L02b 空间概论the generality of the

2019-1-7

                                                                       L02b 空间概论 

 

                                                                               陈理士



摘要 本文提出新观点,从新角度解释空间与空间演变 

关键词 空间 宇宙 空间场 真空中光速守恒 质量不灭 质量可变 “大爆炸”理论

1概说

  从望远镜中可以观测到100多亿光年外的恒星,这意味着空间充满了作为光介质的电子分布场——空间电场。光波波长暗示了空间电场中电子间距大约在10-5(-5次方)cm。在此情况下若说空间是“真空”,且认为“真空中光速守恒”是否缺理?没有任何物质的空间才是真空,绝对均匀且不变的空间电场中光速才能守恒。

  真空是没有任何物质的空间,不能被物理探测手段发觉,它既不能“出现破缺”,也不能“发生扭曲”。如上所述,在宇宙中,自然存在的真空,尺度难以超过10-5cm,对其无从谈论光速。

  人造真空只是抽去了气体分子,对于电场的存在、高速电子的出入并无影响,不能算作物理意义上的真空。作为物理学的自然延伸,空间物理属于物理空间。现今,不同学说缤纷,在百花争妍中如何判别正误实关紧要。

  经典物理学曾经发现并留下两则基本检验法则:质量不灭和能量不灭,自1905年“质量不是不可变”理论出现以来已逐渐被闲置。但是,两个“不灭”曾经被长期反复验证,至今也不时被应用,它们到底应否被否定需要十分慎重。以往使“守恒”得以成立的验证并无可置疑之处,因此,对于支持“质量可变”的“实例”,亦须反复审核。

  支持“质量可变”的“实例”分四个方面:一是放射性物质的巨大放射能来源经典物理无从解释;二是粒子加速器不能使被加速粒子达到光速被认为质量变大所致;三是粒子示踪轨迹时或出现中断现象被解释为“质堙”;四是经多次测试发现“宇称不守恒”。

  于是,“两个不灭”似乎遇到了“例外”,“质量可变”在原子领域占了上风。由此,全宇宙的物质可以“变”到只有一个“理想的点”那么大,这个“点”又“大爆炸”而产生了当今宇宙!这样的“理论”居然成了正而八经的理论。

  其实,上述四方面事例并未真正动摇“质量不灭”理论,理由参见《L05E=MC2方程的能量何来》一文,“可变”属于认识上的失误。

  现简述如下:(1)物质所含核能乃是原子聚合时蕴含于质子`中子中的基本粒子动能,机理已在《L01粒子今论》(下称《1》)中叙述;(2)粒子加速器的基本原理是用电流驱动带电粒子,暗含了一个“风帆效验”,被加速粒子肯定达不到加速电流的流速——光速。若说这是由质量变大引起,乃是误会;(3)在“威尔逊云室”中一定能阈中的粒子方能显示迹线,迹线中断的确切含义是该粒子能量在此处达到阈值,由显示转变为不显示,不能判为质量由“有”转变为“零”;(4)如果将原子内粒子视作静止堆积其中,“宇称”自然应当守恒。但质子,中子、原子内没有静止粒子,宇称还能守恒吗?反之,宇称不守恒,不正是向人们暗示了原子能的来源和原子结构的某些信息吗?

  可见,经典物理学留下的“两个不灭”应当视为重要法则,作为判断正误的依据,“两个不灭”的核心是基本粒子不变、不灭,它的运动动能不灭,这理当置于基础自然规律的地位。任何空间理论应当遵守这两个基础规律。对于“两个不灭”基础规律的“否定”应当进行“否定之否定”。

  此外,关于空间的理论还需要以机理作为支撑,缺乏机理的判断难以成为正确理论,空间同真空不一回事,现实空间中分布着大小不同物质,这便是物理学、天文学、宇宙学——广义物理学所面对的真实宇宙空间。

2 空间物质场

2、1 空间场中物质种类

2、1、1 粒子

  真正的粒子是一粒密实的“子”,不能改变数量、密度、尺度、力线。两种基本粒子——引力子、斥力子——方才是真正的粒子。基本粒子是原始的力线发出者,是构成质子、中子的“原材料”,是质量不能再小的单个微粒。在《1》中曾论证过,基本粒子只有引力子与斥力子两种的理由,其中斥力子就是电子,因为发出斥力线,相互间倾向于“散”,从而使电子弥漫宇宙空间形成空间电场。但是,作为基本粒子之一的电子,比当前公认的质量为10的负28次方的电子小的多,质量<10 的负36 次方,亦即,氢原子外围约有一亿枚电子,如果只有一枚电子,它还成得了原子吗?

  引力子由于倾向于“聚”,至今未能识出它的真面目,“电中微子”是可能的引力子,有待于证实。两种基本粒子是宇宙中真正以单独“粒子”方式存在的物质,它们组成了中子、质子、原子和宇宙射线粒子,其聚合机理,也在《1》中阐述过。

现在被命名的许多其它的“粒子”,如中子、质子、光子、介子、夸克、胶子、宇宙线“粒子”等等,有的乃是基本粒子的聚合组群,有的其实不存在——如胶子、光子、镜像粒子等,只是某些理论需要他们。

  空间场中既有近乎静态的电子,也有动态的基本粒子和“聚合态粒子”——原子、分子、微尘、星际物质、行星、恒星等。

2、1、2 原子、分子

   基本粒子聚合成为原子、分子是质子、中子演变的继续,在自然界,只有斥力子——电子——相互之间产生斥力,其它情况下的作用力都是引力,引力当然产生聚合,于是,空间只要有基本粒子“供应”,由小到大的物质演变自然能够不断进行,随着具体条件的差异,空间能够聚合产生不同“原子量”的各种原子和“同位素”。

2、1、3 宇宙尘

  在空间合成的原子、分子都有剩余引力线对外发出,使它们进一步聚合“成群”,成为空间的“小颗粒”——宇宙尘,只要不断生成原子、分子,便会不断产生宇宙尘。

2、1、4 星际物质

从大小看,星际物质介于小行星与宇宙尘之间,但是从来源看,可能有“从大到小”与“从小到大”两方面,前者是小行星或行星碰撞产生的“碎片” 

2、1、5 行星

  达到一定体积而又远比恒星小的星体为行星,宇宙空间中行星的总数要比恒星多,但总质量却不到恒星1%。

  但是,行星同恒星是相关的。通常,行星是恒星的孪生姐妹;恒星是姐妹中成长得特别“壮大的”佼佼者。对此,将另文陈述。

2、1、6 恒星

  恒星是空间物质场中的主角,其质量占了“宇宙物质总量”的绝大多数,离开恒星和它们的行为就不能对空间有正确的认识。

  面对星体近乎均布的天空,使人意识到140亿光年为半径的空间是物质宇宙很小的一隅。否则,就要以为我们处于“宇宙的中心”,这种概率太小,难以相信。也有理论认为“我们的银河系”并不位于宇宙中心而是偏离的,那么,夜空中的群星均匀正好说明比140亿光年更远的恒星,由于星光太弱,即使用望远镜,也难以发现。

  “可视宇宙”的直径为280亿光年,如果平均恒星距离为100光年,这一空间约有27万亿亿颗恒星。

  由于上述理由,需要认为,宇宙中的恒星数比现在估计的要多得多。

恒星除了“个头大”之外,另一特点是心部发生核反应,其实质是心部原子解体,成为基本粒子散向太空,而不是如流行理论所认为的在进行“氢合成重元素的核聚变”,其机理在《L04物质演变》(下称《2》)一文中已有叙述。

2、2 空间场状态与演变

2、2、1 基本存在的确认

  正确认识宇宙的重要前提是承认客观存在,“物质何来”的解答无法通过推理演绎求得,也不能利用数学方程推导,只是需要承认,物质客观存在于宇宙之中;同时,物质在宇宙中具有相对运动。

  质量和能量(运动)均属于客观存在,因而,它们的总量不会改变。依据是两个不灭规律。反之,对基本存在的确认,确认了质量客观存在,确认物质不灭与能量不灭。

迄今,并未出现一件可以判断为质量可变的真例。如果能够用一组方程将没有质量的振动转变成为能量或质量,这是人的认识失误,并非什么新理论,若要理论正确,物理规律不能或离。

2、2、2 空间场物质状态 

  由两种基本粒子分布形成的场是空间最小物质的场。斥力子(电子)所形成的空间电场已为众所周知;引力子趋于“聚”,它不能形成静态空间场,它们离开恒星后,高速飞驰于太空,但引力线,引力占优势使空间获得演变动力,演变使空间场中各种物质“形成”,有其它“粒子”、星际微尘、小尺寸物体、卫星、行星直至恒星(演变机理见《2》)。

  空间场中的各类物质处于不同“动态”,即使相对较静止的电场也不断受到“骚扰”。恒星在空间的”活动有“产、供、销”三方面,其心部进行核反应使原子解体是它的“产”,向空间输出基本粒子是“销”,从空间收取陨物是“供”, 因此,不能用静止眼光观察恒星,它们类似一家“工厂”,在供、产、销活动中不停发展。

  恒星并非静止在空间,每一恒星有自己的速度并保持着这个速度,每一恒星还向外发出引力线,同其他物体的力线相互作用形成引力,此引力对它的惯性运动产生一定的影响,使其运行轨迹离开直线而呈曲线,不同时间形成不同瞬时中心。众多恒星形成涡旋状态完全可以理解,这是引力相互作用的结果,如果说那个涡旋中心是一个质量巨大的“黑洞”显然误会。试问每一对双星中央都有一个黑洞吗?它们只是“互为中心”。由此可见,涡旋星系也不需要“这种中心”。

  行星质量相对较小,难以抗拒附近恒星的吸引,因此,它们多围绕着恒星周旋,同时也随着恒星之舟,旅行于太空之中。但是,行星并不绕恒星的质量中心旋转,可以计算出该点位于恒星、行星之间而偏于恒星一边甚至在恒星体内。

  散布于星际的物质,小者如介子、中子、质子,大者直径以千米计,形状不一,数量很多,也都具有自己的速度在空间运行。宇宙空间物质,距离远者如恒星,相距在10~100光年,近距离的如电子,相距约10-5cm,更近的如中子、质子内部的基本粒子,其距离还要小几个数量级。上述物质密布是事情的一方面,另一方面,“真空”与“实体”的区分在于“虚”与“实”两种不同状况。区域不在大小,有物质为实,无物质为真空,以原子为例,在1埃直径空间内,中子、质子、电子即使密实,还是虚占了绝大部分,何况中子、质子本身乃是由基本粒子形成的“微涡旋星系”,虚的成分又增加了若干数量级。在太阳系中,即使各种物质为致密实体,所占空间也仅为10-24,可见,“空”所占比例绝大。

  于是,空间场中虚实相间,虚中有实,“实”中有虚。两种基本粒子分别向空间发出引、斥力线,引力线与引力线作用产生引力,记为F1,斥力线与斥力线作用产生斥力,记为F2;引力线与斥力线作用,产生引力,记为F3,F3< F1(见《1》)。

  总之,空间不等于“真空”。

2、2、3 空间场中物质的演变 

  《L04 物质演变》一文讨论了物质演变的机理和演变的情况,这里只做简述 

2、2、3、1 演变总趋势

  物质在空间的演变分为两种,一是相对位置改变,二是组织结构改变。从众多恒星辐射出的基本粒子是演变的物质源,上述F1、F2、F3便是推进演变的参与力,其中,引力使物质趋于聚合,而不同聚合度的物体都有不同密度的剩余引力线对外泄出,于是聚合成为物质演变的总趋势是由小到大。

2、2、3、2两种聚合方式

  在《1》与《2》中已叙述了基本粒子有“蓄能聚合”和“代数聚合”两种聚合方式。“蓄能聚合”使以光速运行的引力子逐渐聚合成为“群速”很小的“微涡旋星系”,受到“聚合效应”影响,聚合规模以中子、质子为极限,此后引力使它们向原子、分子、物体、行星、恒星发展。

  “代数聚合”中基本粒子一直保持原来的直线运动速度,聚合后的总质量也以质子为极限,聚合形成的是“宇宙射线”。“宇宙射线”一直以原先的极高速度运行,不能获得“电子包装”成不了原子、分子。

2、2、3、3 由聚到散

  在《1》中阐述了行星为何被“点燃”成为恒星的机理,这同它的“大”有关,引力使得体积越大的星体心部压力越高,大到一定程度,心部原子的外层电子抵御不了而使质子、中子(“微涡旋星系”)相互“合并”,由此引起心部质子、中子、原子彻底解体,基本粒子被“解放”,以自己的极高线速对外显示能量,激发原子光、热、射线,此时,该星体逐渐“明亮”由行星转变为恒星。

  恒星心部核反应使物质发生“分散”而减少“体重”,空间陨落物则使恒星质量得到“补充”,若补给大于消耗,这枚恒星便要继续增大,从而使核反应区域加大。如果供过于求的情况继续存在,不可避免的结果是,有朝一日,恒星上的所有物质全部被解体与蒸发,化为基本粒子与分子原子,快速散入空间,这便是“超新星爆发”。此时,恒星的所有物质彻底分散而离去。

  空间不断发生“超新星爆发”说明,恒星确实处于“继续发福”状态之中,以太阳为例,它的前景也同样是向这一方向发展。

  将以上所述联系起来,可以看出,以引力为动力,空间场中发生的演变,可归结为“聚散循环”。因为没有“损耗”,因此是无穷无尽的循环。

  “由聚到散”并未改变“引力占优势”的状态,恒星心部的核反应是被超高压压出来的,此压力来自“重力”即万有引力,“超新星爆发”之后,引力马上显示了作用,使“爆发”后的高温气团凝聚成一些“亮点”。

3空间非物质场

  空间力线与力的分布使任何物质都存在一个无形的力线网络,每一个物体处于自己所发出的力线网络的中心,力线相互作用形成的力决定了物体的现状与动向。万物各自独立,但没有一个物体不身居力线网络之中,因此,从力线角度看,由基本粒子到恒星,没有任何物体游离与力线之外,这一情况的物理含义是:

(1)任何物质不能离开“我们的”这个宇宙空间,充其量它可以凭惯性走出“宇宙边缘”少许,但最终仍要被引力拉回。

(2)不存在一个和“我们这个”宇宙平行的另外一个宇宙,只要有物质,势必成为我们宇宙的一部分。

(3)在宇宙之内,无绝对远、近、内、外之分,因为每个星体犹如气体中的一分子,处于“布郎运动之中。

  力线和由力线形成的力是空间“非物质存在”,物质在空间的运动改变着相互位置,这就使空间力线分布出现变化。

  其实,越出“内”“外”界限,可以发现,基本粒子发出的力线是全部发生作用的,只是作用对象有远有近,作用力线的比例随周围物质分布改变而改变。如果开放视野,力线就不再有“作用”与“剩余”之分。因此,由于物质不停运动,空间非物质场是力线与力不断改变的动态场 。

  力线是一种理想的“线”,是物理学对于力产生、作用的一种描述,力线与力本身并非实体,力线在空间中不占有体积,也可说它们是“物质的属性”,不能离开物质而独立存在。但某一空间虽没有物质却有可能被力和力线经过,力线和力可以从真空中通过对于真空不发生任何作用。

  力和力线的共同点是都是“非物质”物理事项,不同之处在于:力的客观存在,可以被物质运动所显示,力线作为“线”属于物理模型,为了解释力的作用而建立的模型。

  剩余力线密度随物质聚合程度改变亦即“聚合效应”的发现(参见《2》)使得对空间力和力线场的理解接近了真实一大步,由此可以领略自然界并非存在“四种力”,是“聚合效应”引起了力线密度改变。其实,力线总量并未改变,变的是“作用力线”和“剩余力线”之比,二者之和守恒,二者的关系是此消彼长。于是,空间力场随物质运动引起的相互位置改变而改变。物质在空间进行着无止境、不重复的运动,这使人们难以用数学方程对此加以描述。由此可见,牛顿力学以及力线在聚合中改变分配机理的发现导致“四种力”界限消失,这是对于空间力场认识的组成部分。

4 空间的维度

  《相对论》创造了“四维时空”,三维坐标加一个时间自变量,形成了四个自变量的函数,《相对论》同时写着,并不存在将四维连续区域分成三维空间与一维时间连续区域的在客观上合理的区分。言下之意,空间仍是三维,但不能同时间分开来处理物理问题,必须同时加以考虑。考虑空间时为什么必须同时考虑时间?问题在于对空间的认识存在一个速度问题,对任何物理对象的感知和定位都存在一个信息传播的问题。

  面对遥远星空中的某一恒星,确信这是它在若干万年前所发出的光芒,现在它肯定已不在原位。一个相对于我们高速运动的物体,它发出的过程信息、位置信息在我们看来有所畸变。以上所述便是“时间延迟”与“时间畸变”,不考虑这些便不能获得正确的位置信息和过程信息。当今宇航时代,这难道不是头等重大的理论和实际问题吗?可见,时间自变量引入空间,用四元函数处理空间问题的重要性和贡献是十分巨大的。但是,将四维时空误解为四维空间并缺乏机理地增加空间维度则是一种失误。

  近来,空间维度不断增加,已超过 “20维”,上面已叙述过,“四维时空”更真实反映了三维空间中的过程和状态,但真正空间只是三维,“三”是既必要又充分的维数,真实空间中的任何位置均由三维表达,从零距离直至无限远处,用三个自变量作为坐标已无遗漏,超过三的维度并无置身余地。给不同运动系统安置一个相对静止的坐标可以形成许多三维体系,但这些三维之间是简单的线性关系,因而,“多维”最终依然归于三维。时间通道、虫洞、隐宇宙等等能否导致空间突破三维?作为想象当然不受限制,但是,面对真实,难以越出“三”的限制。若研究对象是数学,“空间”乃是一种抽象,“维”指的是自变量个数,在“线性变换”中,“空间”维数并无限制。但是,“数学空间”同“物理空间”的界限不能混淆,数学规则不能任意向真实事件推广,不能任意用于物理,这一点虽然周知,但多维空间的提出并且进入理论,说明有些基本原则有时被忽视,这很难避免结果涉入玄虚,“五维空间中的隐宇宙同我们宇宙对撞”的提法意味着进入了玄虚。此类“理论”规避了机理而不合理地只提出一则见解。试问五维空间能存在吗?第四、五两维是什么?在哪里?如果它们仍须存在于三维之中,还能是“第四、五维空间”吗?超过三维的多维理论,首先需要论证其真实性,那些多余的维置身何处?

5对“宇宙膨胀”理论的质疑

  如果确实不能动摇质量不灭与能量不灭两项基本规律,当下的有些“理论”就成为问题。所谓“黑洞”,应是超新星爆发后形成的真空状态,一当“外来”粒子等物质进入,真空便逐渐消除,在“黑洞”上所做的许多文章缺乏基础理论支持;当下流行的“宇宙大爆炸”理论若失去“质量可变”的支持,那么多恒星,还能“压缩在一个理想的点之内吗”?是什么机理让这种神话般的“压缩”得以实现呢?

  其实,关于“宇宙膨胀”或“宇宙加速膨胀”理论的依据只有“红移”属实,但远星并非全都“红移”,同样也发现可见光谱谱线向蓝光方向移动的远星,能说这意味着“宇宙大塌缩”吗?“宇宙微波辐射”更不足以支持“大爆炸”理论,试想,在“大爆炸”发生时,电波肯定最快,所有物质不可能立即达到电波速度,因此,电波永远遥遥领先于所有物质,是什么将它们“反射”回来的?显然,来自宇宙空间的微波,发射源只能是遥远的数以亿亿计的恒星。至于“大爆炸”理论的第三支柱乃是建立在前面两项成立的假设之上,它不足为凭。此外,还须重视对“大爆炸”不利的事实:

(1)现实空间质量分布大体均匀,若物质来自一个爆炸中心高速扩展,它们应分布在一个直径不断扩大的球面上。

(2)远星、近星、行星一律为球形,这说明万有引力充斥宇宙之间,为什么自从“大爆炸”至今引力对于“远离”的恒星不起作用?不能使它们减速?

总之,“大爆炸”理论虽然枝繁叶茂,但却缺乏基础理论和机理支持,并不踏实,只是空间理论中的不正确成分。


参考文献

《1》 陈理士,粒子今论,科技学术论文集(物理及其应用)2006,原子能出版社

《2》 陈理士 物质演变,本网站论文《L04 物质演变》


  2019.3.20 加注: 本文2008/5/27登上本网站原先架构,2019.1月现在的新架构投入使用后未设计“加入时间、阅读次数”,故加注以说明原貌。




L02b                                  The generality of the space


                                                    S. G. Chinese


Abstract from new viewpoint and new visual angle to explain matter and its development in the space

Keywords space cosmos space field

1 The prevue 

  we can be observed the external star away then 100 light-years from telescope, it means space is full of distribution field of electrons――space electric field——which act as the medium for light transmission。the light wavelength hint the space between electron in the field about 10-5CM.Under this circumstances if to say the space is vacuum and moreover to consider “light velocity is conservation in the vacuum”, whether lack of logic? Vacuum is haven’t any matter, it can’t be to realize by physical method.As stated above, natural vacuum in space, the scale is less than 10-5CM, can’t to discuss light-velocity for it.

  The manmade vacuum was draw out gas molecule only, it has no effect of electric filed or come and go of the electron, so can not regard that is true vacuum on the physical meaning.Space physics belong to the physical space, it is the natural extending of physics.Today, the different theory in riotous profusion, how to distinguish correct and incorrect is very important.

  Classics physics ever find and remain two basic inspecting laws:mass conservation and energy conservation.since 1905 the theory of “the mass dose not cannot variable” got appear, this two laws were leave and unused gradually. But the “two conservations” had got inspect and verify over and over for long time, often got use until now, negative to them must be very careful. In the past, it has not appear any problem of the “two conservations”, therefore , toward the “example” of “mass variable” must be examine and verify.

  these “examples”were divide to four side:A, the huge energy of radioactive substance can’t got explanation ; B, the particles can’t reach to the velocity of light in the accelerator;C, the tracing trajectory some time appear break off;D, parity dose not conservation. 

  Here seems meets exceptions of “conservation of mass and energy”, “mass variable” got superior in the atomic domain, upon that, whole matter of cosmos can be “vary” to the scale of a “perfect point”, this “point” again “ big bang” to cause nowadays cosmos!

  In fact, above four side examples did not really destabilize the theory of “mass conservation”, “variable” was the mistake of cognizance, the reason see also in 《L05 Where come from the energy of equation E=mc2? 》now sketch as follows:A’ , the nuclear energy of mass is the kinetic energy of basic particle which inclusion in proton and neutron when the basic particle polymerize to proton and neutron, its mechanism has been relate in 《L01The modern opinion of particle》(later in 《1》);B’, the fundamental principle of particle accelerator is use electric current to drive the electrification particles, here hidden the “wind-sail efficacy”, the accelerated particle are sure can’t arrive to the velocity of accelerating current——velocity of light.If persuade it cause from mass change is the mistake;C’, in the “Wilson cloud chamber” the particle in particular energy region just can appear its trace, the trace break off ought regard here the energy of particle arrive the threshold so from display change to un-display, and cannot judge the mass change to zero.;D’, if basic particle are still in nucleus, “parity” should conservation naturally.But it has no still particle in the atom、proton and neutron, can the “parity” able still conservation? On the other hand, does it just hint the origin of atomic energy and some message for atomic structure?

  It is clear, classics physics remains “two conservation” should treat important law,act as the foundation for decide correct or incorrect, the core of “two conservation” is the basic particle does constant and not extinguish, it ought place on the status of basic natural law.Any space theory ought comply with this two laws.

  Besides, space theory also needs mechanism’s support, the judging of lack mechanism is hardly to become correct theory, the space does not one and the same with the vacuum, the actual space distribute matters of different size , this is the space of physics、astronomy、astronautics——generalized physics faces.

2 mass field of space 

2.1 mass kind of space

2.1.1 particle 

  The really particle is a close-grained “small thing ”, it cannot change its quantity、density、scale、and force line.The basic particle——graviton、repulton—— just the real particle.It is the original sender of force line, is the “raw material” for to form proton、neutron and is the single particle of least mass.The reason of there are two kinds of basic particle only It has been proof in text《1》,In this, the repulton is electron, because it send out repulsion force line so is inclined to “loosen”, thus the electron got saturate space and form the space electric field.But act as one of the basic particle, electron’s quality is far less than its proverbial numerical value 10-28 gram, it is about 10-36 (10 to the power of -36)gram, namely, there are about 100 million electrons distributed on the surrounding of hydrogen atom , if only one electron on there, can it become atom?

  The graviton is inclined “together”, so can’t see its real features until now, “electric neutrino” possible is the graviton, this is remain to be confirm.Two kinds of basic particle are really single particle exist in cosmos, they make up neutron、proton、atom and the particle of cosmic rays , the mechanism of polymerization also had expound in 《1》.

  Now named many other “particle”, such as neutron、proton、photon、meson、quark、gluon and the particle of cosmic rays etc, some of them are the group of basic particle, some of is the inexistence, in fact such as gluon、photon、positron etc, only some theory needs them.

  It have near static electrons in the space, also have dynamic basic particles and the “basic particles in polymerization phase”——atom、molecule、mote、planet、star etc.

2.1.2 atom、molecule

Basic particle polymerizing to atom、molecule is the continuation of evolution of proton 、neutron, in nature, only repulton——electron——generate repulsion force between them each other, under other condition the acting force are all attracting force, attracting force of course to generate polymerizing, upon that, space so long as have basic particle “supplying”, the evolution of matter grow from a small beginning into a mighty of course can ceaseless match, following the conditional difference, space can polymerize and generate every kinds of atoms of different “atomic weight” and “isotope”.

2.1.3 cosmic dust 

   The atoms and molecules of polymerized in space are all have surplus attracting force-line send out, make they further polymerize “to group”, become the little “granule” of space——cosmic dust, so long as generate atoms、molecules, then be able to generate the cosmic dust.

2.1.4 interstellar mass

   From size to see, The interstellar mass in sky which between planet and cosmic dust,, but from the source to see, may be have two sides of “from big to little” and “from little to big”, the former is the “splinter” generated after planet happen to collision.

2.1.5 planet 

  Planet have stated volume but far litter then star, in the cosmic space the quantity of total planet would more then total star, but the mass of total plant is far less than 1% of total star.

   But planet is related to star, ordinarily, planet is the twin sister of star;star is the special “expand” of grow up planet.To this, will state in other text.

2.1.6star 

  Star is the leading role in mass field of space matter field, theirs mass occupy the most of the “gross mass of cosmos”, if leave of star and theirs action then can’t be correct to know space.

  Face the sky of the star spread evenly, from this can wake up, the radial of 140 hundred million light year only a litter part of matter cosmos.If not, would believe we are in the center of cosmos, the probability is too small and hard to believe.Also have the theory consider, “our milky way” is not lie in the cosmic center but deflected, so uniform of stars of night sky just explain, the star if farther than 140 hundred million light year its light would too weak, it was hardly to find even if use telescope.

  The diameter of “visual cosmos” is 280 hundred million year, if average distance of star is 100 light year, there are about 2.7 zetta (zetta =1021namely 10 to the power of 21) stars in this space. 

  Due to the above reason, need to think, the number of star of cosmos would much more than now estimated.Other than “large body”, the another feature of star is happen of nuclear reaction in the center, its essence is, the heart atoms disassemble, become basic particles scatter to space, and does not as the fashion theory think of there are to do “nuclear fusion of hydrogen combining to heavy element”, the mechanism have been relate in text《L04 development of matter》(rear in 《4》). 

2.2 the condition of space field and its developing

2.2.1 confirming of the basic existent 

  Recognize the objective existence is important premise for proper recognize the cosmos, the reply of “where come the matter” is can’t got from reasoning or deductive, also can’t use mathematical equation, just needs to recognize the matters are exist in cosmos objectively; at same time ,the matters have relative movement.

  Mass and energy are all belong to the objective existence, thus their gross will not change.the criterion is the law of “mass and energy conservation”, conversely, confirm the basic existence, so confirmed conservation of mass and energy.

Until now, it did not appear any “true example” can to be decide the mass alterable.

2.2.2 condition of space matter-field 

  The field of two basic particle formed is the field of least mass. The space electric-field of repulton (electron) formed as ever one knows;The graviton tend towards together, it can’t form the space-field of static state, after leave star they fly in the sky with high speed, but the attracting force-line and attracting force are in the ascendant, this make space get developing power, the developing to cause “form” every kind of matter, such as, other “particle”、interstellar、micro dust、 litter scale object、satellite、planet until star (the developing mechanism see《4》). 

All manner of matter in the space field was locate in deferent “movement”, Even if the relatively silent electric-field also face infest.Star’s activity in the sky with three side of “product、supply、and selling”, the nuclear reaction in the center make atom KD is its product, to export the basic particle to sky is its selling, to collect fall matter from space is its supply, so can’t to observe the star with static vision, they like a workshop, uninterrupted developing in this action of supply、produce and selling.

Star isn’t static in the space, every one has its speed and keep the speed, every one send out graviton line yet, it interaction with other object’s force line to form the graviton, this force have certain influence to its coasting motion, let its running path depart from straight line becomes curved line, form the different instant center in the different time.The numerous stars form the vortex mode is may fully understand, it is the result of reciprocity of graviton, if to say a “dark hole” of huge mass in the center of vortex galaxy is the misunderstand clearly.May ask, if every double star hold a black hole in its center? They only action for the center “each other”.It can be seen that vortex galaxy also need not “this kind of center”

  The mass of planet on the small side relatively, hardly to dispute attract of neighboring star, so they often move round star, at same time they follow the star to travel in the sky. But planet isn’t rotate round the point of mass center of star, it may figure out this point between star and planet near the side of star even in the body of star. 

  mass intersperse among interstellar, the less as meson、proton、neutron , the biger its diameter with kilometer, and in the differ sharp and the quantity very much, they are all have speed and move in the space.the mass of space, for the distance, the remote as star, the distance at 10~100 light year, the anear as electron, the distance about 10-5 cm, more near as the basic particle of neutron and proton inner, the distance still small for some order of magnitude.Above matter densely to distribute is one side of affair, on the another side, the division of “vacuum” and “entity” lie in two conditions of “empty” and “solid”.the area be out of large or small, to exist mass is solid, and none mass is vacuum, for example of atom, in the space of 10-8cm diameter, even if the neutron、proton、electron are dense, still the empty to occupy the most part, much more the neutron、proton are the “micro vortex galaxy” form of the basic particle, so the ingredient of empty again to raise some order of magnitude.in the solar system, even if every matter are all density entity ,to occupy the space only in 10-24,(10 to the power of-24) it can see, empty occupy scale is overwhelming majority.

  Upon that, the space field is alternate with empty and entity, there is the entity in the empty and the empty in the entity.Two kinds of basic particle sent two kinds of force line to sky: attracting force-line and repulsion-force line, attracting force-line act with attracting fore-line to cause the attracting force, sign it with F1,repulsion force-line act with repulsion force line to cause the repulsion force, sign it with F2, attracting force-line act with repulsion force-line to cause attracting force too, ,sign it with F3, F3 < F1(see《1》).

  In a word, space is not equal to vacuum.

2.2.3 matter developing in the space field

   Text《L04 development of matter 》had been discussed the mechanism and condition of matter’s developing, here only the sketch. 

2.2.3.1 the general trend of the developing

  There are two kinds of the matter developing in the space, the first is change of position, and the second is change of organizational structure.the basic particle which radiant from numerous stars is the mass source, above F1、F2、F3 are the force of propulsion developing, among this, attracting force make matter tend to polymerize, and the matter of different polymerizing degree all have surplus attracting force-line of different density and escape external, thus polymerization become general trend of matter developing:from little to big.

2.2.3.2 two kinds of polymerizing modes 

  It has been related in 《1》and 《4》the basic particle has two kinds of polymerizing mode of “storing-energy polymerization” and “algebra polymerization”. “storing-energy polymerization” make the graviton (which moving with light velocity) gradually polymerize become “micro-vortex galaxy” with wee group-speed, suffer the influence of “polymerization effect”, the polymerization scope with the limited of neutron and proton, hereafter attracting force make them develop toward atom、molecule、object、planet、star.

  In the “algebra polymerization” basic particles all the time keep primary speed of linear motion, after polymerization the total mass also with the limited of proton, the polymerization does form “cosmic rays”.The “cosmic rays” all the time moving with primary very high speed, cannot get “electrons pack”, cannot become atom、molecule.

2.2.2.3 from gather to scatter 

  In 《1》had been expounded the mechanism of how planet suffer “ignited” become star, this is related with its “large”, attracting force make the more large aster would more high the center pressure, when large to a certain degree, the center atoms cannot resist then make proton、neutron (“micro vortex galaxy”)get collide each other, thus arouse thorough disassemble of proton、neutron and atom, the basic particle got “liberation”, display the energy to outer with its very high linear speed, issue light、heat and ray, now this aster gradually “bright” from planet change to star.

Center nuclear reaction make mass happen “scatter” so reduce “weight”, the fall matter from the sky of outer space make star’s mass get “supplement”, if supplement greater than consume, this star would continue increase, thus make increase of the region of nuclear reaction.If this condition continue existing, the inevitable result is, should the day come when all mass of star suffer disassemble and evaporation, to change into the basic particles and molecules、atoms, scattered into space with high speed, there’s “super nova explosion”.Now, all matter of star would thoroughly scatter and go away.

  Space ceaseless happen “super nova explosion” shows, star really stand in the condition of “ceaseless put on weight”, for example of the sun, its prospect is also develop towards this direction.

  Link to the above, it can be seen, with the power of attracting force, the evolution of space field happen, may come down to the “circulation of poly and scatter”.In default of “wear and tear”, so to be the endless circulate.

  “from gather to scatter” not change the condition of “attracting force dominating”, the nuclear reaction of star center was come out of UHP, this pressure is come from “gravity” namely universal gravitation, after “super nova explosion”, attracting force at once show its action, make the air mass of high temperature of “exploded” cohesion and become some “light spot ”.

3 immateriality space-field 

  The force line and the force distribution make any matter all existing a net of force-line, every matter on the center of its own center of force-line, the force form by force-line act each other, which determine matter’s current situation and trend.All things are toxicity independence, but no one matter is not been located in the force-line net, therefore, form the angle of force-line to see, from basic particle to star, no one body can free besides the force-line, the physical meaning of this condition is:

  (1)any matter can not leave “our” cosmic space, at most it can rely on the inertia walk out a little of “cosmic border”, but final still get pull back by gravitation. 

  (2) absent an another cosmos of parallel with “ours this one”, if only having matter, certainly become a part of our cosmos.

  (3)in the cosmos, non absolute distinguish of far、near、inner、outer, because every aster 

like a molecule in the gas, located in the “Brownian motion”. 

  Force-line and the force cause by force-line was the space “immateriality being”, movement of matter in the space that changes mutual position, this just make distribution of space force-line arise changing. 

  In fact, go beyond the limit of “inner” “outer”, can find out, the force-line sent from basic particle is whole to happen actions, only the acting objects some away some near, the ratio of acting force-line is change follow the changing of around matters.If open view, the force-line then no more distinguish with “acting” and “leavings”.Therefore, duo the matter motion without stop, immateriality space-field is a dynamic field of ceaseless changing of force-line and force. 

  force-line is a ideal “thread”, it is a physics describing for force generating and acting, force-line and force itself does not entity, force-line not occupy volume in the space, also may say it is the “property of matter”, cannot leave the matter and substances on their own.A certain space although not have matter but were likely to pass force and force-line, force and force-line may pass through vacuum but not happen any action to the vacuum.

  The common point of force and force-line is they are all “immateriality” physical items, its different from:the force belong to objective reality, may show by the motion of matter, the force-line serve as the “thread” be belong to physical model, the model is established for the action of force.

  Discovery of the density of surplus force-line changing follow poly degree of matter scilicet “poly effect” (see also in 《4》) guide to the understand of space force and force-line come near real at a stride, from this can appreciate the nature does not exist “four kinds of force”, to be the “poly effect” lead to the changing of force-line density.In fact, the sum of force-line does not change, the changing only the ratio of “acting force-line” and “surplus force-line”, the sum of both would keep conservation, the relation of both is one man’s loss is another man’s gain.And then, the changing of space force field is follow matter’s mutual position changing which arouse from the motion of matter.Matter proceed non end and non repeat motion in space, this make hardly describe with math equation.From this, Newtonian mechanics and discover of distribute mechanism of force-line would change density in poly lead to the boundary of “four kinds of force” get disappear, this the constituent part of cognition for the space force field. 

4 the dimensionality of space 

  《relativity》had created “four-dimensional space time”, three-dimension of coordinates plus a independent-variable of time to form the function of four Independent variables, at the same time《relativity》to write, there is don’t exist the objective logical dividing of that to put the four-dimension continuous-region divide to the tree-dimension space and one dimension of continuous region of time.The meaning is, the space still in three-dimension, but can’t be to divide with time when to treat physics problem, Why when consider space must be to consider time at same time? The case is, to recognize the space would exists a problem of velocity, the cognition and allocation for any physical object are all exists a problem of the information propagation need time.

  So face a star which in the remote sky, confident that was the light to issue before many thousands years, now it should not at former location surly.A motion matter with high speed relative to us, its process information、position information in our field of view would be get aberrance. Above relation was the “time delay” and “time distortion”, if without regard to these then can’t get correct position information and process information. Now is the period of the space flight, could it be said that does not the first great problem of theory and practice? Can see, the argument of time draw into space, the importance and the contribution are very huge.But, To see the four-dimension of space time as the four-dimension of space which is misconception, and to raise space dimension but lack of theory is a lapse.

  Recently, the space’s dimension had reach to exceed “20 dimensions”, above had related, “four-dimension of space time” more really reflected the process and mode in the three-dimension space, but the true space have three-dimension only, “three” is both necessary and plenary number for the dimension number, any position in the true space are all to expressed with three-dimension, from distance 0 to unlimited long way off, to use three independent-variable treat as the coordinate was none miss, the dimension if surpass three would not be get stay space.To set up a coordinate of relative quiescent for different motion-system can be form many systems of three-dimension, but the relations between these three-dimensions are the simple linearity, thus, at last, many dimensions still belong to three dimension.Can they would lead to breakthrough three dimension for the Time Walk、the wormhole、the hidden cosmos etc? It is have not limited in imagine, but face to the true, cannot exceed limited of “three”.If the object of study is mathematics, “space” is an abstraction, it is none limited for dimension numbers of “space”.But, the boundary between “mathematics space” and “physical space” cannot obscurity, the mathematics rule may not be get random popularizing to true event, and cannot at will use for physics, although this point was publicity, but to raise the multi-dimension space and it o the theory is explain, some time, some basic fundamental principle had neglected, it hardly to avoid the result wade into mystery,the wording of “the hidden cosmos of five-dimensions space to hit with our cosmos” means it had been into mystery.These “theory” been evade mechanism only to raise a opinion.May I ask, can exist of the five-dimension space? What is the fourth、fifth dimension? Where are they? If they still exist in this three dimension space, can they are the fourth、fifth dimension space still? The multi-dimension theory of exceed with three dimension, the first need to proof its authenticity, where to place those redundant dimensions?

5 call in question to the theory of “cosmic expansion” 

If cannot destabilize two basic discipline of the mass conservation and the energy conservation really, now some theory may be to turn into problem.So-called the “black hole” ought be the vacuum state which formed after the star mass blast (supernova explosion), once external particle and so on matter enter , the vacuum then gradually eliminate, many articles on the “black hole” lack the support of basic theory;here and now current “bib bang” theory if losing support of “mass variable”, that much stars, can they “compressed into a ideal point” still? What theory make this mythical “compress” have been able to realize?

In fact, about the theory of “cosmic expansion” or “cosmic accelerating expansion” only “red shift” is the fact, but really isn’t all remote stars have “red shift”, it also to find some remote stars with “blue shift”, can we say this means “cosmic big collapse”? “cosmic microwave radiation” even more can’t support the theory of “big bang”, just think, at the time of when the “big bang” been happen, the electric wave is most fast surely, all mass can’t reach to the electric-wave speed immediately, so the electric wave have a long lead on all mass forever, what is the matter let the electric wave reflex return back? Its clearly, the micro wave of come from space, the radiation source obliged to be the remote stars of number of much millions.As for the third mainstay of “big bang theory” to be establish on the base of ahead two conjectures must be set up, so it cannot be rely on.

  Besides, still to pay attention to which adverse fact for “big bang”: 

  (1)the mass distribution was even in general, if they come from a explosion center, the mass ought distribute on the sphere of the diameter continue to expand.

  (2)the remote star、nearby star、planet are all have spherical body, this explain the gravity is full of space, why did not act to thus “removed from” star and cannot to make they get speed-down since “big bang” to now?

  In a word, although the theory of “big bang” as a large tree have many branches and lush leaves but it is lack the support of basic theory, not at practical, only the incorrect composition in the space theory.