L50引力波gravitational waves

2019-1-7

L50   引力波

    陈理士

 

提 要 叙述引力波的形成、性质与速度等

关键词 引力波  引力波形成  引力波性质  引力波速度   


1前言



  “引力波”作为一个名词已出现了几十年,既然存在“万有引力”,引力发生“波动”似乎难免,但是,当测量到了引力波动时,有关问题需要解答,机理也需要探明,如:

 1. 引力波是怎样发生的?它是什么样的波?

 2. 引力波在空间是怎样传播的? 

 3. 引力波的“波速”是多少?

 4.引力波能够引发灾变吗?

需要觉察名词的引导作用,如果“想当然”,对此的思路常常是:引力波是“波”,它必定存在“波速、波长”,必定具有正弦波形,在传播介质中传播等。

  引力波是已经测量发现的引力波动,因此,是客观存在的自然现象,这里要说的是,引力波同光波、电波等不同,它是另一种类型的“波”,所以,不能把光波、电波的性质先入为主地加给“引力波”,它具有哪些性质需要据理分析。 


2 引力波的发生



  力线“相互作用”产生力,力线的发出者是基本粒子,因此,力必定存在于“物体”(基本粒子、质子、中子、原子、分子、微观物体、较大物体、天体)之间,对于其中任何两个“相互作用”的“物体”均符合牛顿第三定律——作用力与反作用力大小相等方向相反。

  以上叙述提出了一个理论概念:任何一个物体均同其它所有物体“相互作用”且形成力。因为它既然发出力线,此力线进入空间遇到其它物体发出的力线就会相互作用形成力,除斥力子(电子)对斥力子形成斥力外,其它情况下都形成引力。当然,并非形成各各相同的引力,按照牛顿方程,与物质的质量大小、距离远近、位置状况相关。

  设A、B、C 三物体质量相同,呈等边三角形分布,此时,三者各有2/3 的力线参加相互作用,各有1/3 的力线依然伸向空间(参见《L04 物质演变》)。 

  如果距离不变而位置改变,A、B、在一起,C在另一边,此时C似乎应有1/2 引力线参加作用。但是A、B靠近之后,大部分引力线参加了它俩间的相互作用。可见,空间两物体之间的“万有引力”,不仅仅决定于两物体的质量与距离,还同“周围物体”的分布相关。

这并不同牛顿方程相乖,因为牛顿方程只针对A、B两物体并不涉及第三方。

  空间物体在不断运动、不断改变相互位置,因而不仅对两物体之间的“万有引力”会发生影响,而且也要影响到“周围”。不过,在具体事例中,“其它周围物体”的距离往往相对很大或质量相对很小,发生的影响也就不很明显。 

  例如,“九星成串 ”会引起地球上发生巨大灾变吗?答案是不会!因为根据以上所述,在地球上可以测量到引力有所改变,但是很小,不会对于地球上的物体产生大的引力变化。

又如,月食、日食时,日、地之间的引力会发生改变吗?答案是,会有少许改变。

  再如,远方发生“超新星爆发”从地球上能够觉察“引力改变”吗?答案是,可以测量到,因为整个“超新星”的物质都高速离开原来位置,引起引力线分布的改变。反之,远方出现引力线变化说明了那个星体即使在若干光年以外,它同地球依然有“引力线相互作用”。

  空间所有物质都在不断运动之中,相对位置不断改变,因此,定性地看,“引力改变”乃是家常便饭;定量地看,通常数值不大,往往没有达到引起人们“觉察”的程度。

  “引力改变”就是“引力波”。任一物体发出的引力线总量为常数,其作用状况因周围物体的分布而改变,这种改变,形成引力的波动,发生引力波。

  现在物理论文中的引力波,主要指被仪器测量到的远方的引力波动,此引力其实存在于远方某星体与地球之间。 


3引力波的性质



  引力波既然是“力波”,它就是作用力线数量的变化,力线从属于物质而本身不是物质,因此引力波是“非物质”波,但是,它又离不开物质,同“电磁波”相比:

  1.电波:是空间电场(电子)的波动 

  2.磁波:是波导内部分子瞬时磁化相应的“力波” 

  3.无线电波:由电路(物质)产生,在空间电场(电子)中传递

波动就是变动,引力波是一种“渐变”还是“突变”?

  其实,每一物体或基本粒子向空间发出的力线已经全部“作用”,可以认为空间没有游离的力线,只是,随着相对位置的改变,作用力线的“分配”也在“同时”改变。

  因此,引力波形不是“矩形脉冲”形而是呈光滑曲线形。“引力波” 与“作用力线改变”同义,此“改变”由“相对位置改变”引起,相对位置改变是相对运动的结果,任何物体的运动具有连续性,这使引力波具有“连续改变”性质。

  以上说明了引力波只在相互作用形成引力的两物体之间发生,尽管任何物体都有“很多”相对作用对象,但“引力”的体现是在“两两之间”,因此,“产生”或“发现”引力波只能在两个形成引力的物体之间。 

可以“制造”一起引力波去伤害一个“目标”吗?这显然做不到,因为“制造者”必须是受到引力作用的一方,引力变化将由双方同时遭受。

   于是,引力波的性质是:

 (1)为非物质波动

 (2)波形连续改变 

 (3)不是正弦曲线,不能由二阶微分方程描述

 (4)只在相对作用形成引力的两物体之间发生 

 (5)不向其他物体和空间传递

 (6)不携带能量,

 (7)不具有“偏振、折射、绕射、干涉、反射等等”性质


4引力波在空间怎样传播



  提出“引力波怎样传播”这一命题意味着需要区别地看待一般波的传播与引力波的“不传播”。

  关于通常的波:

 (1)是物质的运动 

 (2)运动可由媒质“传递”

 (3)沿媒质振动方向或垂直于媒质振动方向“传递” 

 (4)有严格的周期

 (5)有与能量相应的振幅,振幅随传递距离增加而衰减

 (6)周期相同的波有相干性,

 (7)在不同介质边界发生折射、反射、绕射等现象

而引力波虽然名义上叫波,却不具有以上任何一种性质,这是由于虽然引力从属于物质却并不是物质,引力波是作用力线数量改变引起的作用力改变,此改变不会“传播”,

于是,引力波不传播。


5引力波的波速



  有些文章讨论“引力波的速度”,并提出了不同的具体数值,其中最大的是“光速”,这些讨论未能提出机理,因为没有机理,难以对此作出正确判断,如果某一个星体在“若干光年”之外,从地球上测量到了此方向的引力波,这意味着地球与那一个星体之间原来有力线相互作用,现在作用力线数量发生了改变。“引力波速度”需要肯定的原因是,需要知道远方 “引力变化”信息发生的准确时间。

  引力改变,就是原有作用力线数量现在“改变”了,如果此“改变”信息是“以光速传播”,是不是要等“若干光年”之后地球上才能发现呢?其实不是,因为这是力线的“通”“断”,这条力线“断了”,在同一时间,处在力线上的任何位置应该同时都可以发现,因此,引力波不需要“传播时间”,于是,引力波的“速度”是“无穷大”。


6远方的引力波事件



  当我们测量到某一方向产生了引力波时,这意味着地球与那一个物体之间原来相互作用的作用力线,现在已经发生了改变。

在什么情况下会发生这种改变呢?

  最为重大的事件当然是“超新星爆发”,此时,大量物质高速离开原来位置,这自然要引起作用力线随之改变,即:产生引力波。

于是,当测量到空间某一个方向发生引力波时,应当估计,此方向“现在”发生了“超新星爆发”,可以期待,在若干光年之后会观察到那里出现“超新星爆发”的光学图像。

  反之,在大型天文望远镜的星图上,有一些“光晕”“鱼眼”等图形,测量出它们的距离之后,可以判断,这是“多少年以前”那里发生的“超新星爆发”,“现在”——若干年后——实际上那里已经不是如图像显示的情况了

  

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L50   gravitational waves

        S. G. Chinese

 

abstract to narrate the formation of gravitational waves、its properties and speed etc. 

key words gravitational waves  the formation of gravitational waves  the speed of gravitational waves


1 preface



  “gravitational waves as a noun already appeared decades, since there is a “universal gravitation”, attraction happens “wave” seems to be hard to avoid, however, when measured the gravity’s fluctuation, the concern problem need to answer, the mechanism also need to locate, such as:

  1.How did happened the gravitational waves?

  2.How did the gravitational waves spread in the space?

  3.How much “wave speed” of gravitational waves?

  4.Can gravitational waves cause cataclysm?

Need perceive noun’s teachers’ guidance, if “think it is so”, to this the thinking usually to be:gravitational waves is wave,it should be exist “wave velocity、wavelength”, must have sine waveform, in the communication media spread etc.

  Gravitational wave is already measured, there fore, it is the existing objective natural phenomenon, here say is, gravitational waves is unlike with light wave、electric wave etc. it is the another type of “wave”, so,can’t put the light wave properties as the first impressions are most lasting add to “gravitational waves”, how many properties it possesses need to analysis according to the reason. 


2 gravitational wave happened



  Force-line “interaction” produce force, force-line issuer is basic particle, there fore, force should exist between “object”(basic particle、proton、neutron、atom、molecule、microscopic objects、larger objects、aster), for any two “interacting” “objects” are all conform to the Newton’s third law——acting force and reacting force is equal in quantity and opposite in direction. 

  Above stating raise a theory concept:any object with all others are “interacting” and form force.Because it issued force-line, this force-line into space would meet all other object issued force-line will interact form force,   in addition to repulton (electron) on the repulton form repulsion, other cases all form attraction.Certainly, that is not each form the same attraction, according to Newton’s equation, is relate to quality size、distance、position condition.

Set A、Band C three objects same quality, distribution in equilateral triangle, now, three each have 2/3 force-line join in interaction, each have 1/3 force-line still reach to space (see also in 《L04a 物质演变evolution of matter 》). 

  If the distance is constant and position change, A and B get together, C on the other side, now C seems should have 1/2 force-line part in interaction.But after A、B get together, most of attract force-line parted in interaction between the two.Visible, space universal gravitation between two objects, not only depend on the distance of two objects, but also related “around objects” distribution. 

This not different with Newton’s equation, because of Newton’s equation only aim at A、B two objects and it not relate the third party.

  Space objects are in ceaseless moving、ceaseless change mutual position, so not only to between two objects “universal gravitation” influence will happen, but also will affect the “around”.Just, in the specific case, “other surrounding objects” of distance often great or quality relative small, the happened influence then not very obvious.

  Such as, can “nine star string” cause the earth happen great cataclysm? The answer is can’t! because of according above state, it may measured gravitation change of the earth, but small, not for the objects on the earth produce great gravitation change.

  Also the example, during eclipse, whether the gravity between the sun and the earth would happen change? the answer is, it would have small change.

As another example, distant happen “supernova explosion” can detect “gravity changes” from the earth? the answer is, may measured, because of the whole “supernova” mass are all leave the original position with high speed, lead to the distribution of UDL(gravitational force-line) changed.Conversely, distant appear gravitational change shows that aster even outer in several light-years, it still have “gravitational force-line” interaction with the earth.

  Space all matter are in the constant motion, relative location constant change, there fore, qualitatively, “gravity change” to be homely food;quantificationally, usually not large numerical, often do not have arouse the degree for people “detect”.

“gravity change” is “gravitational wave”.Mainly refers to the distant gravity wave which was measured by instrument, this gravity actually exist between far away aster with the earth.


3 the nature of gravitational wave


  Since gravitational wave is “force wave”, that just the changing of acting force-line, force-line be attached to the matter and itself is not material, so gravitational wave is “immateriality” wave, but, it cannot leave the matter, compare with “electromagnetic wave”:

  1. electric wave:to be the wave of space electric field (electron)

  2. Magnetic wave:to be the homologous “force wave” when waveguide inner flash magnetization

  3. Radio wave:produce from circuit(material), issued in space electric (electron) field 

Wave motion is variation, does gravitational wave is a kind of “gradual change” or “sudden change”?

In fact, the force-line of every object or the force-line of basic particle sends out force-line to space has been all “effects”, can think space have not free force-line, just, follow relative position change, the “distribution” of the acting force-line also change in the “same time”.

  So, the form of gravitational wave is not “rectangular pulse” but a smooth curve.“Gravitational wave” is “synonymy” with “acting force-line change”, this “change” cause from “relative position change”, relative position change is the result of relative motion, the motion of any object possess continuity, this make gravitational wave possess “continuous change” properties.

  Above stated gravitational wave only happen at two objects of act each other and forming gravity, although any body have “many” interacting objects, but reflect of gravity “gravitation” is “between two”, there fore, “produce” or “discover” gravitational wave only can between two formed gravity objects.

Can “make” gravitational wave at once to hurt a “target”? this obviously can’t do, because the “maker” should be the part by gravity act, (sj3) gravitational change will both side suffer in the same time.

There fore, the properties of gravitational wave are:

  (1) To be the immaterial wave

  (2)  Wave-form continues change

  (3) It does not the sine curve

  (4) Only happened between the object of relative effect and form gravitation 

  (5) Not transfer to other object or space 

  (6) Not carry energy

  (7) not possess “polarization、refraction、diffraction、interference、reflex and so on” properties


4 how transfer of the gravitational wave in the space



  Put forward this proposition of “how transfer for the gravitational wave” means need with difference at general wave propagation and gravitational waves don’t spread.To the general wave: 

 (1)To be the motion of matter 

 (2) The motion may through medium “transfer”

 (3)“transfer” along the medium vibrate direction or perpendicular the medium vibrate direction 

 (4) Have the strict cycle

 (5) Has the amplitude which was homologous with energy, follow the distance add the amplitude would decay

 (6) The wave of the same cycle possess coherence 

 (7) on the different medium boundary occur refraction、reflex、diffraction and so on phenomenon

 And gravitational waves although nominally called wave, but would not have above any a kind of property, this is due to though gravitation be attached to matter but is not matter, gravitational waves is the act force-line happen change so acting force change, this change will not “spread”, therefore, gravitational waves spread not. 


5 gravitational waves wave velocity

 

  

  Some article discusses “the speed of gravitational waves”, and put forward the different concrete numerical value, one of the biggest is “light velocity”, these discussions not put forward mechanism, difficult do the correct judge for this, if a star in the “some light-year” outside, measured gravitational wave for this direction from the earth, it means between the earth and that star originally have force-line interaction, now action force-line changed.The reason of need know “gravitational waves wave velocity” is, need know the exact time of distant place happen “gravity change” information. 

  Gravity change, is original acting force-line now happen changed, if this changing information issued with light speed, whether need after “some light-year” can we find it from the earth? Not really, because it is the force-line’s “connect” or “break”, if this force-line get “break”, at the same time, any where on this force-line should find at the same time, therefore gravitational wave need not “propagation time”, so, gravitational waves “speed” is “infinity”. 


6 distant gravitational waves event



  When we measured a certain direction produced gravitational waves, this means between that object and the earth, now the action force-line has been happen change.

   What circumstance under will happen this change? the most significant event certainly is “supernova”, this moment, a lot of material away from the original position with high speed, naturally lead to action force-line follow it change, mean:produce gravitational waves.

    Hence, when we measured a certain direction produced gravitational waves, shall be estimated, this direction “now” happened “supernova”, can expect, after several night-year well observed there appear “supernova” optical picture.

    Conversely, in the star map from large astronomical telescope, there are some “halo” “fish eye” and so on graphics, after measured their distance, can judge, this is “how many years ago” over there happened “supernova explosion”, “now”——after some years——in fact there is not such situation as image appears.