为两种基本粒子之一的电子。

由于F3，空间电场只能围绕在恒星周围，不可能散入无际太空。

电子间的“相斥”使空间电场趋于均匀，但是，在下述情况下难以绝对均匀，一是遥远空间，电场密度即使以光速扩散亦须若干亿年，超新星爆发等突发事件引起的局部电场梯度短时期内难获均匀；另一种情况是在恒星附近，电子密度同距离——离开恒星的距离——平方成反比。即便如此，在距离恒星稍远的空间，可以认为电场近乎均匀，以至可以说，空间光速近乎均匀。这里，对“光速守恒”所作的改进以机理为依据，亦即，空间光速并非凭空“守恒”或“不守恒”，取决于“折射率”——空间电场密度——是否变化，对于空间电场而言，电子密度影响光速是明显的，因为，它同透明材料不同，这里分布的是真正的“自由电子”，没有原子核，排除了核引力影响，于是，电场密度起决定作用。

1.3 物质静电场 

比原子大的绝缘物质方能形成”电荷”，以物质为载体的静电场最为常见的是水蒸汽形成的带电云团，电荷的生成主要归因于气体升降过程中的摩擦呢还是空间电场的影响呢？

这是一种空气分子带电，故应判断为“摩擦生电”。因为，气体表现为电中性，不会同空间电场发生“电子往来”，气体升降过程中形成的摩擦自然容易产生电荷。这里看到了“太阳能”：气流的升降力来自密度差，密度差来自温度差，温度差来自太阳能。可见，地球上的雷电过程能源来自太阳。

为数众多的电器具有电场，有交、直流电压形成的“场”，也有静电场，静电场由电荷体现，与电压、电流无直接关联，一旦生成，可以保存较长时间。

2 电与磁

当前理论认为，“导线切割磁力线”是产生电势的原因，机理何在？此问题难答的主要由于是至今未能完善关于磁的学说。“力有四种”的理论也增加了问题的难度。

　　电磁理论几乎止于楞茨定律，可是，为了明确机理，需要提问，电流通过螺旋线圈时为什么会产生磁？磁力又是什么样的力？

正常原子外围环绕着“众多”电子，其数量比元素周期表中规定的要多得多，理由是，氢原子外层必定有很多电子而不是一枚电子，否则，外层空间得不到很好密封不能保持电磁中性。以此类推，其它元素外层电子数量也应按原子序数为倍数而增加。

众多电子以无序的轨道取向在原子外空间高速回旋使原子核发出的引力线得到较好密封，如此方能显示电磁中性。

如果部分电子的回旋轨道取向由无序改变为相同，结果如何？结果自然是密封失匀，部分核内的引力线从密封变差的方向洩出，亦即，在垂直于“回旋轨道相同取向”的方向有引力线洩出。电流通过螺旋线圈的物理意义在于：用电子斥力迫使“域内”的原子改变外层电子轨道取向。因此，电磁过程的实质在于，在电流作用下，原先向外发出少量引力线仅能形成万有引力的“中性原子”，变为不再“中性”，新从线圈轴向透出部分引力线。力线必须相互作用方能形成力，这是“磁”必须有相互作用“对象”方能形成力的原因，不同材料的电子外层与原子核的“密切”程度不同，它们对磁场作用的“反应”也不相同，以绝缘材料为例，将其置于电流通过的线圈中或磁场中几乎没有反应，铁金属则相反，极易被“感应”。

以上叙述了电流如何激励出磁，磁乃是原子的一种“变态”，“变”在一部分电子轨道的旋向。需要从力线角度认识磁与磁力，形成磁力的力线并非一种特有的“磁力线”而是基本粒子发出的力线，当两个电磁棒相对时，磁棒中心透出引力线，外围电流具有斥力线。“同性”相对，中心虽然产生引力，但双方电流之间形成斥力，迫使对方反向，斥力〉引力，表现为相斥；“异性”相对，双方电流同向，电子间斥力减小，引力〉斥力，于是相吸。再次看出，“磁力与磁力线”并非特别的力与力线，磁力同样是F1、F2力，磁力线也同样是两种基本粒子发出的力线。

所以，“磁”不能游离于原子之外，它不是物质而只是物态，不存在“磁力子”或“磁子”，对应于“电”的电子则是两种基本粒子中的一种。这是电与磁的界限。 

3 电力与磁力

由以上叙述可见，在静电中出现的力同磁力并非“两种不同的力”，它们同是出于基本粒子发出的引力线相互作用生成，所以，电力与磁力“同源”。究其实质，电引力与磁引力是一码事，电斥力与磁斥力也是一码事，都是电子的斥力线相互作用的结果。

4 小结 

（1）电磁领域内的“电”，仅同电子相关，如：

电流，是电子在导体中流动；

电荷，是原子外层电子偏多或偏少的状态；

电场，现已包含两个概念：由交直流电流的电（引、斥）力线占据的空间场和空间电子矩阵形成的场，后者常冠以定语“空间”；

（2）电磁领域内的“磁”，如：

磁力线，其实形成磁力的“线”有引力线和斥力线两种，它们是两种基本粒子发出的力线而不是一种特有的“磁线”；

磁场，指由“磁力线”形成的场，上文已讨论了磁力线的实质。

参考资料《L01 粒子今论》

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L08

To search true of electromagnetism

（S. G. Chinese）

Abstract probe the forming mechanism of force in the domain of electromagnetism, correct or no of the humanization describing 

Key words charge positive charge negative charge attracting force-line negative charge attracting force-line repulsion force-line magnet force-line electric field magnet field

1.1 static charge 

static charge come of “friction to be born electricity”, when two insulate material be friction each other, to appear the exceptional “force phenomenon” in the friction position：to cause “attracting、repulsion” for tiny insulate matter. 

People definite this phenomenon to be “carry static charge”, according attracting or repulsion, to definite “positive、 negative ” or “female、male” of the charge, and put in summary act as “homosexual to be reprove one another、heterosexual to be suck in one another”. The describing of humanization has been treat as a discipline, since a long time, it has not get call into question. However, in order to seek the truth, difficult to avoid to ask：what is the physical meaning of positive、negative charge? What is the link for “charge” and electron? Finally what is the link about electricity and magnetism?

Upon the acknowledged theory, it has not “positron” existed in any atom’s inner, therefore, two kind of material rub each other merely drive each other of outer electronic layer of atom, this cause the distribution of outer electronic layer of atom out of gear, the part——the rubbed part——of material would cause the phenomenon of electron prejudiced thick or prejudiced sparse, prejudiced thick, mean there electron is “extra”, this is “carry negative electricity” or “carry negative charge”；where come the “extra electron”? it is come from the other side of relative friction-surface by friction, and then, another friction-surface so to run short their part electrons of it’s outer layer of atom., to call this situation for “carry positive charge”.

A general atom is appear electromagnetic neutral, it does in this way, because of the mostly force line of outer layer electrons are acts with internal to form attracting force, this force to cause electrons can’t be got out, once deficit part electrons, the internal attracting force-line then to lose part act object and leak out. This is the physical substance of “carry positive charge”.

It is clear, electrostatic “charge”, divide to two kind of “positive charge” and “negative charge”. However, two kind of charge refer to only one particle of electron, it is over or shortage of electrons of atom layer. From above mechanism of the charge causing can see, the quantity of “over” and “shortage” should be equal tightly of the procreant electrons of once friction. Because of “over” come from “shortage”, no other cause and effect. Electrostatic“positive、negative” are similar “lending、loan”, it should be equal, but here does not exist of “symmetry” mechanism, from the charge of “positive、negative” can’t extend “positron”. “positron” only one of nominal particle, it’s existing is to satisfy the symmetry theory, also in use to explain some phenomenon, but difficult to circle the theory. For example, the electron can be flow in the electrical conductor, however the “positron” can’t, at the outside it was the particle flowing of “carry positive charge”, it unable to flow in the electrical conductor. As stated above, from “positive charge” is can’t stretch to “positron”. 

Is a physical rule for “homosexual to be repulsion one another”? The showing of proton in the nuclear is perverse to this, about proton the publicly known is carry positive charge, but not only they are not be reprove one another in the nuclear, but also suck in and is hardly to separate,

up to obliged to say that is the “glum” glue they in the nuclear, why, the reason rest with above humanization symbol is short of support from mechanism. So it does not true discipline.

This not circling on the theory was root from current basic theory exist of problems, how many kinds of elementary (basic) particle? What is the force relation between them? Literature cite《1》successfully replied this two problems. The solution was：

Only two kinds of basic particle, it is graviton and repulton, the force relation between they is, the graviton to send out attracting force-line into space, the repulton send out repulsion force-line into space, the force line act each other to form the force, divided into following situations：

(1) Attracting force-line act with attracting force-line to form attracting force, mark it with F1,

(2) Repulsion force-line act with repulsion force-line to form repulsion force, mark it with F2

(3) Attracting force-line act with repulsion force-line to form attracting force, mark it with F3, but F3< F1. 

Therefore, the force between negative charge is F2 and the force between positive charge is F1, the force between positive 、negative charge is F3. to depart with “homosexual”、“heterosexual”, to get the force between charge and the electromagnetic force all down to the action of force-line, so can be to explain the relative problem satisfactory in domain of electromagnetism and charge. 

In the electroscope (Leyden jar) whether arise attracting force or repulsion force there are all exist between three things namely two sheet of tinsel and one metal bar, once to exist charge, no matter to happen attracting force-line or repulsion force-line, due to the force-line is distributed in triple, the tinsel would stretch to show the form like “人”，thus it can be “test charge” only and cannot be as a proof for “homosexual to be reprove one another”, 

To cause static charge need insulating material, it naturally due to the electron of insulating material was hardly to remove, the mode of the electron on the high side or on the low side of the part of material may be to keep longer time. Toward been induced material, static induction does not change the quantity of electrons, thus if a certain part of matter been induced to cause charge, it should be cause the opposite charge on the other part of this matter. It seem been symmetry merely to describe on the “positive、negative”, this describing symmetry ought not bring forth to the symmetry of mechanism. Friction and induction are two method of to cause static charge.

Above mechanism of the static charge to cause the force was expound the source of the force of static charge is the force-line act each other between the basic particle, it is divided to the attracting force and repulsion force, and it does not a kind of “special” force.

It is clear, the humanization expounding of “distinguishing between the sexes” only applicable to the electron, the mechanism is it caused force F2, to get the humanization describing as the rule would sink into mistake naturally, the core of theory is the mechanism, if lack of mechanism, the theory is hardly get correct. 

1.2 static field 

The electrons distributed in the space to form the space electric-field. Due to the all kinds of material are to show electric-neutrality, neither attract nor repulse to the electron, thus, the space electrons project from star are fly in high speed at first, then gradually slowdown, at last to become the member of the space electric-field and does no add to the atom of matter. Basis on the electrical wave which traveling by space electric-field ( that is, space electron matrix) to reckon, the distance of electron of this field is about 10-5cm (0. 00001cm) . this field does not calm, it continuous meeting electrons which are project from stars, and continuous suffer uproar of wave. But to see the whole space, also may look upon as a huge static field to it, this field is make up purely from basic particle——electrons , it does not relation with atom、molecule and big or small body, this field was “carry negative charge” clearly. It is different with the charge from friction, here is electricity and not “charge”, need not atom or molecule to act as charge carrier, the electron is repulse each other in the space, so become “distance”, thus the space electric-field was no relation with magnetic, because of if the matter scale less then atom, to be indifferent of magnetic. The wave which propagating in the space electric-field was electric wave, do not involve magnetic, the space electric-field was different with wave guide, electromagnetic wave only existing in metal material. 

The space electric-field was full of whole matter cosmic space, the reason is, the electron of field is come from the star. The space if exist of star then to exist of electron, because of the star continuous to radiate the basic particle and include the electrons, which act as one of two kind of basic particle，due to the force F3, the space electric-field can but revolve around the star surrounding, it can’t be loosen into the boundless outer space.

“repulsion each other” between electrons to cause the space electric-field go uniform, but in following circumstances is hardly get absolute uniform, the one is, to the remote space, the density of electric-field even if spread with light speed also need some hundred million years, the part electric-field grads which evocable by emergency of supernova etc is hardly get even in a short time；the another situation is at the star nearby, the electron density is inverse ratio with square of distance ——apart to the star. But even so, to the space of to be apart a little far from star, may be to think the electric-field is nearly even, down to as it were nearly even of light velocity of space. Here, to mark better to the light velocity is according with mechanism, namely, the light velocity of space does not “conservation” or “don’t conservation” without foundation, it rest with is or not get changing of “refraction rate”——the density of space electric-field, for the space electric-field, the electron density to be influence light velocity is clearly, because of it is unlike the transparent material, here distributed truly “freedom electrons”, none of atomic nucleus, rule out the influence of attracting force of nuclear, and then, the density of electric-field to get up the deciding actions. 

1.3 static field of matter

Just the matter is larger then atom able to form “charge”, the most familiar static field of the matter carrier is the electrification cloud cluster of steam, what is the main reason of to cause the charge? Is the friction of air in the process of lifting and falling or the influence of space electric-field? It is the electrification of air molecule, thus it should be to decide act as “friction cause the electricity”. Owing to the gas appear electric-neutrality, will not the electron “exchanging” with space electric-field, the friction by the process of gas lifting and falling is easy to cause the charge naturally. Here can be saw the “sun energy”：the power of air flow is come from the density contrast, the density contrast is come from the temperature contrast, the temperature contrast is come from the sun energy. Visible, the source of thunderbolt on the earth is come from the sun. 

Numerous electrical appliance possess electric field, to have the “field” cause by volt of D.C. or A.C, also to have the static field, the static field is to be reflected in the charge, it does not direct link with volt、electric current, once be produced, may be to keep a longer time. 

2 electricity and magnetism

Today’s theory to feel, “the lead incise magnetic force-line” is the cause of to cause electric potential, wherein the mechanism? Due to it until now does not to perfect the theory about electricity and magnetism, so hardly to reply this problem. The theory of “it has four kinds of force” also to raise the difficulty of problem.

The electromagnetic theory almost to stop in the Len law, but, in order to clear-cut the theory, needs put questions to ：when the current convey the spiral coil why can to cause the magnetism?

Which force does the magnetic-force is? 

The surrounding of normal atom is around many electrons, the quantity is more and more than periodic system of elements, the reason is, it should be many electrons lay on outer layer of hydrogen atom and not only one, if not, its outer space cannot be get well airproof and keep electromagnetic neural. By parity of reasoning, the electron quantity of other atom also ought to added with multiple according to the atomic number. 

Numerous electrons lay on atom’s outer space and whirl with high speed to make the attracting force-line which was issued by atomic nucleus get better seal up, thus just can to show electromagnetic neutral. 

If the tropism of the whirl orbit of partial electrons from random change to identical, what is the result? The result naturally is the sealing to lose even, the partial attracting force-line of nucleus would emission out from the direction of the sealing change to deviation, namely, it has the attracting force-line get emission out from the direction of normal to “the direction of the whirl orbit is identical”. 

The physical meaning of current through helix loop was to use electron’s repulsion force-line to force precinct atom change orbit tropism of outer layer atom. Thus the substance of electromagnetic process is, under the current action, the former “neutral atom” of to issue a few attracting force-line and only able to cause gravity change to no more “neutrality”, newly to pass through part attracting force-line from axial direction. the force-line should be act each other just can to form force, this is the reason of magnetism should have act object just can to form force, the different material possess different “close level” of electron outer layer with atomic nucleus, they possess different response to the action of magnetic field, for the example of the insulating material, if put it in a coil which have current circulating, it hardly any response, iron metal then opposite, was very easy get induction.

Above had talk about the current how to urge out magnetism, “magnetism” is a kind of atomic “metamorphosis”, the part orbit of electrons had changing revolve direction. to need from the angle of force-line to know magnetism and magnetic force, the force-line which to form magnetic force does not a special kind of “line of magnetic force” but the attracting force-line which was issued from the basic (elemental) particle, when two electromagnetic bar to opposite, the bar center issue magnetic force-line, the surrounding current possess repulsion force-line. 

If the copular opposite, although the center to cause attracting force, but the current of both sides to from repulsion force and to force other side reverse, the repulsion force is greater then the attracting force, so register as repulsion each other；and the hetero-pole opposite, both side have the current of same direction, the repulsion between electrons to be lower, upon that, it is attract each other. Here can see once more, “magnetic force and magnetic force-line” does not a special force and force-line, magnetic force are also the force F1、 F2，the magnetic force-line are also the force line issued from basic articles.

So “magnetism” can’t dissociate away from atom, it does not equal to the matter but only the condition of matter, not exist of the magneton or the “ton” of magnetic force, the electron is a basic particle of two kind of basic particles. This is the bound of electricity and magnetism. Although the electricity and the magnetism often exist side by side, but the physical significance is each has strong points, electromagnetic force does not a “variety” of force, the judgment of “there are four kinds of force” was lose of true, the conclusion of text《L18 force 》 

was, the force have two kinds of attracting force and repulsion force only, as for the classify of magnitude, to be form from how much of the force-line. basic to the distortion of modern basic theory, face the problem of “what is the attracting force?” modern physics to show cannot do anything about it, if find the mechanism of force change magnitude, this problem do not exist at all. 

3 electrical power and magnetic force 

Due to above tell visible, the static force and magnetic force does not two kinds of force, they are together proceed from attracting force-line act each other of basic particle, so the static force and magnetic force has “same source”. In fact, the electric attracting force and the magnetic attracting force is the same, the electric repulsion force and the magnetic repulsion force is the same also, they are all the result of act each other with repulsion force-line by electron. 

4 brief

(1) the “electricity” of electromagnetic field，it only related with electron, as：

Current：is the electrons flow in the electrical conductor；

Charge：is the electrons on the high side or on the low side of atom layer；

Electric field：now is contain tow concepts；first is the space field which possessed by AC or DC electricity force-line, the second is the field form by matrix of space electrons, the latter often titled with attribute “space”.

（2）the “magnetism” of electromagnetic field，as：

Magnetic force- line： there are attracting force-line and repulsion force-line tow kind of “line” to be form the magnetic force, they are issued by tow kind of basic particle and does not a special “magnetic line”；

Magnetic field：to point the field to be form by “magnetic force-line”, preceding text has been talk over the substance of magnetic force-line.

Reference media

《The modern opinion of particle》，see thesis L01