L54    物理学的第一次重大失误

              陈理士

提 要 　在“质量可变”出现100年后，人们发现，这一认识并不正确，且是基础理论“发生困难”、“存在问题”的主要原因　

关键词 物理学第一次重大失误　物理学失误　质量可变　基础理论失误　物理　物理学　 　　 　 

1 前言  

　　上世纪初，物理界的“物质不灭”、“能量不灭”两项规律被“质量可变”取代，这是物理学的第一次重大“修改”，当时，人们因为回答了难题，没有深思这一“修改”是改进还是失误？但是，至今已延续100年余，“可变”的机理仍未被物理界发现，“困难”与“问题”倒出现了不少。

　　严重的是，其所产生的影响已导致一些没有机理的“理论”——如“宇宙毁灭”“黑洞”“弦论”等等缺理之论堂而皇之地不断出现，使“理论”无理；“物理学的11道难题”多年来无人能解；甚至连哲学唯物论也受到了“池鱼之殃 ”。 

　　这显示基础理论出了问题，因为，从经典物理学到近代物理学的许多研究成果都是为了认识物质，正常情况应当是认识越来越清楚，而今，“什么是物质？”居然成了第一道“难题”！

　　物理理论容不了失误，物理学的基础理论更容不了重大失误，但是，“物质可变”使基础理论的重大失误确实发生了，而且延续达100年依然没有被觉察，这难道不是令人十分不安的大事吗？

结果是，不断面临理论的不和谐，对此，没有反思与纠正，而是表现了“宽容”，对不和谐的理论，用“存在困难”、或“存在问题”一言以蔽之，继续越行越远，回避“困难与问题”，只说其是。

　　以粒子理论为例，基本粒子究竟是多少种？“12种”“60种”“>300种”三种理论齐头并进，并不深追到底应当是多少“种”？而是在各自的“种类”下继续发现、研究“新粒子”，如此，即使取得成果，能够放心吗？如果坚信“粒子不能变”理论就不会是现在的情况。

　　在基础理论领域，已经碔蚨乱玉，上述三种基本粒子理论至少有两种不正确。基础理论不扎实其后果是上层理论难以扎实，因此说，“质量可变”是物理基础理论的第一次重大失误，此提法比较严肃，情有以也。

　　在《L17a现代物理基础理论的系统性“问题”》文中已对此失误有所讨论，本文继续加以分析，以期识辨正误，回归景行，其理顺否，识者鉴之 。

2“质量可变” 失误何在

　2 .1 失误发生背景

　　当时, 已有“质量不灭、能量不灭”两项定理，没有人怀疑，也没有人会相信“质量可变”。 但是，上世纪初，物理实验中发现了几则无法解释的现象：

　(1) 在加速器里，按当时理解，粒子可以达到的速度同加速电流相关，不应有限制，实际实验表明，加速电流再大，被加速粒子不能达到更不能超过光速，其理何在？

　(2) 物质的核能十分巨大，从何而来？

　(3) 在显示粒子迹线的威尔逊云室中发现有的迹线中断，除了说是质量“湮灭”外，不能做出别的解释。

　(4) 发现远星“红移”，导致形成“宇宙大爆炸”理论，此理论需要基础理论的支持。

　　在此情况下，有人大胆地提出了“物体的质量不是衡量；它随着物体能量的改变而改变”，并且用方程表示“变”的数量关系，这使问题（1）获得令那时人信服和钦佩的解释。

　　从当时情况看，这一提法显然超群出众，高人一等，是智慧的结晶。

　　应当注意，当时提出的“质量可变”以方程为界限，同后来延伸成为没有任何限制的“质量变能量”“能量变质量”是有区别的。

　　“质量可变”也使问题（2）、（3）得到解释，“质量变能量”“能量变质量”同样使问题（4）很容易解释而且显得“有理论依据”。

　　反过来，以上四例也就似乎成为显示“质量可变”的事例，“质量可变”进入主流理论，深入人心，似乎已不存在问题。实际情况也恰恰如此，虽然先后发现了不少问题，人们至今并未提出质疑。

　　但是，尽管“质量可变”连数学方程都有，却没有提出“变”的机理，方程自然可能描述机理但不能取代机理，质量到底“可变”还是不可变，这是需要反复认真论证和检验的重大问题，如上所说，涉及基础理论，容不得含糊，需有机理，不能回避。

　 　 2 .2 失误判断

　　经典物理学的物质不灭意味着物质不可“灭”，今天，可以落实到基本粒子不可“灭”。至于可变还是不可变当然需要理论和事实加以支撑。

　　以上四例对理论有相当影响，如上所述，迄今的历史是，人们从那时起相信了“质量可变、可灭”，以此解释了上述（1）-（4）而消解了当时物理理论的难题。直到今天，主流理论对于“质量可变、可灭”从未予以质疑。

　　但这里有一个情况，在物理学面对的现象中，有的是客观存在，没有理由或机理可说，我们只有承认，不能提问为什么。如：宇宙客观存在，只能承认，不能提问宇宙为什么存在，不可能找到“宇宙存在的机理”。除客观存在外，凡是物质演变，必定存在机理，有理可循。如电磁演变、速度变化、物质化合等等。

　　　“质量可变”或不可变，属于物质演变，因此，如果为真，必定存在机理，如果是伪，必定找不到机理。

　　寻找以上四例的物理真相是捡验“质量可变”理论是否牢固的方法之一，因为正确理论经得住反复检验，以前，没有条件解释的问题，今天，积累了大量实验数据之后，“站在前人肩上”，有的已有条件了解其真相。这里，用今天的认识来分析以上四例：

　　例（1），加速器的工作原理是：利用加速电流同带电荷粒子间形成的力驱动被加速粒子，类似风驱动帆船。这里有一个“风帆效应”：帆速（船速）不大于风速。因此，人们不能期望被加速粒子达到或超过电流速度——光速。

　　但是，当时恰恰出现了这样的期望，当实验结果与期望相反时，感到了困惑，成为难题。 

　　像数学界保留难题那样的做法其实是很稳妥的，数学家从不逾越已经发现的规则，没有发生过重要失误。物理界在稳妥方面好像要差一些，在“物质不灭”乃是定理的当时，既提出“物质可变”——虽然提得比较审慎，附加条件——也敢于相信而不予质疑，不求机理，还加以开拓。

　　由于“风帆效应”，例（1）不能证明粒子“质量可变”。

　　可以设想，这意味着“物质质量随速度改变”在理论上不合物质不灭定理、判断不实。

　　因此，如果那时有人提出“风帆效应”，应当不会有人相信“质量可变”。

　　例（2），其正确解答需要了解质子、原子的产生过程。用“质量变能量”来解释只能作为参考，需要进一步追问“质量如何变能量”，让人看清楚质量确实能够变能量, 之后，此解释方可以置信。

　　如果不追寻机理，把事情归因与“上帝粒子”也同样是一个可以作为参考的答案，还可以提出一些不相干的事物作为解答, 不过，都属于不敢置信的答案。

　　在许多解答出现后，需要判断、验证，需要上升到理论，而时至今日，理论对于质子在形成时已经蕴含了“原子能”仍未充分意识，以致，既然物质的核能客观存在，又不能说明它来自何处，“质量变能量”就难以否定。在提不出具体意见、在“质量变能量”能够为我们解答难题的情况下，放弃追寻机理、发现物理真相而使“质量变能量”的设想转变为理论，虽可以说是坚持基础理论的原则不够，但也事出有因。

　　在原子爆炸中测量到大量粒子，其实，如果能够准确地测量到全部粒子，可以发现它们的质量等于“爆炸物质”原来的质量，爆炸形成的原子能，乃是粒子的动能，粒子数量并没有改变。没有哪怕一粒粒子“质量变成了能量”。

　　《L04 物质演变》等文叙述了作为两种基本粒子之一的引力子如何以“蓄能聚合”方式聚合成为质子，两枚引力子相互作用形成引力，引力将他俩“栓住”，“栓住”前后动能不变，于是，聚合使引力子改变运动方式：由直线运动转变为回旋运动，此“回旋运动”的动能即一般不对外显示的原子能，等于引力子原来在空间作为“永恒量子”、进行直线运动时具有的动能。

　　“蓄能聚合”道出了物质蕴含原子能的机理，这是一个符合物质不灭和能量不灭定理的自然过程，是从反思自然现象中领悟出来的，是坚守“规律不容违反”逼出来的。

　　因此，原子能的释放意味着原子、质子解体，引力子又恢复直线运动飞向空间。

　　质子形成是引力作用的结果，它的解体当然不会轻易，通常质子相当“稳定”，此稳定来源于引力不让成员轻易离开。

　　“蓄能聚合”的领悟使原子能的来源有理可循。所以， 例（2）也不能证明粒子“质量可变”。

　　例（3），若问，进入威尔逊云室的所有粒子都会显示其迹线吗？从胶片上的显示说明，只有很少粒子可以，为什么如此？显示与不显示的原因何在？这需要注意到，“粒子”的“能量不同”。

　　如果是“宇宙射线粒子”，此能量“不同”在于“小组成员数量”，作为单个粒子，引力子的能量（动能）没有大的差异。但是，引力子在空间飞行中容易“结伴”，以至我们以为“有600种以上宇宙射线粒子”，既然不能识别粒子是“单数”还是“复数”，因此，进入威尔逊云室的当然可能有“许多种”，它们的区别是“电子伏不同”，这里的情况可以解释为：威尔逊云室显示电子伏在一定范围内的“粒子”，显示迹线势必减少一些能量，如果有的“粒子”在进入云室时其能量已经接近显示阈值下限，在显示一段迹线后达到下限，此时立即转变为不显示——迹线中断。

　　所以，迹线中断不等于“粒子”从有变无，只是下一段行程已看不到——不显示——了。

　　其实，“质量可变”理论在这里并不实用，如果说在这里是“质量变能量”，所变的能量在哪里？变的机理何在？具体是怎样变的？因此，例（3）同样不能证明粒子“质量可变”。

　　例（4），大爆炸理论认为，“在大爆炸前夕，现有宇宙中的全部物质被压缩在一个‘点’里”。

　　关于这个‘点’，开始有人提出是“一个直径若干千米的超重球体”，其后许多学者不断修改，越改越小，最后成为现在的‘一个理论的点’，连体积都没有。这说明学者们不但对于“质量变能量”的充分相信，而且相信“能量没有体积”可以游离与质量之外。同上述有条件的“质量可变”已不可同日而语。

　　这里回避了许多机理和为什么，它们都具有“一票否定”性质，如：能量可以离开质量吗？物质可以那样天方夜谭式压缩吗？“中子星”等超重星体可能存在吗？物理量纲可能跨越吗？等等。

　　也可见，问题具有系统性，系统工程对于系统性是非常重视的，任何一环的开散都会影响整个体系。

　　大爆炸理论则包含了许多“待证之论”，乃是自说其是，需要经受推敲。它需要“质量能量互变”的支持。 这些“待证之论”的不实都会影响涉及的理论。

　　且看物质的压缩，气体体积作出10的3次方压缩不成问题，而液体与固体要作出10的1次方（10：1）压缩就谈何容易，以碳原子进入地心在20万兆帕压强作用下转变为金刚石为例，其密度仅改变了2.3倍，什么物理机制可以使许多星体压缩到“一个点里”？如果一直找不到这样的机制，是不是就没有这样的机制？

　　有文章说万有引力将导致宇宙“大塌缩”那时便是“宇宙毁灭”！其实，万有引力的“能力”从天体运行中已经观察到了，它可以使两个“相对速度为零”的天体（天体的形成与发展有其前因后果，不大可能两个星体恰恰相对静止）渐渐靠拢，而对于具有一定速度的天体，只能影响其运行轨迹。靠万有引力远远不能使两个星体形成使其“坍塌”的“压缩”，这里力的“悬殊”，类似“吹灰”与“九牛二虎”之差。何况要把“所有星体”“压没了”！

　　大爆炸理论需要物质有“无穷大”的可压缩性，将海量体积的天体压缩到“一个理论的点”里；大塌缩理论需要“最弱小”的万有引力将宇宙万物“塌缩”成子虚乌有！这里也暗含了“能量没有体积”：质量变成没有体积的能量，天方夜谭式的压缩似乎成为可能等等。

　　可见，这两种理论都需要“质量、能量互变”且“能量没有体积”。

　　“宇宙大爆炸”乃是人们对远星光谱红移原因的分析，如果此分析符合实际，就不会显示片面，但是，蓝移远星的发现恰恰使此分析出现片面性，就是说，“大爆炸”理论同远星蓝移现象不能相容。

　　因此，“宇宙大爆炸”并不踏实，不能用它证明“物质变能量”或质量可以海量压缩。

　　能量有没有体积？质量、能量能不能互变？

　　物理学的基本量纲显示，质量与能量不一码事，不能划等号，这也没有通融余地。而“质量可变”理论是用“变”来代替等号使它们通融，成为一码事。

　　通过对大量物理实验进行了若干年的不断思考分析，今天方才可以看出，“质量可变”的判断是不正确的，因此，以此作为基础的理论自然不能牢靠，“理论存在‘困难’和‘问题’”，其实是显示理论不正确，在没有满意理论的情况下，应当将问题悬在那里待解决呢还是包容一个“存在‘困难’和‘问题’”的理论呢？质量“可变”与“不可变”只有一字之差，产生的理论，却有正、误之分。

　　“质量可变”理论现在已经失去了支撑，没有发现任何事实能够证明质量真正可变。 

　　“质量可变”是理论的重大失误，它造成了许多与物质相关的理论随之失误；导致学者不严肃对待物理规律；导致理论失去重要检验标准。

　　许多本不能成立的“理论”进入理论，珷玞乱玉，使原来正确的理论被弃置，以致“什么是物质”成为“难题”！

　　2 .3 失误的延伸 

　　当今的“质量可变”已远远越出了《相对论》的束缚，且暗含了“能量没有体积”，于是，宇宙中的天体可以先“变能量”，然后“被压缩在一个‘点’里”。

　　这样的“变”，其跨度是否超出了神话！

　　这样的“理论”回避了阐明机理，势必有许多“问题”，其实乃是误论。在主流物理理论的通融下，堂而皇之出现的，除了“大爆炸理论”，还有：

　　（1）宇宙加速膨胀理论；

　　（2）宇宙将塌缩毁灭理论；

　　（3）弦理论；

　　（4）超弦理论；

　　（5）黑洞理论；

　　（6）暗物质、暗能量理论；

　　（7）粒子可变、可以无质量、能给其它粒子以质量（“上帝粒子”）理论等等。

　　似乎找到了一个解答难题的万能玥匙：“质量可变”，但是，却没有提出任何机理或证明质量确实可变的真实事例。

　　“质量可变”似脱缰之马，任意驰驱，相关难题遇到它就迎刃（任）而解。是耶非耶？

　　在“质量可变”框架内的这些“理论”，无一不“存在问题”或“存在困难”，如：

　　空间存在“蓝移”星体这一事实对于有关“大爆炸”的理论不相容，于是对（1）（2）也具有“一票否定”性质，说仅仅是“存在困难”乃是轻描淡写；质量能从无到有、能变，这对于（3）（4）（5）（6）是一个前提，反之，“质量不可变”则否定这些理论。

　　试想，“一维振动的弦”——没有体积，当然没有质量——怎么会成为物质？当然需要“振动能量变质量”出来加以支撑。

　　可见，一旦意识到质量不可变、质量能量不能互变，这些理论就难以为继。

　　以上已经分析过，“质量可变”乃是“论出有因、查无实据”，应当加以搁置。

　　30多年前出现的“现代物理学的11道难题”为什么不能做出解释？

　　基础理论有问题！

　　“11道难题”较多的涉及粒子理论，在“粒子可变”之下，连“基本粒子到底有多少种”都不能一致，圆满的解答自然难以形成。

　　当今，许多物理学者已经熟练于“质量可变”的应用，而坚信“质量不可变”的人却十分稀少，维护“质量不可变”观点的文章已经难容于主流理论的杂志。

　　在“太阳系有一个外壳”、“宇宙只有一个太阳系”“宇宙众星只是图像”等文章大量涌现时，只有个别中国人（some general Chinese）只能在互联网上发表与此相反的文章。可见，“质量可变”作为失误，已步入物理学理论的云雾深处，使不严谨文风成为气候。

3 物理界为什么至今未提出此重大失误

　　 3.1 两难选择 

　　此前没有人提出过违反任何规律的理论，违反规律不能进入理论。从 2.1 叙述可见，那时确实遇到了难题，为了解释难题，人们将不能解释的现象当做规律遭遇到了“例外”，为了解释难题，在质量“可变”与“不可变”之间选择了“可变”。

　　但是，也可以看出，当初，如果有人坚持“需要机理”，就相当于让难题保持在物理学中，这是多么令当时人扫兴！

　　从那时起，“质量可变”被人们相信，这是认识因素。

　　 3.2 理论把关不严 

　　在难题获得“解决”的同时，忽略了把关：“质量可变”与“不可变”有原则上的不同，“不可变”是对于自然现象的承认，即承认客观存在，不需要证明机理，也不存在机理；“质量可变”则属于“变化”，任何变化都存在机理，这正是自然科学研究的对象。而“质量可变”却似乎成为例外，前人既没有提出机理，今人也未觉察需要机理，更没有意识到如果根本找不到机理，“可变”就不能成立！

　　 3.3 对于理论失误的轻描淡写处理方法 

　　改正失误的前提是认识失误，在没有认识到失误所在的情况下，现在有了一种轻描淡写的处理方法，即将有关理论加上“存在问题”或“存在困难”的说明。

　　此法有很大包容性，容许“存在问题”或“存在困难”的“理论”堂而皇之进入主流理论。

　　“存在问题”或“存在困难”的“理论”相当于至少是不完善的理论，需要进一步分析研究，发现问题所在；也可能是错误理论，需要舍弃。允许它们进入理论，难免使理论掺水，产生新的“问题”与“困难”。而轻描淡写处理理论模糊了人们分辨理论正误的界限，使基础理论由零容错改变为可容“问题、困难”。

　　 3.4需要系统性分析解决，难度大 

　　现在的物理基础理论是许多学者长期不断努力堆砌起来的，虽然发现 “存在问题、困难”，但是，提出“改进”则谈何容易。

4 分辨正误

　　分辨理论的正误，需从规律、机理、圆满性、系统性等方面：

　　 现在加以讨论：

　　（1a） 自然规律属于客观存在，物理领域包括许多规律，有似一棵树，“物质不灭”与“能量不灭”乃是主要规律或基础规律，有如主干，具有普适性，任何物理理论必须与之相恰。

　　有些“定理”如波义耳定理、热力学第二定理、折射定理、楞次定理等乃是局部适用规律，有如树枝，还有一些定理适用范围更小，有如细枝。 局部适用规律的使用范围不能随意扩大。有人利用热力学第二定律来证明宇宙会发生“热寂”，这是将这个在热力学范围内适用的局部规律凌驾到“能量不灭”这一基础规律之上。

　　基本粒子应当不能变、不能灭；物质、天体不可能离奇压缩。因为，

与此相反的现象并没有真正出现过，两个“不灭”乃是基本规律。

　　已经提出过，相信粒子能“变”是粒子理论发生失误的重要原因，未能识别被测量粒子是“一粒”还是若干粒、是“结伴”状态还是“涡旋”状态，仅仅由电子伏不同就区分“新粒子”也是一个原因。

　　如果不严肃认真的依靠规律，如何把住理论的正误之关？

　　规律应当处于“一票否定”的位置，不合规律的理论应当判定为不正确理论，那些来源于“变”——裂变、聚变、蜕变、、、——的“粒子”需要认真研究其物理真相，得到真知，不能轻信“变”出来了“一粒”真正的粒子。

　　当然，现有规律是认识的结果，其中存在少量不全面亦有可能，可以通过反复验证加以改进。

　　质量不灭、物质不灭的延伸是粒子必须具有质量，由此可以大胆将那些“没有质量粒子”一风吹去。

　　能量的物理量纲含有质量和速度两个因素，二者不可缺一，由此判断，能量不能游离于质量（物质）；能量不能没有体积。

　　可以看出，坚持规律可以避免形成一些无理、缺理的“理论”。

　　（2a）机理是物理变化的“因果”关系，掌握因果关系，理论才能做出解释、判断和预测。不存在“无因之果”，当涉及“质量变化”时，先要寻找机理。

在提出“变”的判断时，先要寻找“变”的机理，对于“质量可变”，要问“如何变”、其理何在？

　　“上帝粒子赋予其他粒子质量”、“地球磁场曾经多次逆转”、“大爆炸产生了宇宙”、、、这些都属于“变化”，只有找到机理之后，才能相信此变化能够发生；如果一直找不到机理，不妨相信不存在这样的“变化”，重新转变思路进行分析。

　　当提出“某粒子赋予其他粒子质量”时，需要交代某粒子如何赋予其他粒子质量。

　　以地磁为例，形成它的三要素是：

　　空间电场、地球自转、内部导电导磁。也就是，空间星体类似一个球形电磁铁，其形成磁场的机理与电磁铁产生磁场相同。据此，“地球磁场逆转”意味着地球的旋转方向180度改变！

　　地球“磁场多次逆转”需要地球的旋转方向多次逆转，“地球的旋转方向逆转”需要一个推动地球向反方向回转的能量，存在这样一个能量吗？多次存在这样一个成180度方向推动地球反向的能量吗？

　　如果先明确地球磁场形成的机理，恐怕就不会轻易提出“地球磁场逆转”，最近在网上有许多文章提出“太阳磁场将在数月内180度逆转”，显然，持此论的学者，并不能据理回答“太阳磁场是如何形成的”。

　　当然，地球磁场也好，太阳磁场也好，形成的机理是相同的，但是，由于内部熔浆的流动与成分不匀等原因，其磁极对于“地理极”不时有少量偏移在所难免，而“180度逆转”则不可能发生。为什么？因为这要求“存在”使它们的转动方向改变180度的外部能量。没有这种“存在”，不能实现磁极的180度逆转。如果讲不出这样的理，而是依据太阳磁极的少量偏移而计算到180度逆转，难免局限。

　　“大爆炸产生了宇宙”吗？任何爆炸都有原因、条件、过程，爆炸是物理演变，因果关系应当清晰，而从“宇宙大爆炸”中，只有“远星红移”现象似乎相关，以上说过，此“相关”并不踏实。

　　（3a）正确的基础理论应能反复承受考量，应当在相关情况下均不成问题，不会出现“困难”。 

　　反之，如果某一理论只能在有限场合显示合适，在其它场合显示“有问题”、“有困难”，这意味着不是正确理论。如：

　（1） “力有四种”理论，在解释微观粒子间的力为何与宏观物体间的力大相径庭时显示合适，但是，力的大小乃是数量差异，为何成为“种类”之差？这显示此理论不能圆满。这也使人们以为需要发展“四门学科”(牛顿力学、量子电动力学、量子味动力学、量子色动力学) 来分别研究力，这是伤害了力理论的系统性呢还是形成了 系统性呢？文章《　L18ａ强作用力弱作用力电磁力万有引力的统一 》对此进行了分析，认为“力”来源于“力线相互作用”，力的强弱之差乃是作用力线的多少之差，因此，从“物质发生变位或变形”角度看，力只有一种。 

　（2） 基本粒子有“12种”、“60种”、“> 300种” 三种理论并存本身就说明“有问题”，而 三种理论中只有“12种”理论对于“如何形成质子”作出了解释，此解释又与“质子质量高度一致”事实不和谐因而“有困难”。

　　只有“基本粒子有引力子、斥粒子2种”的理论在圆满性和系统性方面未出现问题。

　（3） 不久前在网上出现了“太阳系有外壳”理论，这是为了解释美国宇航员在月亮上未能看到星星。但是，此理论缺乏系统性、顾头不顾尾的情况被美国宇航器飞出太阳系和中国“嫦娥”携带的望远镜已经观察了好多星体而揭示出来。

　　其实，理论的圆满性与系统性离不开合乎规律和具有机理，这是正确理论的充要条件。

5 展望

　　认识是改正的前提，人们总不会允许物理基础理论存在“困难”与“问题”的局面长期存在下去，以这种“存在问题”的理论为基础的“理论”当然难以正确；肯定会期望与欢迎新的不存在“困难”与“问题”的理论，经过新理论的“过滤”，物理基础理论的空间将会清澈透明，不正确“理论”方不能再泛滥其中，可以说：“来日方长”。 

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L54 The first grave mistake of physics

            S. G. Chinese

abstract 　after “quality variable” been appeared 100 years, people find, this understanding does not correct, it is the major cause of physical basic theory exists “happen difficult”and “exist problem ”.

key words　The first grave mistake of physics　mistake of physics　　quality variable　　the fault of physical basic theory　　physics　　the physical basic theory 　　

1 foreword

　Of the last century, two rules of “the immortality of matter”、“the immortality of energy”of physical field have been take over by “the quality variable”, it is the first important “modification” of the physics, at that time, because of it replied puzzle, people have not think deeply to this “modification” for does it is improvement or fault? But, so far it has been over 100 years, the mechanism of “variable” still never being discovered by the physical field, then “difficult” and “problems” appeared a lot of .

　Serious is, its influence has been lead to some “theory” of no mechanism ——such as “cosmos destroy”、“black hole” 、 “string theory” and so on theory of lack mechanism openly appear constantly, it make “theory” no reason；“the 11 problems” no one can solution for many years；even the philosophical materialism have also been suffer disaster. 

　This appeared basic theory is wrong, because, many research result from classical physics to modern physics are all for know the material, the normal situation should be, the know more and more clear, now, why even the material becomes the first problem!

　The physical theory can’t allow mistake, the basic physical theory furthermore not allow important fault, but, “quality variable” make basic theory happen important fault did occur, and that continue reach 100 years there is no perceived, is n’t that very troubling event?

As a result, continue facing theoretical incongruity, withal, no reflection and correct, but showed a “tolerance”, to the not harmonious theory, in a word with “exist difficulties” or “exist problems”, keep the lines of the long, avoid “difficulties and problems”, just say it is .

　For example of particle theory, exactly how many kinds of basic particles? “12 kinds”、“60 kinds ”、“ >300 kinds ” three theories go hand in hand, Does not deep think how much kinds should be? Each continue study、found “new particle”, like that, even if the results, can trust? If believe “particle cannot be changed”, the theory would not be the situation .

　In the field of basic theory, already “jade-like stones mixed in jades”, in the above three kinds of theory at least two kinds are wrong. The basic theory no solid the consequences are the upper theory is difficult to solid, hence, to say “quality variable” is the first grace mistake of physics, this formulation is serious, have its reason.

　In writing 《L17a Systematic “problem” of basic theories of modern physics》has been discussed to this mistake, this text continue the analysis, in order to distinguish right or fault, return to the flat road,whether the reason is straighten out, provide a reference.

2 what is the mistake for “quality variable”

　 2 .1 the background of mistake happened 

　At that time, existing “mass conservation、energy conservation” two theorems, no one doubt, no one would believe that “quality variable” . But, last century, there found several unexplained phenomenons in the physical test： 

（1）in the accelerator, according to the understand, particle’s speed is related to accelerating electricity, there should be no limit, the particle results show, no matter how big the accelerating electricity, accelerated particle can’t reach to light speed, what is the reason?

(2) material’s nuclear energy is very huge, where come from them?

(3) in the Wilson cloud chamber find some particle’s path line get interrupt, in addition to say “quality annihilating”, don’t seem to make other explanation. 

(4) found far star have “red shift”,it lead to form that “big bang” theory, this theory need support from the basic theory.

　Under such circumstances, some one boldly raised “matter’s quality does not no changing；it will changes follow its energy’s changing”, and use equation to show the relation of this changing, this problem (1) get explain，at that time which make people are convinced and admiration. 

　Look from the situation at that time, this idea clearly shines, a cut above others, to be the crystallization of wisdom. 

　Should notice, “quality variable” at that time was limited by equation, it is different with later intend into “quality change to energy” “energy change to quality”.

　 “quality variable” also make problems （2）、（3）get the explanation, “quality change to energy” “energy change to quality” make problem (4) get the explanation very easy and appear “having theory basis” .

　In turn, above 4 examples seem show the examples of “quality variable” , “quality variable” into the mainstream theory, “quality variable” have been around . seem have no problem, the actual situation is so, although found a lot of problems, people did not question so far .

but, although “quality variable” even have equation, but did not put forward mechanism, the equation naturally may describe mechanism but can’t instead of mechanism, quality exactly “variable”or can’t change, this is a significant problem of need prove and test again, as mentioned, refer to the basic theory, need to have a mechanism, can’t avoid.

2 .2 mistake judgment 

　“mass conservation” of classical physics mean mass can’t “destroy”, today, it can practicable to the basic particle can’t “destroy”. As for the basic particle can or can’t change certainly need support from theory and fact.

　Above four examples have quite a influence, as stated, so far the history was, people since then believe in “quality variable、can be destroyed”, to explain the above（1）-（4）examples and eliminated the the problems of the physics. Till today, mainstream theory never query for “quality variable、quality can be destroyed”.

　But there is a situation, in the phenomenons of the physics faced, have a plenty of objective existence, no reason or mechanism can say, we only admit, can’t to ask why. Such as：cosmos is objectively exist, can only admit, not to ask why the cosmos exist, it is impossible to find “the mechanism of cosmos exist”. In addition to the objective existence, all material evolution, should be exist mechanism, justified, such as electromagnetic evolution、speed change、material chemical combination and so on.

　“quality variable” or immutable, belong to the substance evolution, hence, if it is true, there be mechanism；if it is false, must find not mechanism.

　To find out the physical true of the four examples is one of the method for check “quality variable”theory is strong or no, because the correct theory can stand the test again and again, before, the problem of can’t to explain, today, after accumulated a lot of experimental data, “standing upon the shoulders of our predecessors”, some already existing conditions to understand the truth of the matter. Here, in today’s knowledge to analyze above four examples：

　example（1） the working principle of accelerator is：to use the force which generated from accelerating current and electrically charged particles to drive the accelerated particles, like the wind drive sailboat. There is a “wind-sail effect”：sail speed (boat speed) be not more than wind speed. Hence, people cannot expect be accelerated particles reach or exceed the current speed——light speed. 

　But at that time just appeared such expectations, when experimental results contrary to expectation, feel confused, become a difficulty problem.

　Like maths retention problem method actually it is very safe, mathematicians never overstepping have found rules, there have been no important mistakes. Physical field is theorem with the “immortality of the material” at that time, both proposed “quality variable”——although more prudent, added condition——also dare to believe and not be questioned, don’t beg mechanism, also to develop them. Due to “wind-sail effect”, example (1) can’t prove particle’s “quality variable”.

　It can imagine, this means “material quality change with energy(speed) ” does not fit to the theorem of conservation of mass、the judge is not correct.

　So, if then some one put forward “wind-sail effect”, should not some one believe “quality variable”. 

　example（2），its correct answer need to know the generated procedure of proton and atom. Use “quality variable” to explain can only be used as a reference for the time being,need further inquiry “how quality can turn into energy”, after make man cleared quality true change to energy, this explanation just now can believe. 

　If it do not chase mechanism, get things attributed to “God particle” also is a answer to a can temporarily used as a reference, also can put forward some irrelevant things as answer, just, they re all belong to can’t believe answer.

　　After many answers, need judge and prove, need to rise to the theory, and even today, theory for proton how contains “atomic energy” still not fully understand, so that, since the material’s nuclear energy was objectively exists, also could not explain where it come from, “quality change to energy” is hard to deny. Under the circumstance of can’t put forward specific opinion and “quality change to energy” can answer difficult problem for us, give up searching mechanism and give up find out physical true make the “quality change to energy” imaging translate to theory, this though can to say that adhere to the principle of the basic theory is not enough, but also for a reason.

　In the atomic explosion measured a large number of particles, in fact, if it can accurately measured all particles, my find their quality are equal to the original quality of “explosive material”.

　The atomic energy of the explosion formed, to be the kinetic energy of particles, the number of particles does not change. Not even one particle “quality changed into energy”.

《L04 evolution of matter 》 and so on writing narrated the graviton act as one of two kinds of basic particles how it polymerize to proton with “energy storage polymerizing”, two graviton ct each other to form attracting force, it “tied” them two, the kinetic energy is constant before and after “tied”,hence, polymerizing make graviton change motion mode：from rectilinear motion change to circumnutation, the kinetic energy of “circumnutation” just the atomic energy which generally no external show, it is equal to graviton’s original kinetic energy when it act as a “ever quantum” with rectilinear motion.

　“energy storage polymerizing” says the mechanism of material contains atomic energy, this is a natural process of accord with conservation of matter and conservation of energy, is understanded from rethink natural phenomenon, is forced out from stick to “law should not violate”. 

　Therefore, the release mean proton and atom get break up, the gravitons again get well rectilinear motion and fly to space.

　Proton’s forming is the result of attracting force effect, its break up of course not very easy, generally proton was quite “stable” , this stable come from attracting force don’t let members easily leave.

　Understanding of “energy storage polymerizing” make the sours justified. So, example (2) also can’t prove “quality variable”. 

　　example（3）, if to ask, does the particles of enter Wilson cloud chamber all would show its trace? From the display on film explained, only seldom particles can, why so? What is the reason? this needs to be noticed, “particle’s” “energy not in the same”.

　If it is cosmic-ray “particle”, this energy“ not in the same ” lie in “team member number”, as a single particle, graviton’s energy (kinetic energy) no big difference. But, they easy “together” in space flight, up to we believe “there are more than 600 kinds of cosmic-ray particles”, since we can’t identify whether the particle to be “singular or plural”, so, which particle of enter Wilson cloud chamber certainly my have “many kinds”, the difference is “different electron volts”, the solution here can interpreted for：Wilson cloud chamber show the “particle” of electron volts within a certain range, show the trace should be reduce some energy, if some particles when enter chamber their energy already near lower limit of show the trace, after show a trace reach to the ower limit, this moment immediately change to do not show——the trace break off.

　So, the trace break off not equal to “particle” from exist change to no exist, only the next trace is invisible.

　In fact, the theory of “quality variable” here is not practical, if here is “quality change into energy”, where is the changed energy? What is the mechanism? How to specific change ? Therefore, example（3）also can’t prove “quality variable”. 

　example（4），the big bang theory think, “on the eve of the big bang, the existing all matter of cosmos are all compressed in a ‘point’ ”. 

　About this ‘point’, begin put forward was “a overweight ball of diameter of some kilometer ”, there after many scholar constantly revise, the smaller the change, now finally become “a theoretical point”, no volume. This explain no only fully believe to “quality change to energy”, but also to “energy no volume” and energy may free from quality. Incomparable with above conditional “quality variable”. 

　Here avoid many mechanism and why, they are all have to vote “no” nature, such as：does the energy can leave with the quality? Can matter may compressed with a fable type? Can the heavy star been existing? Can the physical dimensions my span? Etc.

　Also can see, the problem have the systematicness, systems engineering take the systematicness is very seriously, a part of any open will effect whole system.

　The big bang theory contains many “theory of needs proved”, to be the theory of a self-taking, need suffer deliberate. It needs support by “quality and energy interconversion” . The no true of these “theory of needs proved” will influence to referred theory.

　Look to material’s compression, gas volume to pressed in 1000：1 is no problem, but liquid and solid pressed in 10：1 was difficult, for example of the carbon atom into the earth core under 200 thousands M pa turn in to diamond, its density only changed 2.3 times, what mechanism can make much stars pressed in “a point”? If always can not find this mechanism, does there is have not this mechanism? 

　The article said gravity will led to the”big collapse” at that time is “the destruction of the universe”! Actually, the “ability” of gravity has been seen from stars running, it can make two star of “0 relative speed” gradually close up, for the stars of have a certain speed, can only effect the running track. By gravity it is far from two star form the pressure make them “collapse”, here to force “wide gap” , similar of the difference of “soot blowing” and “the power of nine bulls add two tigers”. Much less to put “all stars” “pressed to none”!

　Big bang theory need matter have “infinite” compressibility, make the stars of magnanimity volume compressed in “a theoretical point”；big collapse theory need “the weakest” universal gravity can put cosmic inventory “collapse” become unreal! Here also implied “the energy none volume”：the quality change to the energy of none volume, the compression of a fable type seems make possible etc.

　It is clear, this two kinds of theory are all need “quality convert with energy ” and “energy none volume”.

　The “big bang”to be people’s analysis for the reason of remote star having red shift, if the analysis is truthfulness, as soon as would not appear one-sidedness, but, find of blue shift remote star just make this analysis appear one-sidedness, that is, the “big bang”theory can’t compatible with blue shift phenomenon. 

　Therefore, the “big bang” is not steadfast, then can’n use it to prove “matter change into energy” or quality can be massive mounts compression. 

　Does energy have or not have the volume? Does energy can or can’t interconvert?

　The basic physics dimension shows, the quality and the energy don’t the same matter, cannot delimit equal-sign,this also no room for accommodation. The “quality variable” theory was use “change” to instead the equal-sign so make them accommodate, become the same thing.

　Through a large number of physical experiment for a thinking analysis for several years, today just can see , the judgment of “quality variable” was incorrect, therefore, the theory with this basis naturally can’t be strong, “the theory exist ‘difficult’and ‘problem’”, as it is appear theory is not correct, under the condition of none satisfaction theory, should we to hanging it stay for solve or accommodate a theory of “exist ‘difficult’ and ‘problem’”? The quality “variable” and “immutable” only have a difference of one word, but lead to the theory have the difference of correct and incorrect.

　Now the theory of “quality variable” already loss the support, did not find any fact can prove the quality indeed variable.

　“quality variable” wae the important mistake of the theory, and made many theories of related matter into mistake follow it; lead to some scholars don’t serious about the law of physics；cause the theory lose important inspection standard. 

　Many untenable “theory” enter to theory, the stone of like-jade which disorderly the jade, make the theory of original correct suffer throw aside, so that “what is the mater” has become “difficult problem”! 

　　 2 .3 The extension of the fault 

　Today’s “quality variable” has far more out of the bondage of《relativity》，even implicit “energy none volume”, so, cosmical stars can first “change into energy”, then “compressed in a ‘point’”.

　Such “change”, whether its span exceeded myth! 

　Such theory avoided to clarify mechanism, certainly have a lot of “problems”, in fact is the error theory. Under accommodate of the mainstream theory, stately appeared besides “big bang theory”, also：

　　（1）the cosmos accelerate expansion theory；

　　（2）cosmos will collapse destroyed theory；

　　（3）string theory；

　　（4）superstring theory；

　　（5）black hole theory；

　　（6）dark matter、dark energy theory；

　　（7）the theory of particle variable、may none quality、can giving quality to other particle(God particle) etc. 

　It seems find a key for answer difficult problems： “quality variable”, but, without any mechanism is put forward or the real instance to prove quality variable.

　“quality variable” like runaway horses, gallop at will, relate problems meet it s soon as get solved (by at will ). Is it true or not?

　These “theories” in the frame of “quality variable”, no one no“problems”or “exist difficulty”, such as：

　The fact of space exist remote blue shift star is incompatible to the theory of related to the “big bang”, it also possess “deny only need one ticket” properties for（1）and（2）, if to say “the theory exists difficult” to be mention lightly；“quality can from none to having, can change” this is a premise for （3）（4）（5）（6）, conversely, “quality can’t change”should negate these theories.

　Just think, “the one dimensional vibration of the string”——none volume, certainly none quality——how can it become the quality? certainly “vibrating energy change into quality” come out the give the supporting. 

　Visible, once be aware of the quality cannot change and quality cannot interconversion with energy, those theory as soon as difficult to sustain.

　Above has been analyzed, “quality variable” to be “theory out have the reason, but none real fact ”,ought to lay up.

　More than 30 years ago in “11 problem of modern physics” why not explain?

　There is something wrong with the basic theory！

　“11 problem” more involved in particle theory, under “the particle variable”, even “how many kinds of basic particles” can’t agree, a complete solution is difficult to form naturally.

　Nowadays, many physical scholars be skillful in “quality variable” use, and the people of firmly believe “quality can’t change” then very rare, an article of “quality can’t change”viewpoint is impossible in mainstream theory. 

　When “the solar system have a shell”、“the cosmos only have a solar system” “stars of cosmos to be image only ” and so on articles in a large of number, only several Chinese (some general Chinese) can published article to the contrary at internet. Visible, “quality variable” act as a mistake, already step in the cloud of physical theory, make nu-preciseness style of writing climate.

3 why so far physical field does not raise this grave mistake

　 3.1 the selection be in a dilemma 

　Before no one raise the theory of violation of any law, the violation of the law can’t enter theory. From above 2.1 can see, at that time really encountered problems, people to see the phenomenon of not able to explain as a rule encountered “exception”, for explain the difficult problems, between the quality “variable” and “can’t variable” selected “variable” .

　But, also can see, if at that time some one to elected “can’t variable”, is equal to keep the difficult problems in physics, how to make that time of people feel disappointed this is!

　From then on, “ quality variable” be believed, it is the understanding factors

　 3.2 theory check no strict 

　At the time of difficult problems get solute, ignore checks： “quality variable” and “it can’t variable” there are different principle, “can’t variable” is the admission for natural phenomenon, mean admit that exists objectively, no need to prove mechanism, there is no mechanism； “quality variable” be belong to “change”, any “change” all exist mechanism, it just the study object of natural science. But “quality variable” seems become the exception, since predecessor not raise the mechanism, contemporary also not feel this need mechanism, more not feel if there are no mechanisms, “variable” cannot be established! 

　 3.3 the method of handing of mention lightly for theory mistake 

　The premise of correcting errors is understand mistake, under the circumstance of not understand mistake, now have a handing method of understatement, mean add a explain of “exist problems” or “exist difficult” to the related theory.

　This method have great containment, admit the “theory”of “exist problems” or “exist difficult” stately into mainstream theory. 

　The theory of “exist problems” or “exist difficult” equivalent to at least is the theory of the imperfect, need to further analysis and study, find the problem；it may be the wrong theory also, need to give up. They are allowed enter the theory, hard to avoid make theory watering, generate the new “problem ” and “difficulty”. And the understatement to for the theory blurred the line between right and wrong people distinguish theory, make basic theory from zero tolerance change to can let “problem、difficulty”. 

　 3.4 need systemic analysis，more difficult 

　Now the physical basic theory was many scholars piled up by long-term continuos efforts, though find “existing problem、difficulty”, but “improved” is hardly. 

4 To distinguish between right and wrong

　To distinguish theory’s right or wrong need from law、mechanism、completeness nd so on aspects：

Now to discuss：

　（1a） the natural law is belong to objective existing, the physical fired include many laws, it like a tree, “conservation of matter” and “conservation of energy” to be the main law or the basic law, like the trunk, possess universality, any physical theory should be fit to it. 

　Some law such as the Boyle’s theorem、the second law of thermodynamics、refraction theorem、 Lenz theorem and so theorems to be the local applicable law, like the tree branch, also many theorems applicate more small range, like the withe. The applicative range of local applicable law cannot extended at will. People use the second law of thermodynamic to prove cosmos will going to “heat death”, this is put this local applicative law override on the the basic law “conservation of energy”.

　Basic particle should not changing、should not destroy；mass、celestial body can’t bizarre compression, because, the opposite phenomenon never really seen, two “immortalization” to the basic law.

　It has been put forward, believe in particle can “change” was the important reason of particle theory happen mistake, the other reason is failure to identify the measured particle to be “a grain” or number of grains 、to be“companion” state or “vortex” state, only distinguish “new particle” by different electron volt. 

　If it is don’t seriously rely on the law, how to distinguish the correctness or un-correctness for the theory?

　The physical law should be lay on the position of “deny just need one vote ”, the theory of not fit to physical law ought judge to incorrect theory, those “particles” of root from “change” ——fission、fusion、metamorphosis、、、、——need to study their physical truth seriously, get the true knowledge, not credulous “change” out into “a grain of ”a true particle.

　Certainly, the existing law is the result of understanding, a few incomplete in this also possible, may improve through again and again verify. 

　The extension of quality conservation、mass conservation is particle should be possess quality, thus may daring let those “not quality particle” scatter with wind.

　The energy’s physical dimension contains two factors of quality and speed, one for both, from this judgment, energy can’t be free from quality(matter)；energy can’t be none volume.

　It can be seen, adhere to the rules can avoid form some “theory” of none mechanism、lack mechanism . 

　（2a）the mechanism was the “cause and effect” relation of the physical variation, get hold of “cause and effect” relation, theory to explain、judge and forecast. There is no “the result of none mechanism”, when refer to “quality change”, at first need to find mechanism.

　When put forward the judgment of “change”, at first need to find mechanism of “change”, as for “quality variable”, need to ask “how to change”、what is the mechanism?

　“God particle ( Higgs boson) give quality to other particle”、“earth’s magnetic field has reversed many times”、“big bang generated cosmos”、、、、these all belong to the “variation”, only after find mechanism, to believe that this change can happen；if all the way can’t find the mechanism, might as well believe that there is no such “change”, to change train of thought for analysis.

　When put forward “a particle give quality to other particle”, need to explain this particle how to give the quality to other particle.

　For example of the geomagnetism, the formation of three elements was：

　Space electric field、earth rotation、internal conduct electric and magnetic. I.e. Space star like 

a spherical electro magnet, the mechanism of formation of magnetic field is the same of form the magnetic field of electromagnet, hereby, “earth’s magnetic field reverse ” means earth’s rotate direction change 180 degree! 

　Earth’s “magnetic field reversed many times”need earth’s rotate direction change many times, “ earth’s rotate direction revers” need a energy of push the earth turning in the opposite direction, 

Does exist this energy? Does many times exist these energy of with 180 degree to push the earth reversed? 

　If earlier been cleared the mechanism, I’m afraid won’t easily put forward “earth’s magnetic field reverse”, recently many writings on the net put forward “ after several month Earth’s magnetic field will reversed 180 degree ”, obviously, the scholars of the theory, cannot according the mechanism to answer “how can form the sun’s magnetic field”.

　Certainly, the earth’s magnetic field, the sun’s magnetic field, their formed mechanism is the same, but, due to the internal lava flows and the composition uneven, the magnetic pole often have some few excursion to the “geographic pole” be unavoidable, but the 180 degree reversion is unlikely to happen. Why? Because this require “exist” the external energy of make them rotating direction change 180 degree. If none this “existing”, can’t achieve the magnetic pole change 180 degree. Could not speak in this way, but according to the few excursion so computing to 180 degree, inevitable limitation.

　（3a）the correct basic theory should be able to repeat bear consider and discuss, should be in the relevant circumstance are not a problem. there were not be a “difficult”. Conversely, it a theory only can be shows its correct in the limited situation, on other occasions shows “problem”、“difficult” , this means is not the correct theory. Such as：

　A. There are “four kinds of force” theory, it is shows correct at to explain the force between microscopic particles why widely divergent with macroscopic object, but, the size of the force is the quantity difference, why it become the difference of the “kinds”? It shows this theory can’t complete. This also make people believe need to develop “quadrivium”(Newtonian mechanics、quantum electrodynamics、quantum flavor dynamics、quantum chromodynamics) to research force separately, does it harms the systematicness of the force theory or form the systematicness of the force theory? To this article 《 the “unification” of strong forces、weak force、electromagnetic force、gravitation 》 had analyzed, regard as the “force” root in “the force-line act each other”, the difference of force is the difference of the quantity of the acting force-line, so,from the point of “”, there is only one kind of force. 

　B. The theory of there are three kinds of (“12 kinds”、“62 kinds”、“>300 kinds”) basic particle have the problem itself,in these only “12 kinds” did explained “how form proton”, this explain as well disharmony with the fact of “proton’s quality highly fit ” thus “have difficult”.

　Only the theory of “the basic particle was two kinds of graviton and repulton” never appear the problem in completeness and systematicness。 

　C. Recently “solar has shell” theory online, this is for to explain the American not find stars on the moon’s sky. But, this theory lack of systematicness and one-sidedness has been get reveal from U.S. spacecraft fly out of solar system and the telescope on the China “Chang-e” has been observed many stars. 

　Actually, theory’s completeness and systematicness can’t leave of accordance with law and with mechanism, it is the necessary and sufficient condition of the correct theory.

5 outlook

　The understanding is the premise of the correction, people will not be allow the situation of physical theory long-term exist “difficult” and “problem”,the theory with this “exist problem”theory for the basis certainly should not correct；need the new theory of none “difficult”and “problem”, after new theory’s filtering, the space of physical basic theory well be crystal clear, incorrect “theory” thus could n’t be flowed, so to speak：“there well be brightness” .