L39 熵的不当开拓 open up of the
2019-1-7
L39 熵的不当开拓
陈理士
提要 探讨熵的原始意义与扩展
关键词 熵 von熵 香农熵 宇宙熵
(this text in English see rear)
热力学中的熵S定义为Q对T的微商dQ/dT , Q与T分别代表热量与温度,比值随温度而改变,是变量。其中的dQ为系统从热源所吸收的热量,T为系统的热力学温度,dS则为系统在受热过程中所增加的熵,是“不可用能量”的量度。也有的直接定义S=Q/T,这里,熵具有水、汽比热的含义。但是,熵S不是常数,随温度T而变。
在水蒸气作为主要动力介质的年代,熵曾经是一个重要的实用物理参数。那时,通过燃煤产生水蒸气,利用水蒸气膨胀作功得到动力。为了定量计算,对于水和水蒸气的实验研究得到了大量数据,绘成了“温熵图”,在热力工程中,它是必备资料。离开了它,难以进行设计计算,因此,在这一领域,“熵”显得具体实用,在这里,熵是具体数据,并不抽象。
随着内燃机的兴起,蒸汽在动力领域所占份额逐步下降,人们不再面向“温熵图”查找数据而是转向研究奥图循环、迪赛尔循环、沙巴太循环,对于熵在热工领域的研究,已没有多少文章可做。但是,人们为熵开拓了新的应用:
(1)将事件的条理性同熵相联系,条理性越好便是熵值越低,反之是熵值高;
(2)将环境的有序性与否同熵联系,环境污染为熵值高,反之环境良好为熵值低;
(3)同人的生体状态相联系,说“吃饭是为了降低熵,饥饿、疲劳、疾病是熵值升高;
(4)同空间“天体”的物理状态相联系,“黑洞的熵”一词已在论文中应用。
(5)向微观粒子渗透,量子力学中有了“von熵”;
(6)在化学反应中引入了熵的概念
(7)向信息领域渗透,有“香农熵”这一术语;
(8)向中医理论中渗透,提出了“证熵”
(9)在宇宙演变描述中以“宇宙接近熵的最大值”代表“宇宙不再出现进一步变化”
(10)逐步渗透到哲学、经济学等社会科学领域
同熵的原来定义相比,这一些大都属于“定义开拓”而不单是应用领域开拓,只有(4)(5)依然在物理学领域之内,可以在原来定义的基础上加以讨论。
先看(4),由物理角度看,任何一个物理量的微分或积分并不改变其量纲,因此,熵的量纲为Q/T的量纲,目前,物理界为温度和热量设置了“种类”不同的量纲 ,实质上,温度与动量是类似的,温度同热量在量纲上应当相关,在物体内部,作为温度的能量只涉及原子的电子层,相应的质量只占物体质量的‰,因此,温度不能直接使用动能的量纲。但是也不能从理论上认为温度、热量具有不同“种类”的量纲。“熵的量纲”向LMT三元归并是物理基础理论需要解决的事项。因为任何物理参量,其量纲都应当不越出这三个“元”,这表明,熵的理论从基础上尚不够圆满,有待进一步完善。
但是,宇宙中的物质都有熵值吗?
所有物质都有“长度、质量”和“运动过程——时间”,这是物理量纲的三元,而并非所有物质都有“热量”。只有聚合度大于原子的物质才存在“温度”,才有热量。温度的高低是原子电子层动能大小的表示,电子回转速度快慢决定温度高低。
如果原子失去电子层,也就谈不上“温度”和“热量”,于是也就不存在熵。但同时,它也已经不是原子,其聚合度小于原子,可能是轻子、重子、质子、中子、宇宙射线粒子、原子核、基本粒子等。可见,离开原子,没有了“电子外层”,无所谓温度,也就谈不上熵。
还有哪些物质没有熵呢?
如果存在“中子星”,“中子星”不存在熵。“中子星”是现代理论创造的天体之一,没有见到反对它存在的文章。但是陈理士物理认为它不可能存在,理由是:空间并不存在静止不动的中子,在质子、中子聚合成为原子之时,数量超过210枚的中子、质子就已经不能稳定的聚合在一起,再多就倾向于“放射”,即使是“放射性元素”,至今也没有发现多达270枚中子、质子的“原子核”。是什么机制,让“超海量”的中子能够“团结”成“中子星”?
退一步说,假定存在“中子星”,因为它没有外电子层,自然也不具有温度,因而没有熵。
如上所述,聚合尚未达到原子规模的所有物质没有熵。这样的物质在宇宙物质总量中所占比例不大,它们来自“超新星爆发”、恒星的辐射以及基本粒子的“一级聚合”,最小是基本粒子,最大是原子核。但是,数量却相当多,以空间电场中的电子为例,其数量要比宏观物质数量多得多。
按照熵的定义,当把熵的应用推广到空间物体时,只能应用于由原子、分子聚合而成的物体。那些客观存在的天体、星际物质因为是由原子组成,当然具有熵值。
但是,笼统地将许多物质包含在一起是无法判断“它的熵”的,熵的名正言顺的应用只能限定在热力学范围之内。
任何“看不到”、“探测不到”的宏观“物质”或“天体”,是否有“熵”呢?这是一个问题。任何真实的原子必定有外层电子,能够辐射或反射电波,所以是可以被探测到的;那些不能被探测到的“物体”或“天体”它们非但没有“熵”,而且能否存在是一个问题,对此,上面关于中子星的讨论已有所述。这同小于1/2波长的微观物质不能被观察发现的性质不同。
再看(5),量子力学研究的对象全都小于质子、中子,按照原始定义,所有量子都不存在熵值。因此,在量子力学中引入“熵”不属于应用开拓而是对熵的定义作出了改变。因为“熵”属于物理基础理论范畴,它的原始定义是十分严格的。改变定义、增加应用范围的途径应当是从基础理论入手,根据明确的理由,开拓它的定义,建立新的表达方式,使其既包含原先的功能,又得到合理开拓。
如果不是从基础理论入手进行开拓而是就事论事地随意确定,势必百花齐放而莫衷一是,结果会出现“熵究竟是什么?”之类的问题。
“Von熵”的出现,跨越了合理程序,它首先要证明,量子存在“熵”而且给它明确的定义。
在上述(1)至(3)和(6)至(10)各种开拓应用领域中,还能够说清楚究竟什么是熵吗?那里的“熵”是一个模糊的概念,在不同领域有不同“含义”,当然不能加以定量,已经不再具有物理量的性质。
或者说,那只是向不同学术领域引用了物理名词而已。
不难发现,在上述这8方面的具体引用中,采用“熵”这一术语并未给表达带来简明、清晰,如果按照事情的本意采用相应的描述而不在那里使用“熵”这个词,也许文章更容易读懂。
现在,既然在定义未加统一修改的情况下使用了“熵”,此时,“熵”这个词已经不再含有物理学原先赋予的含义,已经成了一个“万能胶”式的词汇。
从学术角度,对于这类不属于物理学范畴的定义修改需要防止“反馈”进物理理论、产生不应有的混淆,“谨防”发生这种混淆。这里举出两个例子:
(1)数学领域有“函数空间”的专论,《相对论》也引入了“张量”,但是,真实空间只是3维,这是经过严格论证和长期验证的具有规律性质的定论。至于数学里的“空间”,除了坐标的理论联系实际之外,其它的乃是“纯数学”的“空间”。那里的“元”与“维”不指任何物理事物而是一个自变量或方程。所以,数学空间的“维”没有理论上限。
《相对论》提出了“四维时空”,并不意味着主张空间是4维。因为任何空间信息以光速传播,故发生“时间延迟”,并在相对运动的体系之间发生“时间畸变”,通过在三维坐标的方程中增加一个自变量t(时间),成为四个自变量的四元方程,对四元方程线性变换便可能反映出“时间畸变”从而计算出真实时间。《相对论》在“四维时空”里进行的是数学处理,应当理解为它是“四维数学空间”。
在宇航时代,《四维时空》理论是对理论和实际的巨大贡献,如果认为《相对论》提出了“空间是4维”,乃是一种误会。也有物理论文中的空间维度到了5、7、11甚至更多维,试问,超过3的那些“维”,它们置身何处?“两个具有3维空间的物质体系”相遇,能够形成一个“5维、6维”的“体系”吗?显然,不论局部还是全体,任何情况下空间只能是3维。
超过3的多维空间在物理理论中出现,是不是说明数学的空间理论反馈入物理理论并且已经引起了混淆?
(2)有人提出,人类吃饭是“为了降低熵值”。人类到底为什么吃饭,生理学的研究恐怕要实际得多、深入得多。“吃饭降熵”说虽然出自著名物理学者,但也难以“越俎代庖”,因为学术讨论需要尊重事实、尊重机理、以理服人。对于人来说,什么是熵?以前没有类似定义,迄今也未提出过这样的定义,如果“人的熵”没有定义,“升、降”何从谈起?
当今,那些从物理学引入了“熵”的“学科”,需要各自为自己的“熵”赋予明确定义,因为,原先的物理定义已经不能适用,这里是定义的开拓而不是应用领域的开拓,新的定义既然不同于物理学中的定义,如不首先明确,理论何以为繼,混乱何以能免?
在本门学科中引入其它学科的术语,通常并不存在问题,但是在“熵”的以上具体情况下,有必要分析一下,这样做是利大于弊吗?能够使文章更为清晰简明吗?是必要的吗?特别是,现在应用已经广泛展开而定义却未明确,能够期望出现什么样的有利后果呢?
2019.3.25 加注: 本文2009/9/19 登上本网站原先架构,2019.1月现在的新架构投入使用后未设计“加入时间、阅读次数”,故加注以保持原貌。
L39 unjust open up of the entropy
S. G. Chinese
abstract to probe the primitive meaning and the extend meaning of entropy
Key word entropy von entropy Shannon entropy cosmic entropy
In the thermodynamics the entropy is defined as the differential coefficient dQ/dT, Q and T separately delegate the quantity of heat and temperature, this ratio follow the temperature, is the variable.Therein dQ is the heat of system absorbent from heat source, T is the temperature of thermodynamics of the system, then dS is increased entropy of system in the process of heat up, this is the measure of “unavailable energy”.Also some direct define :S=Q/T, here, the entropy possess the meaning of the specific heat of water、steam.But, the entropy does not constant, it will change follow the temperature.
In the age of use steam act for power medium, swell and work done, the entropy used to be a important practical physical parameter.At that time, fire coal produce steam, use steam’s swell work done get power.For ration calculate, the research for water and steam gat mass data, draw out a “tephigram”, in the heat engineering it is the necessary data.Depart from it, difficult to do design calculate, therefore in this field entropy appear specific practical, here, entropy is the specific data, does not abstract.
Following the combustion motor rise, steam occupy share in the power field get drop step by step, they no longer seek data face “tephigram” but turn to study Otto cycle、Diesel cycle、Sabah too cycle, the research of entropy in thermo-technical, then not have much contains.But open up the new use for the entropy:
(1)hold the event’s regularity related to it, the regularity more good to be the entropy value more low, on the contrary to be the entropy value high
(2) hold the environmental order related to it, environmental contamination is the entropy value high, conversely, environment well to be the entropy value lower
(3) relate to people’s body condition, saying “eat is for drop the entropy value”, hunger、fatigue、disease is entropy value high”
(4) relate to the physical state of “heavenly bodies”, a word of “the entropy of black hole ” has been use in the text
(5) permeate towards micro-particle, it have the “von entropy” in the quantum mechanics
(6) bring in entropy concept in the chemical reaction
(7) permeate towards the information field, have the term of “Shannon entropy”
(8) permeate towards theory of Chinese medicine
(9) in the description of cosmic evolution use “cosmos near the maximum of entropy ” to represent “cosmos no longer more change”
(10)permeate step by step go to the economics 、the philosophy and so on social science field
Compare with the original definition of the entropy, these mostly belong to “definition open up” and not only the field open up, only (4)、(5) still in the physical field, may inflict discuss on the original basis.
First to see (4) from the physical angle, any differential or integral of a physical quantity would not its dimension, therefore, the dimension of entropy was the dimension of Q/T, currently, physical field set up the different “kind” of dimension for temperature and quantity of heat, essentially, temperature is similar with momentum, temperature and quantity of heat ought be relative on the dimension.In the interior of object, the temperature act as the energy only involve atom’s electronic shell, the homologous mass also only occupy ‰ of object’s mass, therefore temperature cannot direct use energy’s dimension.But also cannot think of temperature、quantity of heat possess the different “kind” of dimension.“dimension of the entropy” incorporate into three element L、M、T is the items of need solve of the physical basic theory.Because any physical parameter, its dimension all should not get over these three “element”, this make clear, entropy theory still not perfect on the base.Await more perfection.
But, whether whole matters in cosmos are all have entropy value?
All matter are have “length、quality” and “motor process——time”, these are the three element of physical dimension, it does not whole matter are all possess “quantity of heat”.
Only matter of the polymerizing degree large than atom can exist “temperature” and “quantity of heat”.The high-low of temperature is the indication of size of kinetic energy of atom’s electronic shell, fast or slow of electron rotating speed decide high-low of the temperature.
If the atom lose the electronic shell, thus far from “temperature” and “quantity of heat”, hence do not exist the entropy.But at the same time, it also already not the atom, its polymerizing degree less than the atom, possible to be the lepton、baryon、proton、neutron、particle of cosmic rays、atomic nucleus、basic particle etc. visible, leave of the atom, none the electric shell, at once far from the entropy.
Which matter does have not the entropy yet?
If there is exist of the “neutron star”, the “neutron star” be not exist the entropy. the “neutron star” is one of created aster of modern theory, hasn’t lay eyes on text of oppose it can existing.But the Chinese physics think of it impossible exist, the reason is:space is not exist static proton, when proton、neutron polymerizing become atom, if the quantity of proton、neutron exceed 210 at once already cannot stable polymerizing together, still more then engage in “radiation”, even the “radioactive element”, so far also not find the “nucleus” of neutron、proton up to 270.What mechanism can make the neutrons of “surpass huge quantity” “unite” and become “neutron star”?
Appearance of “Von entropy”, step over the reasonable program, the first it need prove, the quantum exist the “entropy” and give it specific definition.
In the every kinds of application area of above (1) to (3) and (6) to (10), can it put in words what is the entropy? Over there the entropy was a blurry concept, in the different field have the different “meaning”, certainly cannot inflict ration, it has been no longer have the properties of physical quantity.Or rather, that only towards different sphere of learning recommend physical noun nothing more.
It is not difficult find, in above eight aspect specific quote, to adopt the term of “entropy” does not bring in concise、clear, if according to the original idea of the matter use corresponding describe and not use the noun of “entropy” there, perhaps the article more easy spell over.
Now, since applied “entropy” under this circumstance of the definition not get unify modified, this moment, this noun of “entropy” already no longer contain original investitive meaning from physics, already become a vocabulary of “universal glue” type.
From academic angle, for this class of alter definition of not belong to physical field need prevent it “feedback” enter into physical theory、produce mix up of should not existing, “beware” of happen this kind of mix up.Here hold up two examples:
(1)math field have the monograph of “function space”, 《relativity》also bring in the “tensor”, but, true space only 3 dimension, this is go through strict proof long-term proving and to be the final conclusion of possess regularity.As for the “space” in math field, except coordinate theory linking with practice, other to be the space of “pure math”.Over there “element” and “dimension” not point any physical matter and to be a argument or equation.Therefore, the “dimension” of math space not have theoretic upper limit.
《relativity》raise “four-dimensional space-time”, by no means it propose the space been four-dimensional.Because any space information is spread with light velocity, so happen “time delay”, and happen “time distortion” between the systems of relative motion, through add a argument t (time) into the equation of three-dimensional, become the four-element equation of four-argument, linear transformation for four-element equation then may reflect “time distortion” thus work out true time.《relativity》progressive in “four-dimensional space-time” was math treatment, should construe it is “4-dimension math space”.
At space navigation time, theory of “4-dimension math space” is the huge contribution for theory and practice, if to think 《relativity》raise “space is 4-dimensional”, it to be a kind of misunderstand.Also have the physical thesis its space dimension arrive 5、7、11、even more, may ask, those “dimension” of exceed 3, where stay for they? Meet of “two matter system of possess 3-dimension space”, can they become the “system” of “5-dimension、6-dimension”? clearly, on matter the part or the whole, in any case the space can but 3-dimensional.
The multi-dimension space of exceed 3 appeal in physical theory, whether explain space theory of math feedback enter into physical theory and has been arouse confuse?.
(2) some one raise, the human eating was “in order to reduce entropy value”. What on earth for the human’s eating? I’m afraid the physiological research would more reality、more deep.“eating reduce entropy value” though from the famous physicist, but also difficult to “go beyond one’s duties to meddle with another’s affairs”, because the academic discussion need respect for fact、respect for reason、convince people by sound reasoning.To say for the people, what is the entropy? The former not have similar definition, up to now also not raise such definition, if “human’s entropy” not have definition, what speak about for “to raise、reduce”?
Now, those “subject” of introduced “entropy” from physics, need each give explicit definition for their own “entropy”, because of, original physical definition has been cannot suitable, here to be the definitional open up and does not open up of application area, since the new definition other than the definition from physics, if not clear at the first, theory how can continue, how can avoid the chaos?
In self subject import other subject’s term, generally does not exist problem, but at above particular case of the “entropy”, be necessary analyze once, whether the benefit is large than the harm when in such doing? Can it be able to make the article more clear and concise? Is it necessary? Particularly, now the application has been extensive unfold while the definition but not have explicit, what kind of beneficial consequence can expect?
- 《 L65 某些物理误论议》
L65 某些物理误论议 序 &nb…
- L64 正确对待《相对论》
今天看,相对论内容有正确与需改进的两部分,本文据理加以区分,提出改进意见。…
- L64 正确对待《相对论》
今天看,相对论内容有正确与需改进的两部分,本文据理加以区分,提出改进意见。…
- L62 基础理论玄虚(泡沫)知多少?
本文 列出物理基础理论中的不正确部分 …
- L61 宇宙问题和初答汇集
本文简答宇宙来源、宇宙由哪些基本物质组成、这些物质如何演变、宇宙规模、“宇宙大爆…
- L 63 谈 中微子
关于中微子的新认识,新理论 …
- L01 粒子今论 modern opinion about
L01 A粒子今论提 要 本文认为粒子种类虚多,…
- L02b 空间概论the generality of the
L02b 空间概论the generality of…
- L03时间亦论 Discuss about the time
L03时间亦论陈 理 士 S. G. C…
- L04a物质演变matter's evolution
L04a物质演变matter's evolution陈理士(山东…