L37  彗星来源

     陈理士

(the text in English see the rear)

提要 本文根据物质在空间的演变过程回答“慧星何来”，附带解释了“月球表面尘埃来源”“星际物质来源”“行星生成捷径”等问题

关键词 彗星　　 彗星来源　　月尘来源　　星际物质来源　　行星形成捷径 

1 前言

　　地球、月球、太阳、行星、彗星等天体几乎全都存在“从何而来”的问题。目前对于这些天体的来源，似乎缺少令人满意的学说，因为未能从理论上系统的探索出这些天体演变的规律或机理。

　　如今，《L04 物质演变》一文给出了描绘，大体上是：物质在宇宙空间演变的总体趋势是聚合，由基本粒子开始聚合成为质子、中子，由质子、中子到原子、分子，逐渐到形成越来越大的物质直至行星、恒星。恒星与“超新星爆发”使许多质子、中子解体成为基本粒子和原子、分子又飞回空间。所有演变形成循环，而且是没有任何“损失”的循环，因此，循环无始无终，永不停止。至于彗星的来源，要在这样的循环过程中去发现。

2彗星的起源 

　　在空间的正常聚合过程中，基本粒子按“蓄能聚合”成为质子、中子，质子、中子聚合成为原子、分子，进一步的聚合是结构比较松散的宇宙尘，它们对外依然具有引力线，倾向于聚合，但是，聚合后的“组群”乃是结构“松散”的“游行队伍”。

　　不妨推测，这支“游行队伍”在游行中规模还会有所扩大，但是，它的总质量相对较小。

　　不难看出，这支“游行队伍”便是彗星，以上描述叙述了彗星的“来源”。 彗星是物质聚合过程中的一种“独特”形态，“独特”在于这种聚合物质显得松散，有如一团散沙。这种现象表明，这里的物质没有经过高温熔融，保持了空间聚合物质的原始状态。其实，这种“独特”恰恰是通常的自然状态。

　　恒星的高温是高压导致的核反应的结果，是物质温度由低到高的自然机制之一，经过高温熔融后冷却下来的物质也就不再松散。所以，由彗星物质的松散，可以判断它是由“原始物质”聚合形成的松散群体，这就是慧星的“结构”。这里所谓“原始物质”乃是在《L04》一文中称为’“二级聚合”形成的原子、分子。这些原子、分子进一步的聚合依然是松散的群体。

3 彗星物质成分

　　从恒星的生成具有随机性来看，彗星的物质组成也具有随机性，恐怕难以发现两颗由完全相同物质聚合而成的彗星。但是有一点，不论不同的彗星具有什么样的“不同成分”，它们都不会离开元素周期表，这些“物质”在成为原子、分子之前，必定先聚合成为质子、中子，只是由于空间“电子环境”的差异和原子获得外围电子有随机性，空间不但形成不同元素，而且还同时形成许多种同位素。

4 彗星 “前途”

　　任何一个空间小行星的出路有二：一是被大者兼并；二是逐渐发展壮大直至成为恒星，关于彗星的出路，发展“壮大”成为恒星的可能性很小，因为比它大的星体太多。此外，这里还有一个“宏观聚合效应”的问题，慧星固然是“引力”聚合的结果，但是，松散的结构使力线密度下降，引力作用的范围受到影响，达到一定规模，外围物质由于引力不足很容易离去，此时，它的规模便稳定下来。不妨认为，已经观察到的那些慧星，有的已经达到最大规模或近乎最大规模。

　　彗星将会在空间悠闲地周游，但总有一天，它们会因为运动方向恰好朝向某一颗大星体而受到“兼并”，成为陨物聚合到其中，于是从空间“消失”。

5彗星是否是空间的特殊星体

　　从上述形成机理看，尽管它的物质结构似乎特殊，但它的聚合形成过程却并非特殊。它是空间物质聚合可能产生的普通群体，它们的数量同天空中的恒星相比似乎显得稀少，但是二者之间没有数量上的可比性，恒星是行星不断“长大”中的佼佼者，是已经存在了若干亿年的“中龄”，还会长期发展下去，在成为“超新星爆发”前不会“夭折”；彗星是聚合初期弱不禁风的的婴儿，而且难以期望它能“成长”为恒星。但是，既然存在聚合机理，空间将会不断“诞生”新的彗星，又不断“消失”，保持其总量的动态平衡。 

6 彗星运行轨道 

　　如果从遥远处飞来一颗星体，不论它的初始速度矢量多大，容易证明，结果有二，一是恰好朝向太阳或地球等行星，发生“对撞”，不过概率“非常非常”之小；二是越来越近，到达最近点后又远离而去，在空间划出一条双曲线。就是说，从太阳系外飞来的彗星，除了对撞这种“小概率”事件外，不会留在太阳系内。

　　如果此彗星形成于太阳系之内，当它受到太阳“吸引”从边缘空间飞向太阳时，轨迹为椭圆，它不会飞出太阳系，如“哈雷”等那些著名的彗星，它们将周期复现。

一般说，诞生在某一个恒星系统内的彗星受到的最大引力来自该恒星，但也不能排除在边缘空域进入另一恒星系统的可能。

　　相对于行星和卫星，慧星的飞行轨迹似乎有点特殊、与众不同。但是，根据以上说明，彗星轨道是正常的，因此，恰恰是行星和卫星的轨迹，使人难以解释。卫星、行星难道都是“宗主星”从空间俘获的吗？如果是，应当受概率制约，为什么它们回转方向完全相同？轨道平面大致一致？轨道形状接近圆形？为什么它们不飞回“来处”？

　　行星同彗星轨道不同，这是大自然向人们显示，行星同彗星有不同的形成机理。对此，将另行讨论。

7相关事件

（1）星际物质中的那些大小不同的块状体从何而来？

　　从质量以吨计的大块陨石到在大气中成为光带的小流星，无不是坚实物体，空间存在大量这类物质，它们必然有“来处”。

　　它们的形态显示，并不是一开始就是这样的形状。作为空间的密实物质它的初始形状应当是球形，因为，只有从高温冷却下来的物质才能密实，高温物质在自由状态下当然是球形，对“超新星爆发”的长期观察获知，在“爆发”后形成的高温气团中会出现一些“亮点”，它们应当是凝聚成为高温液体的膨胀物质，经过长期冷却，便是行星，而且是“速成的、”一蹴而就”的、具有密实物质的行星。从形成机制看，“亮点”不分大小，冷却后都是球形，而空间那些块状物却没有球形的，因此可以相信，块状物并非原始产生。

　　这自然会考虑到，数量庞大分布很广的这类块状体乃是球形小行星在空间发生碰撞的生成物。行星、小行星在空间可能发生碰撞吗？如果可能，这一分析便能够成立。除此之外，似乎没有在空间产生块状物体的机制。天文学家告诉人们，这种碰撞虽然概率很小恰恰肯定会发生。

　　因此，星际物质中的那些大小不同的块状体的产生途径可以认为是由于小行星的碰撞，这类由熔融冷却后的小行星具有岩石结构，它们发生碰撞后形成大小不同的碎块当然也是岩石状。

（2）彗星的“尾巴”是“光压”形成的吗？

　　古代中国人称彗星为扫帚星便是根据它的“尾巴”而取名，观察表明，这个长尾巴似乎是由于受到“光压”而形成的。但是这一描述存在一个基础理论的问题：什么是“光压”？

这里分解为两方面，一是对力的正确认识，二是对光的正确认识。

　　关于力，需要相信，彗星受到的力并非来自太阳的斥力或推力，因为，“远程力”只有引力没有斥力，所以，任何恒星不能“发出”斥力或推力只能发生万有引力。

　　关于光，尽管在每平方米上面太阳形成多大的光压已经准确的测量出来，但是此压力是怎么产生的？到底是“波”还是“粒”产生了光压？对此，“二象性”理论是含糊的。含糊在“光”中既包含了“波”又包含了“粒”，它们不是“同一事物的两个方面”。

　　恒星发出的“光”中，有单纯的光波（三棱镜可以折射的所有的光波）；也有基本粒子和基本粒子的“组群”，这些是真正的粒子，它们具有速度，具有动能。当它们穿过彗星时当然要引起碰撞而将彗星中的某些“颗粒”向“外”推出，如果不足以克服彗星的引力，这些受过冲撞的颗粒自然成为“尾巴”。

　　所以，彗星的长尾巴是太阳辐射的“微粒”冲撞出来的。如果“过滤”掉这些“微粒”，彗星将成为一个“球形”星体而不是“扫帚”形。 

（3）星际尘埃、月球尘埃来源

　　至今，有关“尘埃”的来源似乎依然扑朔迷离，如：月球表面发现的尘埃、星际尘埃、土星光环、彗星尾巴等等，其实，地球上空同样也“纷纷”降下尘埃，只是人们认为乃是地面上的灰尘被风卷到空中而已，这些尘埃在形成云雨的过程中有重要作用，如果是从地面卷上天空的，为什么在全球上空都有云雨？为什么不受大气环流影响？为什么找不到在哪些地区存在这种“尘埃升天”现象？

　　从另一个角度看，“流星雨”恰恰不断降临地球上空，《L04物质演变》阐述了宇宙尘乃是宇宙空间物质演变的一环，空间到处存在宇宙尘，它们向“增大”方向发展，物质聚合演变应当是空间“灰尘”的源泉。由此设想，空间处处有“尘”，物质聚散演变是上述那些“尘”的真正源头。

（4）土星的光环

　　土星的光环从何而来？此问题恐怕难以回答。但是，如果设想一颗彗星偶然进入了它的引力范围之内，情况将会如何？可以理解的结果是，在它的天空出现细小颗粒物质——彗星物质——形成的“带环”。一开始，“带环”的物质分布同彗星相似，由于现在力线分布的改变，“主要的力”是“彗星物质”同土星之间形成的引力，此力超过“彗星物质”的自身凝聚力，经过长期运行，“带环”物质会逐渐均匀，成为现在的样子。

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　The source of the comet

         S. G. Chinese

Extract this article according to the developing process to reply the question of “where come from the comet”, and incidentally to explained the question of “the source of the dust on the moon surface”、”the source of the interstellar matter”、”the shortcut of to forming planet” etc. 

Key words comet　　The source of comet　　the source of moon dust　　the source of interstellar matter　　the shortcut of planet 　

1 preface

　　The earth、moon、sun、planet、comet and so on asters are all exist the problem of “where come from”．For the source of these celestial body Now seems lack of satisfactory theory, because of fail to exploring the evolution law or mechanism for these celestial body in theory．

　　Nowadays, text《 L04 matter’s evolution》given the design, in general：the total trend of matter evolution in the space is polymerization, from the basic particle polymerizing to proton、neutron, from atom、molecule, gradually from bigger and bigger matter until to planet、star．Star and “supernova explosion” make many protons、neutrons break up so become basic particles and atoms、molecules again fly back to the space．All evolution form the loop, and that is the loop of have not any “loss”, there fore the loop is without beginning and ending, never cease． As for the source of comet, need to find in these cycle． 

2the source of the comet 

In the normal polymerizing process, the basic particle according to the “storing energy polymerization” become proton、neutron, proton、neutron polymerization become atom\molecule, the farther polymerization is the cosmic dust of the structure of compare incompact, they still possess attracting force-line external, trend to polymerizing, but, after polymerizing the “group” to be the “procession” of the “relaxing structure ”． 　 \

Mat as well guess, the scale of this “procession” still able to some extent expansion in the parade, but its total mass compare lesser，

It’s not difficult find, this “procession” to be comet, above describing narrated the “source” of the comet．The comet is a kind of “unique” shape in the process of matter polymerization, the “unique” lie in this polymerizing matter appear loose, be like a ball of loosen sand．This phenomenon make clear, here the matter never through high temperature fusion, keep the initial state of space polymerizing matter．Really, this kind of “unique” just the usual natural state．

Star’s high temperature to be the result of high pressure lead to nuclear reaction, to be the one of natural mechanism of matter’s temperature from lower to higher, after the matter through high temperature fusion and cool down as soon as no longer loosening．Therefore due to the matter of comet been loosening, may judge it is a loose group form from “initial matter”, this is the “structure” of comet．Here so-called “initial matter” to be the molecule、atom form from “second-degree polymerization” called in text《L04 matter’s evolution》．The farther polymerizing of these molecules、atoms still to be the loose group．

3 matter’s component of the comet

　　From star’s generate possess randomness to see, matter’s component of the comet also possess randomness, be afraid of difficult to find two comets polymerizing from the same matter．But kinder, no matter the different comet possess what kind of “different component”, they all not leave periodic table of elements, before these matter become atom、molecule, be sure polymerizing to proton、neutron, only due to the difference of space “electron condition” and the randomness of atom get peripheral electron, space not only form the different elements, but also form many kinds of isotopes in same time．　　　　　　　　　　　　

4 the“outlook”of the comet 

　　 The outlook of any space asteroid have two：the one is suffer merger from the larger, the other is gradually develop expanding until become star, about the outlook of the comet, the probability of develop “expanding” become star is very small, because the asters large than it was too much．Moreover, here still have a problem of the “macroscopic polymerizing effect ” , the comet no doubt is the result of “attracting force” polymerizing, but, the inattentive structure make the density of force-line descend, the acting region of acting fore under the influence, reach to fixed scale, outskirts matter easily leave due to attracting force not enough, now, its scale then get stabilize．May as well think, those comet of already observe in sight, some has been reach to the maximum scale or near maximum scale．

　　Comets should leisurely travel round in the space, but one fine day, they be able to because motion direction just head down to one big aster while get “annex”, become the “Meteorite things” get together in it, hence “disappear” from space． 

5 whether the comet was the special aster of the space 

　　From above form mechanism to see, although its matter structure seem special, but its process of polymerizing form does not special yet．It is the common group of matter polymerizing possible generated in space, compare their quantity with sky star’s seem appear few, but between both have not quantitatively comparability, star was the outstanding person in the planets of ceaseless “grow up”, was the “middle-aged” of has been existed some hundred million years, will still long-term develop down, before become “supernova” it should not be “abortion”；the comet is the baby of so weak as to be unable stand any breeze of polymerizing initial stage, and difficult to expect it can “grow up” become star．But, since exist the polymerizing mechanism, in every star system will ceaseless “born” new comet, also ceaseless “disappear”, keep the gross dynamic balance． 　

6 the orbit of the comet 

　　If a aster flying out from remote, no matter how large for its speed, easy prove, it have two results, the one is just right head down to the sun or earth and so on planet, only this probability is “very very ” little；the second is more and more near, after when reach to nearest point and apart far away, line out a hyperbolic curve in the space．That is to say, the comet flying out from extra solar, besides this “small probability event”of clash, will not stay in solar system．

　　If this comet form in the inside of solar system, when it suffer “attract” from the sun and from border space flying out towards the sun, the track is the ellipse, it will not flying out of the solar system, as “Halley” and so on famous comet, they will period recurrence．

　　General say, the comet born in a certain star system bear the maximum attracting force is come form this star, but also cannot get rid the possibility of at the border airspace enter other star system．

　　Relative to planet and satellite, the flight path of the comet seem have some special、be out of the common．But, according to above state, the track of comet is normal, therefore, just the track of planet and satellite, make difficult to explain．Surely it doesn’t mean that satellite、planet are all captured from space by the “landlord star”? if right, ought to suffer restrict from the probability, why their rotating direction are identical? why the track plane roughly fit? Why the form of track be close to the circle? Why they cannot fly back to the “whence”?

　　The difference of track of planet and comet, this is nature show people, the planet have the different form mechanism with the comet．To this will discuss in other text．　

7dependent event

(1) Where come from those massive body of vary in size among interstellar matter? 

　　From the large body falling stone of its mss count with ton to the little falling star which become light band in the atmosphere, all without exception are the solid object, space exist numerous material of this type, they certainly have “whence”．

　　Their form appeared, it does not just such form at the outset．Serve as the solid object its beginning shape ought to be spherical, because only the material cool down from high temperature can dense only, matter of high temperature under the free state absolutely to be the sphere form, find out from long-term for “supernova”, in the high temperature air mass which form after “supernova” be able to appear some “bright spot”, they ought to be the expanding matter of cohesion become high temperature liquid, go by long-term cooling, it to be the planet, and that is the planet of “speed-up”、“reach one’s aim in a move”、possess dense material．From the form mechanism to see, the “bright spot” irrespective size, after cooling are all sphericity, and that space lump but not have sphericity, hence may believe in, the lump does not original generate．

　　This certainly be able to consider, these lump body of huge quantity and distribute very wide to be the production of the spherical little planet after get collision in the space．Can the planet、small planet happen collision in the space? If possible, this analysis be able to set up．Apart from this, the space seems have not the mechanism of lump object．Astronomers tell folk, this type of collision though tiny in the probability but just sure be able to occur．

　　Therefore, the produce road of those lump object of vary in size in the interstellar matter may consider be due to the collision of little planet, these little planets of after cooling from fusion possess rock texture, after they happen collision to form the fragment of vary in size of course also the rock state．

（2）does the “tail” of the comet is form from “light pressure”? 

　　The ancient Chinese call the comet for “broom aster” was intitle it according to its “tail”, the observation shows, this tail seems be formative due to suffer “light pressure”．But this describing exist a problem basic theory：what is “light pressure”? here resolve into two aspects, the one is the correct know for the force, the second is the correct know for the light． 　

About the force, need believe in, the force of the comet suffered does not from the sun’s repulsion or thrust, because, “long-distance force” only the gravitation not have repulsion, therefore, any star cannot “to send out” repulsion or thrust only to send out gravitation．

　　About the light, although it has been accurate measured the sun may form how much light pressure per every square meter, but how can generated this pressure? To the end does the wave or the particle generated this light pressure? Withal, “duality” theory is vague．Vague in “light” as contain “wave” also contain “particle”, they not the two aspects of a same thing．

　　Among the light of star send out, it have simple light wave (all light wave from triple prism refracted)；also have the basic particle and the group of the basic particle, they possess speed, possess kinetic energy．When they pass through the comet certainly cause collide and to release some “kernel” to “external”, if not enough to overcome comet’s gravitation, these kernels of course become the tail of the comet．

　　Therefore, comet’s long tail was come out from collision of the sun’s radiation “mote”．If “to filter” off these “kernel”, the comet will become a aster of “ball shape” and not “broom” shape． 

（3）the source of the interstellar dust and the moon dust 

　 Until now, about the source of the “dust” seems still complicated and confusing, as：the dust of moonscape discovered、interstellar durst、Saturn’s ring、comet tail etc, really, the earth sky also “one by one” down the durst the same, just it is believed that is the ground durst roll up to sky by wind , these durst have the important role for form the cloud and the rain, if it roll up to sky is from the ground, why whole sky of the earth all have the cloud and the rain? Why not suffer the influence from general circulation? Why not have find where exists this phenomenon of “durst go up to sky”? 　　　From the another angle to see, “meteor shower” just ceaseless befall the earth sky, the text《L04 matter’s evolution》expounded the cosmic dust to be a link of matter evolution of cosmic space, space all round exist the cosmic dust, they (the dust) develop towards “augment” direction, mater’s polymerizing evolution ought to be the source of space “dust”．Thus imagine, space everywhere have “dust”, matter’s polymerizing and scatter evolution to be the true source of above those “dusts”．

（4）saturnian corona

　　Where come from the saturnian corona? This problem be afraid of difficult to answer．But，if imagine a comet drop into its inner of gravitational range, how should the condition? The understandable result is, at its sky appear a “band loop” which form from wee particulate——comet matter．At the very start, matter distribute of the “band loop” is alike with comet, due to now the distribution of force-line already change, “the main force” is the gravitation form between “comet matter” and Saturn, this fore exceed the self cohesion of “comet matter”, go by the long-term running, matter of the “band loop” gradual equality, become present looking．