L03         时间亦论

                                                    陈 理 士 

　　提要 本文从主客观两方面因素回答“甚么是时间”，分析时间的性质。

　　关键词 时间 

(article in English see the rear)

　　　　　　　1　 关于时间的难点

　　“时间究竟是甚么”？对此，当今似乎已无从回答，为什么？原因之一，时间与物质坐标相关联，组成了四维时空体系。从这个体系中单独挑出时间，难以明确物理含义；原因 之二，现代物理逐渐赋予时间具有可逆、可变、可追、可跨越、可卷曲等神奇性质，增加了时间的模糊性；原因之三，人们侧重追寻时间的客观意义而未重视主观因数。“时间感”是同感觉密切相关的，人类对于时间的感觉同对其他物理量的感觉有一定区别，可以不动用触觉、听觉、视觉、痛觉等传感机制去感觉时间而又难以捉摸究竟什么是时间。

　　　　　　　2　 时间基准 时间过程 时感 

　　从客观因素看，一年、一天、一秒是时间；地球绕太阳一圈、地球自转一圈、单摆往复一次是年，天、秒的含义。于是，客观的时间是一个过程，不但作为时间基准的秒、日、年是物体运动的过程，而且，每一则需要计测的时间也都是一个过程。相对比较稳定的过程被用做“基准”，用这个基准去对比得出其他任何过程所得的倍数便是时间值。

　　从主观上说，意识和记忆是“时间感”的基础，因此，只有智慧生物才能感受时间。

于是，时间、时间值与时间感之间有一点区别。但在名词运用中，常常统称为时间。

　　时间同物质运动关联，这自然指相对运动。如果宇宙中所有物体均以相同速度作惯性运行，一切均表现为静止，在此系统中，没有任何“运动过程”可供比较，时间并不存在。

物理学有三个基本量，即长度、质量和时间，他们同所衍生的量共同构成了一个数学上的群，用以表述所有的物理事物。但时间同长度、质量对于人类感觉来说不同，后二者需要视觉、触觉的支持。所以，笼统的说，时间是一个过程。具体地说，时间分为时间基准，时间数值和时间感三个有所区别的内容。

　　时间基准是一种稳定的周期运动，稳定是必要条件，但绝对稳定的事物并不存在，就跟绝对静止不存在一样。曾经作为时间基准的天文钟和航海钟一类机械，可以达到的精确程度为10-5，即一天误差小于秒。现在时间基准精度提高到了10-15即千万年不差一秒，乐观地估计认为有可能达到10-17。上述时间基准乃是在“恒定”温度下的电子振荡周期。

　　时间值是针对某一运动测时所得结果。由此可见，时间同物质的关系表现在同“物质运动”相关，而长度、质量则直接同物质相关。相关上的这一不同也使时间显得不如其他两个基准量那么容易理解。物理领域通常用的是时间的长度，不涉及起点或止点，但“宇宙大爆炸”理论似乎为时间找到了起点。对此，后面将予以讨论。社会学涉及时间时常常需要“横向对比”，因而人为地设置了一个“参照点”。它同物理学所研究的“起点”是不同的两回事。

　　“时间感”的产生归因于意识，是人类大脑感知功能、记忆功能作用的结果，人可以闭上眼睛感觉时间，离开钟表而数出：“一秒、二秒、三秒”。这种人类特有的能力为其它动物所不及。通过事、物的演变感觉时间进程，通过回忆和想象体会时间的过去和未来。 

　　为了正确理解时间的性质，需要对某些关于时间方面的观点作出明确分辨：

　　　　　　　3 　有关时间的辨证

　　3、1　 时间有起止点吗？

　　本文将在以后讨论“时间性质”时专门对此作出论述。这里要说的是，所谓“时间起点”是“宇宙大爆炸”理论的副产品。“大爆炸”理论以为：在“大爆炸”前夕，现在宇宙中的所有物质那时都被压缩在一个“点”里，无所谓时空，没有物质的相对运动，没有运动过程因而说没有时间；当现今的宇宙一旦发展到进入“毁灭”时，时间随着“终止”。所以，认为时间有起止点，起于“大爆炸”，终于“宇宙毁灭”。后面将要据理提出，“大爆炸”的理由不足，根据不牢。其实宇宙既未发生那种规模的“大爆炸”，也不会发生“毁灭”，宇宙中的物质不断演变，却无“生”无“灭”，时间没有起止点。

　　3、2　时间与“四维时空”

　　宇航时代，将时间同空间相联系不仅理论意义重大，而且实际意义也非常大，至今，人们似乎并未从这一角度议论《相对论》的伟大贡献。

　　时间同空间相关的物理背景在于“信息速度”，人们需要认识到物体的准确位置，准确的运动速度和准确的时间进程。但是，这类信息最快只能以光速传播。于是，当面对远星光点时，说那里是一颗恒星是不准确的，它只在若干年前处于那个位置。要判断一个以亚光速飞行的目标更不能按所见形象和位置“如数”照录。存在因距离而发生的“时间滞后”和因速度而引起的“时间畸变”。

　　将三个坐标值同光速联系起来的“四元方程”从“量”的方面描述了物体位置同光信息相关，广义相对论提出了一个“唯一确定的不变量”ds2，它的客观意义在此。至于从数学上对于三维以上张量的推导，从函数空间角度，是一种开拓，这并不改变空间是三维的事实。在利用数学手段协助解决物理问题时，只有紧密贴合物理机理的方程适用，方程的适用阈值及开拓其范围均须慎重验证。“四维时空”这一物理新概念可使人意识到认识事物的局限和处理方法，客观存在如不能被正确认识到便不能算是真知，所以，“四维时空”是人类认识上的飞跃，其贡献巨大。对于时间而言，“四维时空”客观上包含了“时间延迟”和“时间畸变”两个新因素（将在以下论述），但并不改变关于时间的既有规则和正常的含义。

　　3、3　 时间“可变性”分析

3、3、1 时间“跨距”的可变性

　　中国文学中有“山中方七日，世上已千年”的句子。近来，“时间机器”的提出，似乎说明时间可以变的思潮已被一些物理学者相信。这里涉及时间有没有弹性，可不可伸长或缩短？从起源处看，时间的长度是同标准对比而来，已经叙述过，作为标准的是某一较稳定的，反复出现的运动过程。于是，问题便在标准能不能变？一个明确的理念是，不存在绝对不能改变的物理量，所以，时间标准的“漂移”从理论上难以排除，以“秒”为例，当温度偏离规定，摆长会随之改变，空气密度也会改变，这势将影响“秒”的长度，以原子钟为例，温度、气压等的改变，自然会影响原子振荡周期。已经测量到，地球自转，也非绝对均匀，由于地球维持磁场需要消耗惯量，地球自转速度将按对数规律下降，故“天”这个时间单位也不能永久不变。

　　标准时间虽可变，但变化不大，因为，当标准发生漂移时，可以通过多种测量发现，修正，从而使变化维持在一定数值之内。上面曾提到，时间测定的精度是10-15，这是当今时间数值维持的范围。为什么不能绝对精确？因为理论上说误差难以完全避免，变化也难以完全避免，只能尽量减小而已。时间跨距的另一种可变来自“不同时空体系”，这 是当今 在时间问题上大做文章的主题，对此，在稍后加以讨论，但核心的问题是，这种时间的长度变化是视在的还是实在的？时间长度的难免漂移和漂移值不可能很大摈弃了绝对化概念 。因此，不妨说 ，总体看，时间“长度”不能戏剧性的伸长或缩短，时间因相对速度改变后述。

　　3、3、2　 不同“时空体系”

　　“时间机器”所追求的是从一个惯性体系进入另一个惯性体系而实现时间改变。设在两个相对速度很大的惯性体系上各有一个“1秒”的时间过程。若两体系相互远离，速度V接近光速C时，这个“1秒”的信息在另一个看来便逐渐伸长，若V=C，便无限延长，超过了上述“七日对千年”之比。但是，当它们相互测出对方相对自己运动的速度和予见到速度对时间的影响之后，这种“时间的变化”是现实呢？还是畸变呢？显然是后者。物理和数学恰恰协助处理这一畸变。“畸变”并非时间真的发生了改变而是信息因相对运动而受到影响。如果真的从一个惯性体系上“跳”到另一个惯性体系上，可以见到，时间基准和时间过程并未发生任何变化。

　　时间在相对速度接近光速时将如何？若两体系相对接近，不同时间发出的信息将同时抵达，一片亮白，无法辨认对方的时间过程。若相对远离，时间间隔的信息无限变长，似乎意味着“时间趋于停止”。这里面临的还是信息的畸变而不是真实过程的改变。其实，当相对速度近乎光速时，并不单纯发生上述情况，还存在“图象视角”问题，被观测目标的视角和亮度同时发生变化，所以，“停止”的现象不会发生。在相对速度很大情况下，时间信息必将严重失真，任何对于目标位置和过程的判断均需经过计算处理。

　　幸而，这只是理论上的分析，在天体之间并不会出现“接近光速”的相对速度，理由何在？在《L01粒子今论》中曾经据理提出：“质子速度有限”。由此影响到由它所构成的原子、由原子形成的物体速度不至很大。在实测中也会发现，天体间的相对速度在102 （km/sec）量级，远小于光速。

　　若不发生时间失真是“同一体系”的条件，由此“理论上”则物体不分大小均属于“不同时空体系”。因为，在两种时间失真中，时间延迟源于距离，理论上，任何尺度均形成距离；时间畸变源于相对速度，任何物体都在相对运动之中, 如此便陷入纷纭中。“不同时空体系”应当从纠正时间延迟和时间畸变的实际需要考虑而不能绝对化。“任意”两个相对运动的物体均属于不同时空体系（从计算和定性角度这是对的）实际上是行不通的。此外，电波从南极传到北极需要6×10-2秒，它们是否算为两个“体系”？

　　如前已述，宇宙中的众星体之间，存在因距离遥远和因相对运动而发生的时间信息延迟和失真，这只是一个信息问题而不是时间问题。明确信息延迟可以正确估计远星的位置和信息发生的时间；明确信息畸变可以纠正因很高相对运动速度而引起的位置误判和过程误判。对于时间信息失真的认识可以正确判断时间的真实，那种使时间作天方夜谭式改变的高速星体自然界并不存在，于是，宏观星体之间无需考虑“不同时空”。

　　3、4 　追往 

　　追往是人类梦寐以求的事，究竟这应该归入理想呢还是仅仅属于美好愿望呢？“现在”意味著什么？“现在”代表了此时 此刻的“环境”，离开“环境”，“此时此刻”便失去意义。

　　对于人类，“环境”除物质外，还有精神因素。设想，当意图“恢复”一个某年、某月、某日时，如果历史能够退回这一天，是否天、地、人、物以及精神状态均须“原封不动”的恢复当年的状态呢？否则就不算真正追回了往昔。

　　若以超光速离开某一星体，直至追上了当年从它上面发出的光波，当年的情景似乎便可历历在目。这种情况即使可以实现所看到的仅仅是以往发出的光波，只是观看到了一场“电影”，不可能“身临其境”。此外，随着波的扩散，所见图象不仅亮度迅速减弱，而且，视场也逐渐缩小，这比不上观看电影。所以，追上光波不等于追上了“以往”。有没有办法追上以往呢？要看所涉及的许多事件是否可逆，如：物体运动、生物成长与演变、人类意识形态的演变。显然，这些均不可逆，而是以螺旋方式向前演变，它们不能恢复到以往。由它们所组合成的当时环境更不能原封不动地恢复。科技的发展，现今，充其量只能将其中某些信息记录下来予以重现而已。中国人有句熟语：既往不可追，信然。

　　3、5 　关于时间通道

　　“时间机器”的设计者提出了一些利用时间通道进入另一个时空体系的方法，设计思想是具有创见的，问题的核心是是否存在这样的体系?从理论上说有两点对其不利，一是，宏观星系不可能具有很大相对速度。上面已述及，基本粒子离开质子中子时确实具有很高速度，但聚合后的质子中子群速很小，由此推知，天体不可能具有“光速”量级的速度，在此情况下，时间失真极小，“体系”成不了气候；二是，所谓的时间“改变”，从原理上属于信息的畸变而并非真正过程改变，只要测量出的两个体系间的相对速度，不难通过计算求得对方某一过程的真实时间值。除此之外，“进入不同时空”的创意原理上是否可行，理论上有何依据，并未经过严格论证，仅仅是一种新鲜设想。

　　　　　　　4 　 时间的性质和定义

　　4、1　 时间的性质

　　时间为什么难以定义，上面曾说过，这同人为地赋予时间一些并不存在的性质有关，本文已一一分析过。时间不存在那些可逆、可追等性质，它存在哪些性质呢?

　　4、1、1　 连续性 均匀性

时间和物质运动紧密联系，运动的性质势必反映于时间。运动具有连续性，惯性运动和加速运动均如此。加速运动由于力的改变而发生，当力线的发出者——引力子和斥力子——接近或远离时，作用力线数量发生改变，作用力于是改变。这种改变不具有跃进性质，因而是连续的。

　　时间基准是物体的圆运动与振动（二者有明确的数学关系）。圆运动是一种绕中心旋转的匀速运动，以其作为时间基准，不仅具有连续性而且具有均匀性。正是由于有了十分稳定、均匀的时间标准，才能够发现地球自转是否均匀。采用连续均匀的运动过程作为时间的标准，时间自然连续均匀。

　　4、1、2　 单向性

　　既往不可逆的理由已如前述，因此，时间进程乃是单向前进，“追上光信息”是“追往”的一种想象，“时间倒流”则是类似倒放电影胶卷，不能真的追往。

　　4、1、3 　不可跨越性

　　这是均匀性与连续性的推理，近代提出的“时间机器”设计和不同时空体系的跨越包含了时间可“跨越”的想象。

　　在宇宙之中，由物质和所进行的演变整体上是一个大体系，尽管，这个体系的尺度很大，用光速要走若干亿年，但在这个体系中，时间进度相同。信息传递存在“延迟”和“畸变”两种误差无关大局的主要原因是“宇宙速度”有限，远小于光速，所以信息“畸变”极小，这也就不影响对于信息延迟的判断和修正。所以，没有必要为了提前或推后接受到遥远处传来的光信息而跨越空间。即使真的做到了利用超光速“跨越”了空间，无非提早或推迟接收了遥远信息，不具有更多的物理含义，不等于“跨越时间”。乘光速或超光速飞船可实现信息畸变，对宇宙间的所有运动进程并无影响，只是一种“进入了另一时空体系”的独有幻觉而已。所以，时间不具有可跨越性。

　　4、1、4　无绝对起止点

　　按说，均匀连续应包含没有断点的性质。自“红移”被演绎为“宇宙大爆炸”且这一“理论”不断被修补至今，已经说成那就是时间起点，并推想“宇宙毁灭”是时间终点。这一理论的积极之处是相信时间紧密联系于宇宙中物质的运动。“大爆炸”理论是现代物理理论中并不罕见的“偏论”之一，这类“偏论”的特点是针对某种现象立论。似乎有理而经不起推敲；局部适用而存在“困难”，有依据而不牢靠，不断修正，始终难圆。“大爆炸”理论需要的支柱有：

　　（1）“红移”的唯一原因是多普勒效应；

　　（2）质量可变

　　（3）“大爆炸”之后，物质速度不等，以致并非分布在一个逐渐扩张的球面上而是形成“均匀分布”空间。虽经若干亿年“膨胀”，依然均匀如故。

　　以上三个“支柱”均不扎实：光波在空间传播若干亿年，强度极度衰减因而使频率偏离理论值少许是可以理解的，因为，并没有任何一种理论上“守恒”的物理常数能绝对守恒；相对论提出“质量不是不变”作为一种判断，并未提出“可变”的机理，而作出这一判断的几则“依据”现在看来均不能证明质量可变，只是人们认识有误而已；至于空间质量分布，银河系是“大爆炸”理论的“困难”，为什么这么多星体并未受“爆炸”影响而居留在“爆炸中心”？是什么机制让那些“远离”而去的远星“速度不等”以至物质均布空间？宇宙间真的存在“暗能量、暗物质”而且比“大爆炸”形成的众星速度还快，历经若干亿年不断喷射？至于“大爆炸”理论的三个主要“证据”也同质量可变的“论据”相似，并不牢靠。上面说过，光波极度衰减可能产生“红移”，空间电场中的运动电子——来自恒星和“超新星爆发”——理论上也可引起“红移”或“蓝移”，“大爆炸”理论怎样解释“蓝移”远星呢？“大爆炸”的第二证据是“微波辐射”，微波辐射并不唯一的来自中心型爆炸，均匀分布的远星，同样是电波发射源，为什么被置之不顾？要说微波发自“大爆炸”，它以光速向空间远去，一切物质均在加速之中故位于电波之后，电波永远超前于物质，是什么让他们“反射”回来的？至于第三证据，所谓“初始质量”在“大爆炸”尚未落实前，先肯定那些物质是“那时”产生的，是否有逻辑颠倒性质？

　　以上对于“大爆炸”质疑的结果，否定了时间起点。时间没有起点，当然就没有终点，新的概念是，宇宙永存，无所谓始终，用人们的经验较难理解物质存在无始无终的事实，这一事实的物理背景在于基本粒子不可变，不可“灭”，他们所具有的动能虽可传递，转移，但也不能“灭”，宇宙中的能量转变属于效率为1的转变。

　　至此可见，对于时间的认识，受到对于宇宙存在，物质性质等基本物理认识的牵连。 

　　4、2 　时间的定义

　　什么是时间？在舍去了人们曾经给它加上的多种包装之后，其真实便是：时间是物质运动的过程。不同物质的不同运动，显示出不同的过程，当使用某种稳定而又重复出现的运动过程作为基准进行对比时，便得到具体的时间数值。至于时间感，是人类所独有的功能，前已说过，这是基于记忆、分析比较的精神活动能力。因此，离开物质运动，无所谓时间，同时，离开精神活动也无所谓时间感。 

参考文献 

　　 1 陈理士，粒子今论，科技学术论文集（物理及其应用）2006，原子能出版社

2019.3.20 注：

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                                           L03   Discuss about the time too

Abstract 　 this text from both of two side of subjective and objective to reply “what is time” and to analysis the nature of time

Key word　 time

　　　　　　　　 1 　 The difficult point of time 

　　Now it seems can’t reply to the problem of “what is the time after all”? Why? The first reason is the time does related to the coordinate of matter and been make up the four-dimension system．If only put out the time from this system, it is hardly to clear physic meaning；the second reason is modern physics gradually give time the miraculous nature of reversible、variable、chase able, across able、curl able etc. thus been raise the fuzziness to the time；the third reason is, we place extra emphasis on search the objective meaning of time but did not to pay attention to subjective factor. 

　　“time-sense” is closely related with perception, the human’s perception to the time has some difference to the other physical quantity, may be to feel time without sensing mechanisms of feeling hearing、sight、sense of pain etc. But unpredictable what is the time after all．

　　　　　　　　2　 time standard 　　 time process 　　 time sense 

　　from the objective factor to see, one year、one day、one second are the time；the earth around sun whirl a cycle、the earth rotate a cycle、the single pendulum reciprocate once are the meaning 

of year、day、second．Upon that, time is a process, not only the second、day、year serve as the time-standard are the process of matter movement, but also every time of need measuring is a process．The relative steady process used to do the “standard”, use this standard to compare other any process , the multiple of use this standard to contrast any other process gains is the value of time．

　　from the subjective side to say, consciousness and memory are the base of “ time-sense”, therefore, only wisdom organism can be to feel the time．Upon that, it have some difference between time、time-value and time-sense．But in the noun using, often collectively called time．

The link of time and movement, this naturally points the relative movement． If whole cosmic matter all moving in same velocity and in inertia, everything show stillness, in this system, none any “movement-process” to offer compare, the time would not be existing．

　　The physics has three basic quantities, namely length、mass and time, they and their derivative quantity joint to form a mathematic group, use them to represent all physical object．But time is different with length and mass to the human’s sense, the two of rear need support by sight and feeling．Therefore, general say, time is a process．Concretely to say, the time divided to three difference substance of time-standard、time-numerical value and time-sense．

　　The time-standard is a steady cycle movement, steadying is requirement, but it does not exist the absolute steady physical object like the absolute stillness did．The astronomy clock and sailing clock at one time act for time-standard, it could be reach the precision of 10-5, namely the error less then 1 second per a day．

Now the precision of time had raise to 10-15, namely the error about 1 second per ten million years, the optimistic reckon to consider it may be reach to 10-17．above time-standard is the electric oscillation period under constant temperature．

　　Time value is the time-measure result of a certain movement．It can be seen that the relation between time and mass been show the relation with “mass-movement”, but length and mass are relate to matter directly．The difference on relation to make time does not like other two basic quantities so easy to understand．Generally, physical territory to use the time-length, and dose not involve starting-point or stop point, but the theory of “big bang” seem find out time starting-point. Upon this, the different viewpoint will discuss at rear. 

　　The time related of sociology usually needs “lateral contrast”, thus to set up a “consulting point” by human effort．It is two different matters with the time starting-point of physics．

　　 The time-sense was cause from consciousness, it is the result of apperceive function and memory function of humans brain, the human can be sense time while close eye and can be leave clock to account： “one second、two seconds、three seconds”．This humans proper ability is other animal cannot to reach．Through the matter change to feel the time process, through recall and to fancying to know time’s past and future．

　　In order to correctly make out the property of time, in need of make explicit distinguish for some viewpoint of time field： 

　 　　　　　　　 3 　 the discrimination about the time 

3、1　does the time have the starting point and the end point? 

　　 This article will special to make treatise when rear discuss time nature． Here want to say, so-called “time starting point” was the by-product of the theory of “cosmic big bang”. The “big bang theory” consider：at the eve of “big bang”, the whole matter of modern cosmos are compressed in a “point”, to be does not matter of space-time, none of matter’s relative movement, none of motor process, so it is to say none of time；when modern cosmos to develop until “perish”, the time along with it to “stop”．So to consider the time has starting point and the end point, it rise at the time of “big bang” and it stop at “cosmos perish”．The rear will according to the theory raising, the theory of “big bang” lack of the reason and not firm base．In fact, neither the cosmos had happen the big bang of that scale nor it could happen “perish”, matter continuous change in the cosmos, but none “birth” and none “perish”, the time has no starting point and the end point．

　　3、2 　 time and four-dimension(4-D) time-space 

　　In the period of space flight, contact the time with space not only singular on the theory, but also on the practice meaning, until now, it seems has not to discuss the great contribution of 《relativity》from this angle．

　　 The physical background of the time interrelated space was lie in “message velocity”, we should be cognizance of exact position、exact velocity、and exact time process for the matter, but, these message can to spread with light velocity only．Upon that, when face the light-point, if to say “there is a star” is not exactly, it was set on that position before a certain number of years．To decide a flight object with sub-velocity of light is even more cannot exactly according to its image and position. It was exists the “time lag” cause from distance and the “time distortion” cause from velocity．

　　The “quaternion equation” of put three coordinates link with light-velocity from the side of “quantity” to describe the matter position has related with light-message, generalized theory of relativity raise a “only assured invariant” ds2, its objective meaning is hereon．as for use mathematic to derive the tensor of more then 3-D , from the function-space angle to see, it is a exploit, but it does not change the fact of the space is in 3-D．

When use mathematical method aid to resolve the physical problem, only the equation compactly joint physical-mechanism can be applicable, the threshold value of application and open up the range should be careful inspect and verify．The new idea of physics of “4-D time-space” is the understanding leaping of mankind, this contribution is very large．To say for the time, “4-D time-space” objectively are include two new factors (will treatise at rear) of “time lag” and “time distortion”, but it does no change the objective regulation and natural meaning of time．

　　3、3 　 analysis of the time variability 

　　3、3、1　 the variability of time “step distance” 

　　There have the sentence of “only seven days in the mountain then millenary in the man’s world” in Chinese literature, lately, to raise the “time machine”, it seems to show the idea of time-variable had believed by some physicist．Here involve, if the time could hold flexibility? May be the time get protraction or shrink? from the origin to see, the length of time was got through contrast to the time standard, it had related, to regard as a time standard is a movement process of steady and repeatedly to appear．And then the problem is if the standard can be change？ stringent to say, it dose not exist any physical quantity which can not be change, so the “drift”of time-standard is hardly to exclude from the theory, with example of the “second”, when the temperature depart of provision, the pendulum length be able change to follow it, the air density also may be change, it should be influence the length of “second”, other example of the atomic clock, to change of the temperature、air pressure etc．be able to effect the oscillation period of atom．It had surveyed, the earth rotation also don’t absolute even, because of the earth to keep the magnetic field need to consume the energy, the rotation speed of earth would be go down according to the logarithm rule, so “day” also can’t absolute unchanged．

　　Although the standard time variable, but the changing is very wee, because of when the “standard” happen drift, may be to find it through many kinds of survey and to revise it, thus the changing get keep in a certain numerical value．As above-mentioned, the precision of time survey is 10-15, this is the accuracy level of now time value can keep．why can’t absolute accuracy? Because of from the theory to say, the error can’t avoid totally and the changing is in also, not having other choice but as much as minimize it．The other variable of time step come from “different time space system”, this is a theme of now whoop it up, withal, later inflict discuss on, but the problem at the core is, does this “length change of time” is vision or real-life? Therefore, to the drift of time length and the drift value can not tremendous need to abandon absolution idea．Might as well to say, as a whole, time “length” can’t be really changing and dramatic protraction or curtail, as for the time changing cause by relatively speed, please see rear．

　　 3、3、2 　 the different “space-time system”

　　The “time machine” seeks for from one inertia system into other inertia system to achieve time changing. Suppose if there have two 1 second process on the two inertia system and they have prodigious relative speed, if they is removed from another, when speed V near light-speed C, this information 1 second from other to see would protraction clearly, if V=C , then unlimited protraction, to surpass above mentioned ratio of “7day to millenary”. But, when after they had measured motion speed of counterpart relate own, and after foresee of the speed was influence of time, is this “time changing” real or aberrance? It is the rear clearly．The physics and mathematics just aid to treat this aberrance．So it does not time really get changing, but the time information got influence cause of relative motion．If really from a inertia system “jump” to other inertia system, may be seen the time-standard and the 　　　time process does not happen any changing．

How about the time when the relative speed near light velocity? If two system close to each other, the information send out of different time (different position) are arrive in same time, so can see bright white only, unable to recognize time process of counterpart．If they are relative removed, the information of time distance would unlimited change to long, it seems mean “time go to stop”． Here still faces the information aberrance and not the real process get changing．In fact, when relative speed near light velocity, it does not only to happen above situation, it also to exist the problem of “image visual angle”, the visual angle of observed object and its illumination would change at the same time, so the phenomenon of “stop” would not be happened．　　　Under the circumstances of tremendous relative speed, time information must be severe distortion, any determine about object’s process and position all need through treat by compute．

Luckily, this only the simple theoretic analysis, it will not be able to happen the relative speed of “near light speed”between celestial body, why? It had raise according the logic in 《L01 the modern opinion of particle》：“the speed of proton is limited”．Thus the atom to form from proton、the matter to form from atom, so they are all not have tremendous speed．it may be find in the observation, the relative speed at 102 (Km/sec) of the order of magnitude, far less than light speed．

　　If none time distortion is the condition of “the same space-time system”, from this the matter irrespective of large or small are all belong to the “different space-time system”, in theory, any size all form distance；time distortion stem from relative velocity, any matter is in the relative motion, such then sink into diverse and confused．“different space-time system” should consider from actual requirement of correct time delay and time distortion and cannot think in absolution．“any two matter of relative motion are all belong to the different space-time system ” (it is right from the angle of calculation) in fact is impracticable．More over, electric wave from south pole reach to north pole need 6×10-2 second, are they belong to two “system”? 

　　 as former relate, between multitude stars exist the time information delay cause of distance and time distortion cause of relative motion, this is only a information problem and not a time problem．Understand the information delay can be proper reckon the position of remote star and the information occurred time；understand the information aberrance can be to correct the misjudge of position and process which cause of relative motion of high speed．The knowing to the distortion of time information may be correctly judge the real time, the nature does not exists that high speed star can make time information change like the mode of Arabian nights, upon that, between macroscopic stars, “different space-time” have not the real meaning．

　　 3.、4　 pursue the past 

　　To pursue the past is the wish for things, after all, should that to enter the ideal or only belong to the happy wish? What is the meaning about “present”, “present” delegate the “surroundings” at this very moment, if to leave the surroundings, “at this very moment” then to lose meaning． 

　　For humanity, the“surroundings”except the matter, also have mental element．When imagine to “regain” a certain year、month、day, if the history can be withdrawal this moment, is or isn’t the sky、earth、person、matter and the mental all intact to resume the mode during that time? Otherwise it doesn’t regard as recovered the past．

　　If To depart one star with super-light speed, until have to catch up the light wave which send out during that time by this star, the scene during that time seems can be remember vividly to this day．Even if this situation can be to achieve, but the image was the light wave merely which is former send out, it is simply to see a “movie”, can not be experience personally．Moreover, along with the light wave been spreading, can see the image not only the illumination would fast to fall off but also the field change gradually, it can’t compare with to see movie．So pursue up light wave is not equal to pursue up former．Is there the method to pursue up former? It should be look after if much relative event can be reversible, such as：object movement、biological growing and developing、humanity ideology etc．clearly, these are all not be reversible but to be change forward with helix mode, they can’t be regain to former．The surrounding assemble by those event can’t be regaining even more．By the development of science and technology, now at best only can make some information record down and reappear among them．There is an idiom in Chinese：the past can’t seek, truly．

　　 3、5　 about the time channel 

The deviser of the “time-machine” raise some method of from one space-time system into other space time-system, the design idea is the creative idea, but the core of the problem is, if exist of this “system”? There are two harmful point to them, the first is, the macroscopic galaxy impossible possess tremendous speed．Above has been mentioned, although the basic particle possess very large speed, but after polymerization the speed of proton、neutron is wee, from this infer,celestial body can not be possess that speed of “light velocity”, under this circumstances, “time distortion” also be wee, the “system” would not accomplish to important event；the second is, from the principle to see, so called “time changing” belong to the information aberrance and not true time changing, only to surveyed the related speed between two system, through calculate to get true time of some one process does not difficult．Apart from this, if the originality of “to enter different space-time” is feasible from principle and what is the foundation in the theory, it does not through tight proof, only a fresh thinking． (2010.10.4)

　　　　　　　　 4　the nature and the definition of time 

　　 4、1 　 the nature of time 

　　Why it is hard to definite of the time, above has mentioned, it is related to some no-existent nature which come from human thinking, as it was analyzed, the time does not exist those nature of reversible、can be pursue etc．But what nature dose it exist?

　　 4、1、1 　 continuity uniformity

　　Time does closely connect with the motion of matter, the nature of the matter motion should response to the time．The movement been possess continuity, inertia movement and accelerated motion are all in this way．The accelerated motion is cause for the force changing, when the force-line sender ——graviton and repulton——get near or remove, the quantity of acting force ling would to change, so the acting force got changing．This changing does not possess leap property, so it is continuous．

　　The time standard is matter’s circle movement and vibration (both have clear mathematic relation)．The circle movement is the constant motion which whirl around the center, to use it accomplish the time standard, not only possess continuity but also possess homogeneity．Just to have very stable 、even time standard, so can be to find the earth rotation is or not even．With the continuous and even movement to act for the time standard, time naturally get continuous and even．

　　 4、1、2 　 unilateral 

　　The reason of past may not be reversible has to tell as former, therefore the time possess is unidirectional to go forward, “catch optical information” is the imagine of “chase past”, “time back flow” be like back run cine-strip, can not truly chase past． 

　　4、1、3 　 the property of can not be step over 

　　This is the reasoning of evenness and continuity, modern time to raise a design of “time machine and step over different time-space contain the imagination of time may be step over．

Among the cosmos, the develop of matter is a large system as a whole, although the scale of this system is tremendous, to move with light velocity need amount of hundred million years, but among this system, the degree of advancement of the time is identical．The information transporting exist two kinds of error of delay and aberrance which unrelated to the general situation, the main reason is, the “cosmic velocity” is limited, far less than light velocity, so the information “aberrance” is minimum, then it has no influence of revise and judge to the information delay．As a result, there is no need to step over space in order to bring forward or put off to receive the remote light information． 　　　Even if really make use of super-light velocity got step over space, only be earlier or put off to exist the remove information, it not have added physical meaning and not equal to “step over time”．To ride the airship of light velocity or super-light velocity can be achieve information aberrance, it does not influence to hole cosmic movement-process, it only have a hallucination of “into other time-space” and nothing more．So that time do not have the nature of can be step over． (2010.10.5)

　　 4、1、4 　 none absolute starting point or end point 

　　Ordinarily, uniform and continuous be ought include the nature of none breakpoint．Since “red moving” been deducted for “big bang” and moreover this “theory” got constant mend until now, it has been persuade that is the starting point of time, and to suppose “cosmos perish” is the destination of the time．The positive part of this theory is to believe time close connect to cosmic matter movement．But the theory of “big bang” is one of un-infrequent “one side theory” of modern physics, the trait of these “one side theory” is make a point only to aim at some phenomenon．It seems in the right but cannot bear refine, be applicable but exist “problem”, having basis but does not firm, continuous to revise and hardly got satisfactory from beginning to end．The “big bang” theory need the mainstay is：

　（1）the sole reason of“red moving” is Doppler effect

　（2）the mass can be variable

　（3）after “big bang” , the matter exist different velocity, up to even distribution, it is still even although had “expanding” through many years. (2009.2.25)

　　The above mentioned three mainstays are all not firmly：after the light wave to spread very much years, its intensity been extremely weaken so the frequency does got few weaken is can be understanding, because of it have not any physical constant on the theory which can be absolute conservation；

Relativity raise up “the mass dose not unchanging” action as a deciding, but does not raise up the mechanism for “variable”, up to now these basis of make with this deciding are all not prove the mass is variable, only the misunderstanding that’s all；as to the space mass distribution, milky way galaxy is the “problem” of the theory of “big bang”, why so much stars did not to bear the influence from big bang and still reside at the “explosion center”?(2009.2.26) what mechanism to make those “away” remote stars got “unequal speed” (down to mss uniform in place)? Is it true of exist “back energy 、back mass” among cosmos and its speed was faster than the multitude stars and pass through some hundred million years still constant jet? (2010.10.6)

　　As for the three main proof of “big bang” theory also like the argument of mass variable, not firm at all． Above mentioned, the light wave extremely weaken might be cause “red moving”, the moving electron of space electric field——come from stars and supernova—— also might be cause “red moving” or “blue moving” on the theory, how to explain the “blue moving” stars with the “big bang” theory? The second proof of “big bang” theory is “radiation of micro wave”, but it did not come from “the explosion of center mode” only, the even distributed remote stars is equal the radiation source of electric wave, why regardless of this? If to say the micro wave to be come from “big bang”, it remove to the space with light velocity, all mass are in the acceleration so after the electric wave, the electric wave advance all mass forever, why they can be “reflection” return of? As to the third proof, so called “initial mass”, before “big bang” get practical, if is it the logic reversion of sure those mass produced at that time? 

　　The result of above question to “big bang”, negate of starting point of time, the time have not the starting point and of cause have destination. The new idea is, cosmos long live, it to be indifferent the beginning or end, use people’s experience is harder to understand of the fact of none beginning and none end, the physical background of this fact is the basic particle did not variable and should not “extinguish”, although the kinetic energy of them can be transition and transfer, but cannot be “extinguish”, the energy transfer among cosmos belong to the transfer of efficiency equal to 1．

　　Thus it can see, to know the time is implicated to the basic physical knowing of cosmic existing and mass nature etc．

　　 4、2 　 the definition of time 

　　What is the time? After to leave many kind of package which once given from men, the true is, time is the process of matter movement． The different movement of different matter, to show the different process, when use some kind of steady and repeating process to regard as the standard and to do contrast, thus to get specific numerical value．As to the time sense, it is the particular function of mankind, this is the spiritual activity ability which base on the memories、analysis and compare．Therefore, if depart of matter movement, not to matter time, at same time, if depart of spiritual activity, to be not to matter time too．