L45 zl质量到底能不能变？

          陈理士

(Text in English see the rear)

提要 现代物理学1905年开始离开了“两个不灭”规律，虽然回答了几道难题，但也使基础理论陷入误域，于是不断出现新奇理论与难题，当今，亟宜在尊重自然规律和认真分析的基础上“重归正道”，恢复和尊重两项物理基础规律的应有地位。

关键词　质量可变　　物质不灭 　　能量不灭　　　物理学 　基础理论失误

1 质量可变理论导致的现状

　　“宇宙大爆炸前，现在宇宙的全部物质都压缩在一个理论的点里”、“在五维空间里隐宇宙同我们的宇宙相撞产生了我们的宇宙”、“ LHC强子对撞机可以产生微型黑洞，模仿宇宙大爆炸初期”………。上述“理论”不时可以见到，其理论的支撑主要是“质量可变”，由于“质量可变”出自相对论，似乎更具权威性。

　　当今，“弦理论”、黑洞理论、暗能量、暗物质等“理论”方兴未艾，同样需要“质量与能量相互转变”的支撑。

可见，质量到底能不能变、质量与能量能不能相互转变是物理基础理论的重大问题，需要慎重据理分析。

　　本文再次强调了离开两个“不灭”引起的失误，为了清理失误，纯净物理基础理论，需要尽快恢复“物质不灭和能量不灭”的物理基础规律的重要地位。

2 质量可变理论产生的的背景

　　一百年前，发现了一些似乎不能遵循物质与能量守恒一些现象，如：

1、带电粒子在加速器中其速度不随加速电压成比例提高，不论电压多高，粒子也达不到光速，似乎与“声障”相似，出现了“光障”。

2、放射性物质不断放射出巨大能量，此能量来自何处？

3、粒子运动轨迹有时在示踪过程中中断，这似乎属于“质湮”。

遵循物质与能量守恒两项规律，这些现象成为不能回答的难题；不遵照这两项规律，文章悖理。

　　相对论为了证明质量可变，应用了一组动量方程，而将“物质的能量”E巧妙地用相同结构加入这组方程，取得了E=mc2(平方)的结果。　　

　　此结果利用数学回避了机理，而且由于此方程数值得到粗略“验证”，令人深信不疑。

由此，“质量可变”“质量变能量”似乎已不成问题。

3 今天的认识

３.１今天对以上难题的解释

1a 粒子加速器利用电荷间的力，驱动“带电”粒子加速，运动电子的驱动能力优于静止电子，运动电子和被加速粒子间的作用类似风与帆，由于线路中的电流速度为光速，被加速带电粒子的速度总要略小于光速。被加速带电粒子受到“风帆效应”的制约，速度达不到更不能超过光速。在这里，不存在任何使质量发生变化的机理，用“质量发生改变”作为粒子速度不随加速电压上升的解释在当年虽然是既大胆而又超群,但“风帆效应”机理明显。

2a 物质的原子能来自何处？以镭为例，它不断向空间放射出α、β、γ三种粒子射线，粒子具有质量m及速度v，当然有能量(动能)1/2mv2（平方）。其实，正是这个1/2mv2形成了温度、放射性等能量。离开了放射性物质所“放”出的粒子质量m和它的速度v，谈不上它的“放射能”。

　　由于坚持相信物质不灭、能量不灭两项物理基本规律不能弃置，陈理士经过长期、反复推敲，终于领悟了：放射性元素启示质子、中子不是“一枚粒子”而是由基本粒子形成的“微涡旋星系”，参见《L04 物质演变》。

　　所以，原子能乃是任何物质先天具有，不需要由“质量变能量”生成，不过，平时此能量被引力束缚在质子、中子里，不向外显示，放射性元素由于存在质子、中子辐射和被冲击解体，因此发出此能量。

3a 如何看待在威尔逊云室、感光乳胶片等处出现的“轨迹中断”？迄今，此类中断被称为“质湮”，它被用以证明粒子在轨迹中断处似乎质量发生了“湮灭”，果真湮灭了吗？ 

　　这里有一个反问，是否进入威尔逊云室或乳胶片的每粒粒子都能毫不遗漏地显示出它们的踪迹呢？如果是，踪迹中断方可考虑为质量湮灭，但实际上，只有部分粒子被显示踪迹，所以，能否显示，并不代表质量的有无，多半只是能量的不同。既如此，不能将“迹湮”称作“质湮”，如果质量可以湮灭，如果质量湮灭会转变出mc2能量，总会在“湮没”处产生一点蛛丝马迹。对迹湮的判断，应倾向于粒子在运动中动能减少，在该点已达显示阈值，由可显现转变为不可显现，如此而已。

　　由此可见，以往认为足以支持“质量变能量”的“实例”其实并非如此，它们没有能够证实经典物理所发现的物质不灭和能量不灭两项基础物理规律遇到了例外。

物理学于此由于误会，搁置了重要规律，怎能避免不陷于误域。

３.2方程不能代替机理

　　有人认为研究工作就是“提出方程、验证方程、得到正确方程”，这是很片面的，物理理论探求的是机理、规律。对此，数学方程是有效手段，可以使描述精确化、量化，常常不能或缺。

　　但是，仅有机理没有方程的物理描述有时是可能的，例如牛顿三定理；仅有方程而没有机理的描述则不能令人放心，如：虽然E = mc2 方程至今合用，但是不能因此相信质量可以变能量。因为缺乏机理，难以置信。上面已叙述过，此方程的能量来自原子内部质子、中子先天具有的动能，只是通常不释放而已，至于此方程是否精确，依然有待进一步验证。

３.3经典物理学的两项基础规律只能继承不能弃置

　　以往，物质与能量守恒两项规律既成为指导准则也成为检验标准，直到1905年《狭义相对论》发表前，这两项规律不但未受到质疑，而且被非常尊重。

以上叙述可见，《相对论》这方面的“结果”虽然在当时是了不起的成果，但面对长期验证的规律，只能退避。如果要对规律作出改动，需要非常慎重，只能改进不能改误。

　　100年前相对论作出的以上改动可以说既是胆略超群也是情非得已，当时没有人能够据理回答上述难题，100年来，也没有人对“质量可变”提出质疑。今天看来，任何已经被认知的“能”，都可以归结为“物质运动”的动能，因此，物质与能量的守恒同物质与能量的“不灭”同义。

　　由于“质量可变”的误导，今天，空间物理理论中“暗能量”“暗物质”已经放在同一个“档次”上处理，在经典物理学中“能量=质量”显然是重大错误。

　　其实，用量纲分析也容易看出，质量与能量之间不能划等号。

　　以上3.1中的1a、2a、3a 据理对上述难题1、2、3做出了今天的解释，那些据以作出“质量可变”的“实例”已经不再踏实，搁置物质不灭、能量不灭两项基础物理规律的“依据”不复存在，还能举出任何质疑“物质不灭、能量不灭”的实例吗？可以相信，今后即使“又发现”此类“实例”，也必定是事出有因、查无实据。

　　这两项基础规律乃是物理理论不能越过的界线，是检验物理理论正确与否的基本标准，对于其正确性毋庸置疑。如果不尊重物理规律，还能够写出具有正确理论的物理论文吗？

３.4质量可变，其误在变

　　物理学研究的直接对象是“物”，对于物的认识当然成为物理基础性的重要内容，此认识如有毫厘之差，后果如何？请看：

（1）当今，“什么是物质”已经成为物理学的难题。物质可以“变”，“现有宇宙间的全部物质都压缩在一个理论的点里”，对此，恐怕神仙也不能回答“什么是物质”！

（2）主流 粒子理论认为基本粒子有12种，另一种理论认为有62种，它们质量各不相同，而且它们大多是不稳定的短命粒子，但是，它们却聚合成为质量高度划一而稳定的“质子”“中子”，这么多的短命粒子都在哪里？怎样成为质子、中子的？恐怕只能依靠“变”了。

（3）迄今，人们既没有发现“质量变能量”的实例，也没有发现“能量变质量”的实例，但是，“质量可变”观点却深入人心，以此为出发点的文章层出不穷，虽然展现了丰富的想象力，但也使理论背离规律、沦于失误。

　　归根结底，“质量可变”现在已经没有任何支撑，恐怕只剩下了惯性。而任何以此为基础的理论，只能是不正确的理论，所以，质量可变，误莫大焉 ！

4对于“质量不可变”否定之否定

　　若说《相对论》关于“质量可变”的理论“睿智”，是指它对上述难题提出了当时人全都提不出的“解答”，而且使当时人信服。

　　但是，今天看来，并不正确。因为背离了基础物理规律，说质量可变找不到机理和事实的支持，以往那些“质量可变”乃是人们的误解。这一失误弱化了人们对于物理规律的严肃态度，乃是基础理论的重要失误。

　　有了“质量可变”作支撑，那些 “新奇的”、令人耳目一新但违反规律的理论不断涌现。

　　于是离奇理论迭出：时间居然可以倒流，空间可以超过三维，物质可以神奇压缩，“膨胀”可以将一个“点”变成“现存的宇宙”，能量可以类同于质量等等。这些都是无视客观规律，没有了是非标准，任意驰骋想象的结果。根据什么可以相信它们是正确的呢？

　　以往，两个不灭作为物理学的基础规律曾经受到应有尊重，今天，如果不恢复这种尊重，继续相信质量可以变来变去，如何能够避免它不与神话结伴？

因此，需要对于“质量可变”进行否定，亦即，对于质量不可变的否定——质量可变——来一次否定之否定,在那些奇谈怪论已经登堂入室的今天，可以说，亡羊补牢，犹未为晚。 

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L45  can the quality variable or can't at all

S. G. Chinese

abstractmodern physics leave the discipline of “two conservation” begin 1905, though answered some difficult problems, but also make basic theory sink into error region, hence appeared new difficult problems, nowadays, urgently should “again return to the just way ”on the base of respect to natural law and serious analysis, recover the proper position for two basic discipline 

key wards　 quality variable　 conservation of matter 　　conservation of energy　　　physics 　fault of basic theory

1 the current situation of quality variable theory result in

　　“before the big bang, whole matter of current cosmos are all pressed in a theoretical point ”、“the hidden cosmos of 5 dimension space collide with our cosmos generate our cosmos ”、“hadron collider LHC can generate mini-black hole, to copy initial stage of the big bang ” ………。Above theory often can lay eyes on, the support of this theory mainly to be “quality variable”, due to “quality variable” come out of relativity, it seems more possess authority．

Nowadays, chord theory、black hole theory、dark energy、dark matter and so on “theory” just starting to expand, similarly need the support of “quality and energy mutual changing ”． 

　　Clearly, At all the quality can or can’t changing、the quality can or can’t changing mutually change with energy to be the vital problem of basic physical theory, need careful analysis according to the reason．

　　this text emphasized once again for creative fault from leave two “conservation”, in order to clean the fault, pure physical basic theory, need renew the important position of physical basic law of “conservation of matter and conservation of energy” as soon as possible． 

2 the generated background of quality variable theory

　　For the centenary ago, found some phenomenon of that seem can’t keep to matter conservation and energy conservation, such as：

1、 the charged particle’s speed can’t pro rata increase follow accelerating potential in the accelerator, no matter how high the voltage, particle cannot reach to the speed of light too, it seems similar with “sound barrier”, appear “light barrier”．

2、the radioactive substance ceaselessly radiate huge energy, where come from this energy?

3、 sometimes the movement locus of particle in the tracing process get suspend, this seems belong to “Quality annihilating”．

　　The difficulty of the time lie in：keep to two laws of matter and energy conservation, these phenomenon become the difficult problem of cannot respondent； don’t keep to these two laws of matter and energy conservation, the article should contrary to reason．

　　The theory of Relativity in order to prove the quality is variable, applied a group of momentum equation, and hand over “material energy” E skillfully use “the same structure” this group of equation, obtained the result of E = mc2 (square)．

　　There out, “quality variable” “quality change to energy ”seem then be no problem at all．

3 hodiernal cognition

３.１today’s explanation for above difficult problem 

1a particle accelerator use the force between the charges, to drive “charged” particle acceleration, the driving ability of motion electron be superior with static electron, the effect between motion electron and accelerated particle similar with the wind and the sail, due to the speed of current in the line is the speed of light, the speed of accelerated particle always should less than the speed of light．The accelerated charged particle suffer restricting from “wind-sail effect”, the speed cannot reach to more can’t exceed the speed of light．Here, in-exist any mechanism for make quality happen change, to use “quality happen change” act as the explanation for particle’s speed not rising follow voltage build up though it is both bold and preeminence in those days, but “wind-sail effect” possess clear mechanism． 

2a where come from the matter’s atomic energy? For example as the radium, it ceaselessly radiate three kinds of particle ray of α、β、γ to space, particle have quality m and speed v, of course have energy (kinetic energy) 1/2mv2(square)， really, just this 1/2mv2 formed temperature、radioactivity and so on energy．Leaved the particle’s quality m and its speed v of radioactive substance “released” out then far from its “radioactivity”． 

Due to believe in it cannot discard two physical basic law of matter conservation 、energy conservation, Chinese physics go through long-term、repeatedly thresh, at last understand：radioactive element teaching that proton、neutron does not “a particle” but to be the “micro vortex galaxy” formed from basic (elementary) particle, see also in 《L04 matter’s evolution》。 

Therefore, atomic energy was any matter congenital have, with no need for produced by “quality change to energy ”, merely, at ordinary time, this energy tied in protoh and neutron by attracting force, don’t show outward, due to the radioactive element exist proton’s、neutron’s irradiation and shocked KD, so issue this energy． 

3a how look on the “track break off” arisen in Wilson cloud chamber or on the Photographic emulsion film? Until now, this kind of suspend be called “Quality obscured”, this give way to prove particle’s quality seem get obscured at the place of track break off, does really obscured?

　　Here have a rhetorical question, whether every particle of enter into Wilson cloud chamber or on the Photographic emulsion film all can show their track and no one get omit? If yes, track break off then can consider is quality obscured, but in practice, only part particle get show its track, so, can or can’t show, does not delegate have or have not the quality, more often only different in the energy．As such, it cannot called “track obscured” for “quality obscured” lf the quality can obscured, if “quality obscured” able to changed energy mc2 (square), always generate some trace evidence at “obscured” place．To Judge the “track obscured” , should tend to particle’s energy get reduce at the volley, at this point already reach to the display’s threshold, from can show translate to cannot display, and that’s that．

　　From this it can be seen, that formerly think the examples of enough sustain “quality obscured” actually was not the case, they be without can confirm two law of matter conservation and energy conservation come across the exception．

Physics hereof out of misunderstand, shelved important law, how can avoid don’t sink into error region．

３.2 equation cannot in stead of mechanism

　　Some one think research work exactly “put forward equation、test and verify equation、get correct equation”, this is very one-sided, physical theory look out the mechanism、law．For this, math equation is the effective means, it can make the description precision、quantification, often cannot maybe lack．

　　Because of，, sometimes the physical description only have mechanism and not have equation was possible, such as Newton three theorems； 

Only have equation and have not mechanism’s description be cannot make one feel relieved, as: though equation E = mc2 so far is fit for use, but cannot believe in quality can change to energy, because lack of mechanism, it is incredible．Above has been narrated, the energy of this equation is come from the kinetic energy of proton、neutron inner of atom’s interior, just generally not release nothing more, as for if this equation is correct, still await more proving．

３.3 two basic laws of classical physics can but inherit and should not discard

　　Formerly, two law of matter and energy conservation both become guide standard and inspection standard, until before 1905 《relativity》published , these two laws no only not got query, but got very respected． 

　　Above narrate visible,《relativity》’s “result” of this aspect though was the amazing fruit at that time, but face the law of long-term proved, can but keep off．If want change the law, it need very careful, can but improve and cannot change to error．

　　The above alteration worked out by relativity before 100 years so to say since courage and resource preeminence also to have no choice, at that time no one can answer above problems with reason, go by 100 years, no one raise query for “quality variable” also, today it seems, any “energy” of understand, are all can come down to the kinetic energy of “the motion of matter”, therefore, conservation of matter and energy is synonymy with quality and energy “immortalization”． 

　　Due to mislead of “quality variable”, to day, “dark energy” “dark matter” in theory of space physics already treated on the same “level”, in the classical physics “energy = quality” belong to gross errors clearly． 

Really, to use dimensional analysis also easy see, between quality and energy cannot equate． 

　above 1a、2a、3a of 3.1has been work out today’s explain according to the mechanism for above difficult problems, those “examples” of based it make with “quality variable” is no longer dependable yet, the “basis” of shelve two physical basic law is to be no more, can still hold up any example of query “matter conservation、energy conservation”? it can believe in, from now on even “find as well” this kind of example, also no doubt be the where there’s smoke, there’s fire and it has been found that report is not substantiated by fact．

　　These two items of basic law to be the boundary line of can’t step over, was the basic standard of test physical theory if correct or not, for it’s correctness should be undisputed．If disrespect to physical law, can write out physical thesis of possess correct theory still? 

３.4 quality variable, the error was at the change 

　Physics investigative direct object is “matter”, the cognition for matter surely become infrastructure important content of physics, if this cognition have an iota error, what is the result? See please：

(1) now, “what is matter” already the difficult problem of physics．Matter may “change”, “whole matters in the present cosmos are all pressed in a theoretical point”, to this, I’m afraid immortal also cannot reply “what is matter”!

(2) particle theory of main stream of a fluid think of there have 12 kinds of basic (elementary) particles, another theory think of there have 62 kinds of basic particles, their quality was different for each other, and mostly they to be unstable short-lived particle, but, they get together become “proton” “neutron” of quality highly uniform and stable, where is it for so more short-lived particle? how can they become proton 、neutron? I’m afraid can but rely on “change”．

(3) so far, folk both have not find the true example of “quality change to energy” and also have not find the example of “energy change to quality”, but the viewpoint of “quality variable” only to have been around, articles on this viewpoint but emerge in endlessly, although emerged rich vision, but also make theory deviate from law、sink in fault．In the finer analysis, now “quality variable” already have not any support, only remained inertia． And that any theory use this for the base, can but the untrue theory, therefore, quality variable, the utmost error!

4 negation of negation for “quality cannot change”

　　As if say about “quality variable” theory of 《relativity》was “wise and farsighted”, is point it raised the “answer” of that time peoples are all cannot do, and make peoples in that time be convinced．

　　However, present to see, it was not correct．Because it depart from basic physical law, to say quality variable cannot find support of mechanism and fact, formerly those “quality variable” to be the misunderstand of people．This fault reduced their serious manner for physical law, to be the important fault of basic theory．

　　Have the support of “quality variable”, those theory of “newfangled”、make one find every thing fresh and new but violate law ceaseless spring up． 

Hence quirkiness theory one after another come out，the time can unexpectedly backflow, space can unexpectedly exceed 3 dimensions, matter can miraculously compress, “expansion” can miraculously hand over “a point” to change into “existing cosmos”, energy can similar with quality etc．These are all the results of ignore objective law、had not the standard of right and wrong、and arbitrarily gallop imaging．What is the basis make we can believe in they are correct? 

　　In the past, two “immortalization” to regard as physical basic law ever suffer proper respect, today, if not renew this respect, to continue believe in quality can change come from 、change apart from, how can avoid it go not with myth? 

　　There fore, need process negative for “quality variable”, that is, for the negation of “quality cannot change” do negation of negation once, in today those ridiculous argument has been reach a higher level in one’s studies, may say, take precautions after suffering a loss, just as not lateness．