L52a   析答物理学当前的一些“难题” 

问题1：“大爆炸”之前宇宙是什么样子？

问题2：星体为什么普遍存在磁场？

问题3：宇宙间到底有多少种“粒子”？

问题4：宇航器在空间为何会减速？

问题5：宇宙射线自何而来？

问题6：宇宙尘自何而来？

问题7：什么是物质？

问题8：粒子的质量是从希格斯子（上帝粒子）那里得到的吗？

析 答

问题1： “大爆炸”之前宇宙是什么样子？

解 答：“宇宙大爆炸”是物理界对远星“红移”现象做出的判断，并转化为理论。其实这一判断有片面性：远星也有“蓝移”的，因此，“大爆炸”只管“红移”而不管“蓝移”，既然片面就不是正确理论。

　　空间发现的最大“爆炸”是“超新星爆发”，比“即将爆发的”恒星还大的星体其实不能存在，这是力平衡所确定的，没有通融余地。

　　正确的时间概念不能排除“物质永存”和时间乃是物质运动过程（参见《L03时间亦论》）， 对于永存的物质宇宙，无所谓“起点”与“终点”，宇宙只是不断的进行着物质形态演变与运动方式演变。

　　本题的答案应当是：“大爆炸”据理不存在，宇宙的演变无始无终。 

　　但是，由于“有始有终”已经成为成见，对于物质永存、宇宙永存以及宇宙存在于不断演变之中缺乏认识，因此，此题乃是提出了一个问非所问的问题。

问题2： 星体为什么普遍存在磁场？

解 答：此问题所以存在是由于有些理论倾向于星体内部存在磁性物质，亦即，用永久磁铁观点解释星体磁场，而物质超过“居里点”不能存在磁性。此解释也不能说明地磁为何受地震、雷电、太阳黑子等自然现象影响，因此，答案难以圆满。

　　《L15b 地磁和星球磁场发生机理》一文提出，星体产生磁场的三要素是：

　　（1）空间电场

　　（2）星体自转

　　（3）内部导电、导磁

　　 亦即，星体磁场产生是基于“电磁铁”原理，由于空间比较普遍地存在以上三个条件，即：

　　恒星均具有高温，内部岩浆不可能全部是“绝缘物”；普遍存在不同速度的自转；空间电场普遍存在。因此，星体普遍存在以“自转轴”为磁极的磁场。

任何影响“三要素”的物理事件均能影响星体磁场。

问题3： 宇宙间到底有多少种“粒子”？

解 答：显然，真正的粒子，必须是“一粒”而不能是“复数”；论“种”只能针对“一粒”，那些“能分裂、蜕变”的“粒子”乃是“复数”。

陈理士物理分析发现，质子是引力子的“微涡旋星系”，也是最大的复数“粒子”，轰击质子可以使这个“微涡旋星系”随机分裂为若干较小的“微涡旋星系”，但迄今不能用仪器测量、分辨粒子的“单数、复数”状态，仅根据电子伏不同，将不同成员数量的“微涡旋星系”判断为“不同粒子”，于是“粒子种类”大大膨胀。去年发现的“上帝粒子”与其它“粒子”的不同， 也在“电子伏”（其实也是“一定数量引力子”的“微涡旋星系”），它哪里有“能够赋予其它粒子以质量”的本领。 

已经发现命名了上千种以上“粒子”，问题是：

A. 按“质量”（电子伏）评定的“不同粒子”乃是将相同粒子的复数认定为“不同粒子” 

B.“粒子能变”是理论的疏忽与失误

C. 基本粒子条件需要坚持

D. 任何“粒子”应当同物质（质子、中子）相关

这里提问：理论上需要多少种基本粒子？

文章《L04 物质演变》叙述过，基本粒子只有引力子、斥力子两种，它俩可以聚合形成质子、中子、原子、分子以及已经发现并命名了的许许多多“种”“粒子”。

引力子释放引力线，引力线相互作用形成引力，质子内部在引力作用下“团结一致”，对外犹如“一粒粒子”，天然地具有质量、动能（原子能）。

由于人性化的思维，有人认为在原子内部或质子内部都是“带正电荷（实质是发出引力线）的粒子”，似乎需要用“胶子”才能不让它们“同性相斥”，其实引力线相互作用形成引力，它们倾向于“团结”，不需要“胶住”。许多“粒子”的来由与此类似，实非真正粒子。

本题的答案是：宇宙间真正的粒子只有引力子、斥力子两种，它们也是基本粒子。

问题4： 宇航器在空间为何会减速？

解 答：此问题之所以成为问题是由于我们对空间作为“物质聚散作坊”的情况没有了解或领悟，认为空间是真空，即使发现了宇宙尘，也没有意识到它们是空间聚合产生的、没有觉察“超新星爆发”“恒星辐射”“宇宙射线”“宇宙尘”之间的关联。

　　在空间，除了充满斥力子（空间电场）外，还有高速来往的引力子 ，它们在情况合适时由单数聚合为复数，聚合有两种方式：（1）“同行”，（2）“涡旋”。其中（1）就是宇宙射线，（2）最终聚合成为质子，在电子参与下形成原子。

　　所以，宇宙空间并非真空，而是处处存在微观粒子且不断聚合。从光波的波长估计，空间电子——斥力子——之间的距离在微米上下，引力子则无孔不入，因此，空间分布着微观“物质”，哪怕要形成1 立方厘米名副其实的真空也是困难的。

　　当然，空间物质的密度相对较小，比气体小许多。认为它是真空，从定性方面是错了，而从定量方面看，误差不大。

　　所以，在空间宇航器可以看做是在极其稀薄的气体中飞行，为何会微微减速？不是不成问题吗？ 从另一个角度看，测量宇航器在空间减速的具体数值，恰恰可以作为定量计算空间微量物质密度的依据。如此解读“减速”，同判断“太阳系有一个外壳”，哪一个比较合理？

问题5： 宇宙射线是什么？自何而来？

解 答：宇宙射线是高速飞驰与于空间的引力子，速度在光速量级，它发出引力线，不能生成斥力，因此，在参加聚合以前，它恒以同样速度飞行，是“永恒量子”。同方向的引力子自然“携手同行”，这是“代数聚合”，聚合后速度不变，质量、能量（电子伏）是原来各个的“代数和”。

　　空间引力子自何而来？来自于质子、中子解体。在两种情况下发生这种解体：

(1)恒星心部核反应（2）超新星爆发。

通常，质子、中子是力平衡的结果，结构稳定，但（1）（2）两种情况破坏了平衡，使引力子由“涡旋运动”又恢复为直线运动，以光速量级的速度离开，成为空间“质量最小”宇宙射线粒子，以上叙述过，“同行”是其两种“聚合”方式的一种，这种“同行”，现在不能用仪器分辨。

由于不能分辨这种“代数和”状态，将不同电子伏的“代数聚合”看成“不同粒子”，因此，认为宇宙射线中有超过600种不同粒子。如果测量电子伏的仪器提高精度，“不同粒子”的数量还会大大膨胀。

问题6： 宇宙尘自何而来？

解 答：“宇宙尘是从天空飘下来的”，天空中的宇宙尘又来自何处？上面问题4提到的第二种“涡旋”聚合方式最终聚合成为质子、中子（当有高速电子参加时），进一步聚合为原子、分子，这是宇宙尘的由来。于是，宇宙空间普遍地成为宇宙尘的“生产作坊”。

问题7： 什么是物质？

解 答：“什么是物质？”之所以成为难题，全是因为我们相信了“质量可变”。

本题在《L20 答现代物理学的11道难题》中有过笼统交代，这里具体叙述：

　　除真空外，宇宙间任何客观存在的质体（1.有质量 2.有体积 3.是基本粒子或由基本粒子聚合形成 4.发出力线、通过力线相互作用形成力）均是物质。

问题8 粒子的质量是从希格斯子（上帝粒子）那里得到的吗？

解 答：受到“质量可变”的误导，人们已不再相信“物质、质量”乃是客观存在且不能改变而是相信“质量可变”。（由于质量不可变乃是物理规律, “质量可变”没有机理，进入了虚幻，属于科幻小说、游戏软件的内容）。 

于是，在粒子领域，当质子（基本粒子的最大的微涡旋星系）在冲击下分解成若干规模较小的“微涡旋星系”，在未能分析认识到物理实质的情况下，以“裂变”“蜕变”加以解释，只要坚信质量不能变，可“裂变”的“粒子”原来当然就不是“一粒”，所谓“蜕变”自然也有变化的机理和物理真相，用一个“变”字加以解释虽然方便、省力，却导致人们不再进一步追求机理与真相，以致本来客观存在的物质，在现代物理学中变成了“可变”。

　　此“可变”虽然属于科幻范畴，但只要有人相信，那就似乎是“真”，因此，有人提出“一种粒子能够赋予其他粒子质量”的说法也居然可以入耳，这就是“上帝粒子”即 西格斯子（ Higgs）啦。

　　需要尊重质量不可变这一物理规律，希格斯子乃是轰击质子得到的一个较小的 “微涡旋星系”；它同样是由基本粒子——引力子——聚合而成的；它同样发出引力线——即带正电荷；它同样“不稳定”——达到质子规模才能达到引力与离心力平衡而“稳定”；它同样在再次受到冲击后“裂变”.........。

　　但它就是没有“赋予其它粒子质量”的本领，因此，任何基本粒子以及物质的质量都是客观存在，“天然的”，永远存在，无所谓“生、灭”“始、终”，“希格斯子（上帝粒子）”的提出，可以说是文化现象，是人们离开了物理规律、受“可变观点”影响的结果。

　　附带说，除了引力子、斥粒子两种基本粒子外，包括希格斯子在内，所有各种各样的“粒子”，没有一种是真正的单身粒子，它们全是基本粒子的“复数”。除了发出引力线外，它们谁也没有“给别的粒子质量、胶住其它粒子、介力”等其它特殊能耐。 

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 L52   the answer of some difficult problems of the modern physics

Question 1：what is the cosmic look like before the “big bang”?

Question 2：why do stars are widespread magnetic field?

Question 3：how many kinds of “particles” between the universe?

Question 4：why the space ship will slow down in space?

Question 5：where come from the cosmic rays?

Question 6：where come from the cosmic dust?

Question 7：what us the matter?

Question 8：does the solar magnetic field will really overturn 180°？

the answer

Question 1：what is the cosmic look like before the “big bang”?

The answer：“big bang” was the judgment of the physical field for the “red shift ” phenomenon of the remote stars, and into a theory. Actually this judgment have one-sidedness， some remote stars also have “blue shift”, so, the “big bang” just regard “red shift” and don’t regard “blue shift”, since the theory of one-sided it is not correct. 

Space found the biggest explosion was “supernova explosion ”, the star bigger than before “supernova” blow up really does not exist, this is decided from force balance, there is no place for circle round . 

The correct concept of time cannot ruled out “mass for ever” and the time to be the moving process of matter (see also in 《L03 Discuss about the time too》), for the perpetual cosmos , no such think as a “start point” and the “end”, in the cosmos only unceasing the way of matter’s form and motion mode evolution.

The answer of the subject under discussion is： according to the mechanism the “big bang” is inexistence, comic evolution is without beginning and end.

But, due to “ having beginning and end” already become the prejudice, lack of understanding for mass forever、cosmos forever and cosmos was exist in the constant evolution, so, the subject in discussion was raised a problem of ask no reason too.

Question 2：way the stars generally exist magnetic field? 

The answer：so there is the problem be due to some theories tend to stars within magnetic materials, i.e. use magnet perspective to explain stellar magnetic field, but more than “Curie point” any material can’t existing magnetism. This explanation also can’t explain why the geomagnetism suffer influence from earthquake、thunder、macula etc. So, the answer is difficult to complete. 

The article 《The generating mechanism of the geomagnetism and the aster magnetic field》 put forward, the three elements of generate stellar magnetic field was：

　　 （1) space electric field

　　 （2) stellar self rotation

　　 (3) internal conduction、permeability

That is , The generation of stellar magnetic field was basis on the principle of “electromagnet”.

Star all possess high temperature, the internal magma can’t all be the “insulator”；rife with different speed of self rotation；space electric field is wide spread. Therefore, stars generally exist magnetic field and the magnetic pole to be its rotation center. 

Any impacts on the “three elements”of physical events can affect the stellar magnetic field.

Question 3：how many kinds of particles between the cosmos?

The answer：obvious, the true particle, must be “one” and is not “plural”；to say “kind” can but aim at “one”, those “particles” of “can split、metamorphosis” to be the “plural”.

“Chen(Chinese) physics” through analysis find, proton was the “micro vortex galaxy” of gravitons, also the largest plural “particle”, impact proton can make this “micro vortex galaxy” randomly divided into some smaller “micro vortex galaxy”, but so far that is can’t use instrument to measure or distinguish particle’s “singular、plural” condition, only according to the difference of electron volt, put the“micro vortex galaxy” of different members judged for the “different particle”, thus “particle’s kinds” largely expand, the “God particle” of last year find, its difference with other “particle” also to be the electron volt (actually also the “micro vortex galaxy”of “a certain amount of graviton”), where there is it “can do” endow other particle with quality.

It has been found and named more than thousand kinds of “particles”, the question is：

A. According to the quality(electron volt) to assess “different particle” is put the same particle’s plural as the “different particle” 

B. “particle variable” is the mistake of the particle theory

C. Basic particle’s condition need to persist

D. Any “particle” should be related to the mass（proton、neutron） 

Here ask questions：how many kinds of basic particle is need for in theory?

Article 《L04 》had related, it only have two kinds of basic particle mean graviton and repulton（electronic） , they two can polymerizing form proton、neutron、atom、molecule and has been find and named lots and lots of “kinds” of “particles.

Graviton send out attracting force-line, attracting force-line act each other to form attracting force, in under the action of attracting force the interior of proton is “unite as one” , like “one particle” show external, it natively have quality、kinetic energy(atomic energy).

Due to the humanistic thinking, some one to think inside the atom or proton are all the “particles of carry positive electric charge” (the essence is send out attracting force-line), seems to need to use “gluons” to prevent them may “ the same sex repel in the contrary”, actually the attracting force-line act each other to form attracting force, they tend to “unite”, no need to “ankylose”. The source of many of the “particle” is similar with this, would be not the real particles. 

The answer of the object under discussion is：the cosmos only two kinds of real particles also the basic particle： graviton and repulton（electronic）.

Question 4：why spacecraft will speed cut in the space? 

The answer：this problem is a problem be due to we have no understand or no comprehend the situation of the space act as a “work shop of material polymerizing and parting”, to think space to be the vacuum, even find cosmic dust, also not realize they are polymerized in the space, not detect the relation between “supernova”、“star’s radiation”、“cosmic rays”、“cosmic dust” . 

In space, other than is full of repultons (space electric field), also have the gravitons which come and go with high speed, when the situation is suitable they polymerizing from singular turn into plural, the polymerization have two method：（1）travel together,（2）vortex. The (1) just the cosmic rays, the (2) at last polymerizing to the proton, under the electronic participation form the atom.

So, cosmic space is not a vacuum, but every where exist microscopic particles and constantly polymerize. Estimates from the wavelength of light waves, the distance between space electron——repulton（electronic）——at about micron, the graviton is pervasive, therefore, space is distributed microscopic “matter”, even 1 cubic CM to form a veritable vacuum is difficult.

Of course, the density of space matter is relatively small, many smaller than gas. To think it is the vacuum, from the qualitative aspect is wrong, but when to see from the quantitative, error is not big.

So, in the space spacecraft is seen as a flight in the extremely thin gas, why will slightly slow down? Not a problem, is n’t it? From another point of view, to measure the concrete numerical value of spacecraft in space to slow down, just can use as the basis of quantitative calculate the density of space trace matter. Such to understand “slow down”,contrast that to judge the solar system have a shell, which one is reasonable? 

Question 5：what is the cosmic rays? Where did they come from?

The answer：the cosmic rays is the gravitons which fly in space with high speed, the speed is at the order of light speed, it send out attracting force-line, can’t generate repulsion, so, before it join in polymerization, it always flying in the same speed, is the “ever quantum”. Graviton of the same direction certainly “walk hand in hand”, this the “algebra polymerization”, after polymerize the speed is not change, the quality and energy(electron volt) is the “algebraic sum” of original each’s. 

Where come from the space gravitons? From the proton and get break up. In both cases happen this break up：

the nuclear reaction of stars center (2) supernova explosion

Generally, proton and neutron is the result of force balance, the structure is stability, but the two kinds of condition （1）（2）be able to destroy this balance, make graviton from “vortex motion” again revert to rectilinear motion, leave with the speed of light speed, become the cosmic rays particle of the minimum quality in the space, above has been narrated, “walk hand in hand” is one polymerizing mode of the two kinds of polymerizing mode, this “walk hand in hand” now unable distinguish with instrument.

due to unable distinguish this “algebraic sum” state, to see the “algebraic polymerization” of the different electron volt is the “different particle”, so, to think there are more than 600 kinds of particles in the cosmic rays. If the instrument of measuring electron volt improve accuracy, the quantity of “different particle” still able to greatly swell. 

Question 6：where come from the cosmic dust?

The answer： “the cosmic dust ” is come from the sky, above Question 4 had refer the second polymerizing method ——vortex——at last aggregated into proton and neutron(when have the high speed electron part in), the next step polymerizing into proton、atom 、molecule, this is the origin of the cosmic dust. Therefore, cosmic space universally become the “work shop” of the cosmic dust.

Question 7：what is the substance?

The answer： “what is the matter” the reason of it become the difficult problem, all because we believe in “quality variable”.

The subject in discussion in 《L20 Answer the 11 puzzles of modern physics》has a general account, here the specific narrative： 

In addition to the vacuum, any object of objective (1. Have quality, 2. Have volume, 3. to form by the basic particle or polymerized from the basic particles, 4. Send out force-line and through the force-line act each other to form force) are all substance.

Question 8：whether the particle’s quality is get from the Higgs particle(God particle)?

The answer：by “quality variable” is misleading, people already no longer believe in “substance、quality”objective reality and can’t change, but believe in “quality variable”. (due to the quality can’t change to be the physical law, the know of variable none of mechanism, so enter in to unreal, belong to the content of science-fiction or game software).

Hence, in the particle field, when proton (the largest micro vortex galaxy of the basic particle) under impact and break down into some smaller “micro vortex galaxy”,in the case of analysis failed to recognize the physical essence, use “fission”and “metamorphosis” to explain, if only be sure of the quality is can’t change, the “particle” of possible “fission” original should not be “a grain of”, so called “metamorphosis” naturally also have its mechanism of change and the physical truth, though use a word of “change”to explain is easy and save effort, but lead to no longer further pursue mechanism and physical truth, so that the substance of originally objective exist, in the modern physics into “variable”. 

though this “variable”belong to the science fiction category, but as long as people believe, that seems to “true”, hence, someone put forward the statement of “quality of a particle can endow other particles” actually can hear, that is the “God particle” namely the Higgs(God particle). 

Need to respect to the physical rule of the quality can’t change, the Higgs(God particle) to be the smaller “micro vortex galaxy” after bombard proton；it also polymerized from the basic particle ——gravitons, it also sent out attracting force-line ——namely carry positive charge；it also “instability”——reach to proton scale able to the balance of attraction and centrifugal force thus can “stabilizing”；it also after suffer impact will happen “fission”......... . 

　　But it exactly not have the ability for “give the quality to other particle”,therefore, any a basic particle and the quality of substance are all the objective existence, “natural”, ever exist, does not matter of “born、destroy” “begin、destroy”, the Higgs(God particle)is put forward, can be said to be the cultural phenomenon, it is the result of people leave physical rule and suffer the influence of the “variable viewpoint”.

　　In obiter, in addition of two kinds of basic particle graviton and repulton(electron), include the Higgs(God particle), all all kinds of “particle”, not one is the real single particles, they are all the “plural”of the basic particle. In addition to send attracting force-line, they all not have the special ability of “give quality to other particle；glue live other particle；introduce force etc.”.