L64 正确对待《相对论》

2020-7-19

L64                  正确对待《相对论》

    陈理士

对于 相对论现在有两种欠妥的态度:一是经典化,二是矮化。

前者的表现是 对于相对论理论的理解、继承和发展不够;后者根本没有看到相对论的重要贡献,以“推翻相对论”为己任。

相对论的理论创新何在?

1.经典物理学没有觉察“光”具有速度,不意中置光速为无穷大,《相对论》引时间t作为第四元进入运动方程,构成四元函数,以这一数学处理反映光速对位置信息的影响,在人类面临越来越高的运动速度之际,这一进展是对经典物理学的重大改进,运动物体的空间位置因为光信息传播需要时间而“失真”,四元函数可以应对此问题,从而能反映物理真实。需要注意,“四元函数”“四维空间”属于数学术语,从物理角度,空间只能3维。

2.当时发现了放射性和核能,相对论意图用方程说明核能的巨大,使人们免除困惑,提出E = m c2显然达到了目的(以下将说明,此结果尚有改进余地),至今依然被应用。

仅就以上两点就可看出,相对论的成就是巨大而画时代的,是“推翻”不了的。在宇航时代,不能不考虑光速对物体位置信息的影响。

在继承相对论的正确物理理论成果的同时,今人需要继续向前。

这是不是说相对论仍有改进余地呢?正是!

相对论时代实验中发现了一些疑难现象,如:

(1) 原子能巨大,来源不明

(2) 粒子在加速器中速度不能正比于加速电压而增加,而且超不过光速

(3) 在显示粒子路径的威尔逊云室中发现有的迹线中断,被认为是“质湮”  

(4) 原子爆炸后,物质不知何往,认为是质量变能量

这些现象似乎表示质量可以变,而当时物理界公“物质不灭”与“能量不灭”,相对论则谨慎地提出:“物质与能量实质上是相象的;它们只是同一事物的不同表示。物体的质量不是恒量;它随着物体能量的改变而改变”。

     因此,“质量可变”是相对论为了解释上述疑难现象而提出来的,同时,它也给质量可变设置了条件,即,质量改变同能量改变挂钩。

今天,一些文章则“根据《相对论》”,质量与能量“可变” 甚至可以“互变”。

 陈理士网站文章《L04 物质演变》提出的是:

(1a) 物质内部的原子能不是“质量变能量”变出来的,而是基本粒子聚合形成质子、中子时改变运动方式:直线运动改变为园运动使动能变为不对外显示、成为回旋能潜藏于质子、中子之中,一旦发生核反应,质子、中子解体,基本粒子便恢复直线运动,又显示出巨大的动能,此即原子能。因此核能并非来自“质量变能量”。核能不能用于证明“质量可变”。

(2a) 粒子加速器的原理是利用光速电子流驱动被加速粒子,光速电子流类似“风”,被加速粒子类似“帆”,“风帆效应”使帆速不能达到或超过风速,因此,在加速器中粒子速度不能达到或超过光速。

(3a) 在威尔逊云室中能显示粒子路径的只是一部分粒子,这说明,显示是有条件的,如果有一枚粒子进入云室时能够满足显示条件,前进一段后动能减小达到阈值,它就会在此刻立即转变为不显示,迹线便立即中断,它“隐形”地继续向前。于是,迹线中断不能代表质量消失,只是显示消失而已。

(4a) 原子爆炸后,原来的物质,裂变成为质子射线、中子射线、电子(斥力子)射线、宇宙射线(引力子射线)辐射而去,原子能就是这些射线的动能,每一个粒子都应当可以探测到,没有任何粒子会“变成能量”。  

(5a) 相对论用数学方程(43)推导E = m c2,说“静止能量E0等于其质量” 。能量同质量性质不同,物理量纲就不同,任何静止物体的动能E0都是零,不会因为“如果取秒为单位,就会得到E0 = m c2”,《相对论》没有交代,理由何在,至今也无人能够说明道理,故没有找到机理。

所以,经典物理学的物质不灭能量不灭这两个物理学的基础规律没有被任何现象或实验所动摇,如不坚定守住这一底线,承认质量可变,必定步入误区!

这就是说,在继承相对论的正确理论的同时,需要对欠正确的部分加以改进,

恢复物质不灭能量不灭这两个物理学的基础规律便是对相对论改进。

其次,相对论提出了“真空中光速不变”。

对于“光”,那时指可见光;今天,物理界把所有电磁物理现象都囊括在光的“波动”“微粒”两种学说中,并以为此二学说已被《二象性》理论统一。

这里只提出无可争议的部分,即,可见光乃是纯粹的电波,折射现象是波动说的明证,可见光的物理真实是什么?可见光是电场传播的波,空间恒星和“超新星爆发”不断向空间射出两种基本粒子:引力子、斥力子,引力子流就是宇宙射线;斥力子就是电子,其射线是X射线。

电子飞出质子、中子时速度很高,如果没有阻力,其速度可以保持不变,但是空间到处都有先前进入空间的电子,它们已形成了空间电场,成为光的介质,因此,核反应飞入空间的电子只能将动能传递给空间电场,自己慢慢减速,终失去速度成为空间电场中的电子。

空间处处存在电场,并没有宏观尺度的真正“真空”,因此,“真空中光速”作为物理事物难以成立。退一步说,即使有宏观真空,其中空无一物,不能传播光波!

真实空间中任何“光”的事件都是发生在透明介质之中,此透明介质包括太空(空间电场)、大气和透明物质。因此,相对论的“真空中光速不变”需要改进。

能不能用“空间光速不变”加以代替呢?

这里涉及相对论的另一议题:“光的引力弯曲”,天文测量发现光线经过恒星附近时路径发生弯曲,相对论的解释是光线接近恒星时受引力越来越大,离开恒星时引力越来越小,故路径弯曲,并提出方程(107)(108)。但实验表明,光波不会受引力影响,“弯曲”的原因何在?原因在于恒星是电子辐射源!因此,恒星附近,空间电场的梯度明显,即,电场密度显著不匀,光线在这样的空间(折射率不匀)经过,当然会路径弯曲。

离开恒星较远的空间,空间电场的密度比较均匀,因此,对于《相对论》的第二个改进是:在离开恒星较远的空间,光速比较均匀。

其三,相对论相信了宇宙膨胀理论,因为他相信了远星光谱红移相当于远星高速离开,放弃了自己原来认为光谱红移是“引力势”引起的观点。

 远星“远”到了什么程度?用光速需要走若干年!按照光的波动理论,光速不变,还有一些理论上不变的物理量如弹簧参数等,但是,任何物理不变量都只是理论上不变,实际上大致不变而已,远星的光波,如果已经在空间传播了许多年,已经微弱到需用望远镜观察,此时频率有所降低难以免除。   这种特殊情况下,远星光谱红移应当优先考虑是由于光波极度衰减导致频率漂移所致而不应当认为“远星高速离开我们”(宇宙膨胀)。

这些关于机理的讨论使我们可以用正确的物理观点改善相对论中上述理论。今后,得到有关物理参数之后,进一步完善所有相对论所涉及的物理方面。

 后,相对论有154组225个带标号的数学方程。

许多方程是因为将经典物理学的3维方程转变为4维张量下的方程而推导出来的,这些 方程的推导属于数学范围,不会具有严格物理意义。

相对论给出了有名的质量、能量方程并没有发现物理机理,因此,此式有改进余地。

相对论给出了有名的“宇宙方程”,尽管名气大,也没有提出机理,后人已指出并不正确。   

方程应当是机理的更准确简洁的描述,如果有了机理,方程可以补充,如果尚未发现机理,宁可先不给出方程。

 2020.7.19上网

 

 

L64        Correct treatment of the theory of relativity

S. G. Chinese

 

There are now two wrong attitudes towards relativity,one is classicization,

second is the dwarf.

1. The former is represented by the theory of relativity is poorly understood, inherited and developed;he latter simply did not see the important contribution of relativity but to "overthrow the theory of relativity" as its own mission,be confident.

What is the theoretical innovation of the theory of relativity?

Classical physics does not perceive that "light" has speed,before you know it mean that the speed of light is infinite, the theory of relativity introduces t as the fourth element into the equation of motion, make up four  independent variables  function, this mathematical process is used to reflect the influence of light speed on position information, in the face of higher and higher speed of movement of human, this development is a major improvement on classical physics, the spatial position of moving objects is "distorted" by the time it takes for light information to travel,

Quaternions function can answer this question, so as to reflect the physical reality. Need to notice,

"Quaternion function" "four-dimensional space" it's a mathematical term,physically, space has only three dimensions.

2. At that time, radioactivity and nuclear energy were discovered,the theory of relativity uses equations to explain the enormity of nuclear energy, to free people from confusion,The equation E = m c2 clearly does met the goal (as shown below, this result leaves room for improvement),still used today.

On these two points alone, the achievement of relativity is huge and epoch-making

It cannot be overthrown,In the space age, the influence of the speed of light on the information of object position cannot be neglected.

While inheriting the correct physical theory of relativity, you need to move on.

Does this mean that relativity still has room for improvement? Exactly!

Some difficult phenomena were found in the relativistic experiments, such as:

(1) Atomic energy is huge and of unknown origin

   (2) the particle velocity in the accelerator cannot increase in proportion to the acceleration voltage

   (3) trace line interruption was found in the Wilson cloud chamber showing the particle path,

known as "lost quality"

 (4) After an atom explodes, the matter doesn't know where to go, think of it as mass to energy

These phenomena seem to indicate that mass can change,at that time, the physical world recognized that "matter is immortal" and "energy is immortal",relativity is careful to say that "matter and energy are essentially like each other;they're just different representations of the same thing.The mass of an object is not constant;it changes with the energy of the object.

Therefore, "variable mass" was proposed by the theory of relativity to explain the above difficult phenomena,it also sets the conditions for variable quality,mean,mass change is linked to energy change.

Today, some articles are "according to the theory of relativity."mass and energy can be "variable" or even "interchangeable".

Article 《L04a matter's evolution》(In www.chinesephysics.com) suggested:

(1a)  Atomic energy in matter is not changed up from mass to energy, but when elementary particles aggregate to form protons and mesons, they change their motion modes:The linear motion is changed to circular motion and the kinetic energy is not shown to become cyclotron energy hidden in protons and neutrons,once a nuclear reaction occurs, protons and neutrons disintegrate,, the elementary particles resume their linear motion and show great kinetic energy, that is, atomic energy. Hence, nuclear energy does not come from "mass to energy".Nuclear energy cannot be used to prove "variable quality".

(2a) Particle accelerators work by using a stream of electrons at the speed of light to drive accelerated particles, the speed of light electron flow is similar to "wind",the accelerated particles act like sails, the "sail effect" prevents sails from reaching or exceeding the speed of the wind, as a result, particle velocities cannot reach or exceed the speed of light in accelerators.It's not that mass changes with energy, it's the “sail effect”.

 (3a) There are only a few particles that can show particle paths in Wilson's cloud chamber, that means that the display is conditional, if a particle enters the cloud chamber and satisfies the display condition, the kinetic energy decreases to the threshold after the advance,it will immediately switch to not showing at this point,the trace is immediately interrupted, it went on "invisibly".Therefore, trace line interruption does not mean that the mass disappears, just shows that it disappears.

 (4a) after the atomic explosion, the original material is split into proton rays,neutron rays, electron (repulsion) rays, cosmic rays (graviton rays) radiate away,

atomic energy is the kinetic energy of these rays,every particle should be detectable, and no particle will "turn into energy".

(5a) the theory of relativity uses the mathematical equation (43) to deduce that E = m c2,

say, "the energy at rest E0 is equal to its mass."

The physical dimensions of energy differ from those of mass,the kinetic energy of any stationary object is zero,not because "if you take second as the unit, then get E0 is equal to m c2." relativity does not explain why,so far no one has been able to explain.so no mechanism was found.as for "matter contains atomic energy",this mechanism can only be explained in the evolution of particle aggregation.

So, the two fundamental laws of classical physics that matter never dies and energy never dies have not been shaken by any phenomenon or experiment, not firmly hold this bottom line, admit that the quality is variable, will enter the erroneous zone!

That is to say, while inheriting the right theory of relativity, the wrong part needs to be improved,the two fundamental laws of physics are the improvement of relativity.

Second, the theory of relativity states that the speed of light does not change in a vacuum.

For "light", at that time means visible light;Today, all electromagnetic physical phenomena are included in the two theories of "wave" and "particle" of light, and think the two theories have been unified by the theory of duality.

Only the incontrovertible part, that is, visible light is a pure electric wave,refraction is proof of the wave theory, What is the physical reality of visible light?visible light is the wave of an electric field,space stars and supernovae constantly shoot two kinds of elementary particles into space:graviton and repulton, the graviton stream is the cosmic ray;A repulsion is an electron, and its rays are x-rays.

Electrons fly out of protons and neutrons at high speeds,if there is no resistance, its speed can be kept constant, but space is full of electrons that went into space before,

they have formed a spatial electric field and become the medium of light,so the electrons that fly into space from a nuclear reaction can only transfer kinetic energy to the space electric field,it slows itself down and eventually loses its velocity and becomes an electron in a space field

 

There are electric fields everywhere in space, and there is no real vacuum on the macroscopic scale,hence,

the speed of light in a vacuum is hard to justify as a physical thing.to say the least, even if you have a macroscopic vacuum,there is nothing in it that can not transmit light waves! Any "light" event in real space occurs in a transparent medium,the transparent medium includes space (space electric field), atmosphere and transparent material. So relativity's "constant speed of light in a vacuum" needs to be improved.

Can we replace it with "the speed of light in space is constant"?

Here comes another topic of relativity: the gravitational bending of light,

Astronomical measurements show that the path of light bends as it passes near the star,relativity says that light attracts more and more gravity as it approaches a star and less and less as it leaves it, therefore, the path is curved, and the equation (107) (108) is put forward.but experiments show that light waves are unaffected by gravity, what causes the "bending"? The reason is that stars are sources of electron radiation! therefore, near the star, the gradient of the space electric field is obvious, that is, the electric field density is significantly uneven,light passing through such a space (with an uneven index of refraction) will, of course, bend its path.

Far away from the star, the density of the space electric field is more uniform, so the second improvement to relativity is:At a distance from the star, the speed of light is more uniform.

Third, relativity believes in the expansion of the universe,because he believed that the red shift of the far-star spectrum was equivalent to the high-speed departure of the far-star,he abandoned his original idea that the spectral red-shift was caused by "gravitational potential".

How far away is the far star? it takes years to travel at the speed of light!according to the wave theory of light, the speed of light does not change, there are also some theoretical constants such as spring parameters etc. but any physical invariants are just theoretical invariants,it's essentially roughly not change. Far starlight waves have been traveling through space for many years and are weak enough to require a telescope for to observe it, now it's hard to get rid of a decrease in frequency. In this particular case,the red shift of the far-star spectrum should be given priority due to the frequency shift caused by the extreme decay of the light wave and should not be considered as "the far-star is leaving us at high speed"(expansion of the universe).

 These discussions of mechanisms allow us to improve on the theory of relativity from the right physical point of view.In the future, once the relevant physical parameters are obtained, all the physics involved in the theory of relativity will be further improved.

Finally, relativity has 154 sets of 225 labeled mathematical equations.

Many equations are derived from the transformation of classical physics from 3 - dimensional equations to 4 - dimensional equations under tensors,

To deduce of these equations is mathematical.Relativity gives the famous equations of mass and energy without discovering the physical mechanism, so there is room for improvement.

Relativity gives us the famous "equations of the universe," despite its fame,  but no mechanism has been proposed, posterity has pointed out that it is not true.

The equation should be a more precise and concise description of the mechanism,if you have the mechanism, the equation can be added later,If the mechanism has not been discovered, it is better not to give the equation.