L36 质子

陈理士 

提    要 本文回答“质子何来、何去”、“质子究竟是什么样的粒子”、“质子结构为什么稳定”、“为什么没有发现比质子‘更大’的“粒子”“质子质量为什么高度一致”等“难题”

关键词 质子　 引力子　微涡旋星系

（the text in English see rear）

1 序 　

　　在《L01 粒子今论》与《L04 物质演变》中已经论证过质子的结构与聚合机理，有关内容，尽量不再重复。由于质子同中子、电子构成了原子，此三者是“万物之源”，对于质子的认识，当然需要尽量准确和详细。

　　虽然质子可算无所不在，但现代物理学并未勾画出质子的清晰图像，恰恰相反，在物理学存在的“11道难题”中，第八题便是“质子是稳定的吗？”可见，很有必要深入探讨质子。

2 在宇宙的物质演变中认识质子

　　质子是怎样产生的？《L04物质演变》论文叙及,由于剩余引力线，物质演变过程形成了循环，剖开这个循环链，从基本粒子——引力子、斥力子——开始。

　　两枚相对速度为光速量级的引力子在空间近距离“相逢”，双方引力线相互作用形成引力，引力作用的结果是使它们聚合成为“微涡旋双星”，此“微双星”的剩余引力线依然“很多”（等于一枚引力子的作用引力线数量），所以，“微双星”不断增加成员成为“微多星”——“微涡旋星系”。

　　但是，“聚合效应”——成员增加，剩余力线密度降低——使“微涡旋星系”不能无限地多，其极限乃是“质子规模”，到达质子规模时，剩余力线密度已下降到再也吸不住从身边高速飞过的引力子，于是其“规模”只能“稳定下来”，这是质子质量高度一致的原因，所以：

（1）质子不是“一粒”，而是一个由众多引力子聚成的“微涡旋星系”

（2）质子的剩余力线密度相对较小但是依然是引力线，有可能“栓住”速度较慢的质子、中子等“粒子”

（3）人们根据它的引力表现，定义它“带正电荷”，其物理实质乃是，它发出引力线

（4）因为（3）它同中子、其它质子以及电子均形成引力，因此它将以自己为“单元”，参加聚合，成为原子，成为物体，成为星体，不断向下一个聚合环节走下去。 

　　这里叙述的是，质子是由两种基本粒子之一的引力子以“蓄能聚合”方式聚合成的一个高速回旋的“团体”而不是“一粒粒子”。

　　所谓“蓄能聚合”是指，聚合前后基本粒子的动能不变，但运动方式由“空间直线运动”变为“当地回旋运动”。动能由容易显示转变为通常不对外显示。不言而喻，此动能即为原子能，对于原子蕴含能量的机理，把握物质不灭和能量不灭两项基础自然规律，便能推测出来。

　　当然，“当地”是相对的，就是说，“质子”作为一个“单元”其运动速度大大降低。因为从不同方向“飞来”聚合成为质子的引力子约共一万亿枚，每一枚具有自己的速度矢量，“质子”的速度等于众矢量的“代数和”。从概率角度看，这些矢量的方向是随机的，如果矢量的方向分布很均匀，理论上“代数和”可能等于0，实际上，很难绝对等于0，但是也不可能很大，因此，通常“质子”在空间形成后，有一个相对很小的线速度，这就是从放射性原子里“飞出”的中子、质子的速度。

　 质子乃是由引力子以“蓄能聚合”方式生成的“微涡旋星系”。

3形成质子的基本粒子辨 

　　现代物理学认为质子是由 11种基本粒子聚合而成的。以上本文认为：只有引力子1种。此二答案大相径庭，因此，需要说明理由。

　　更为基础性的问题是，基本粒子有多少种？现代物理学认为12种，还必须有几种“传力粒子”，而且，从理论上还不能排除再有新的“基本粒子”出现以及上述“粒子”的“镜像粒子”。

　　陈理士物理根据力线和作用力的种类判断，力和基本粒子均只有2种。认为2是既充分又必要的数字，不会也无需出现第三种。引力子在空间以“蓄能聚合”方式聚合成为“微涡旋星系”过程中，规模不断扩大，受“聚合效应”制约，最大规模为质子。所以，质子只由一种基本粒子组成。佐证是，从1枚引力子到大大小小的“各种粒子”到包含1012（万亿）枚引力子的质子，毫无例外，都“带正电荷”(其实是发出引力线)，而且还发现了“分数电荷”；而且质子质量高度划一。

　　现代物理学认为：“除了电子外的11种‘基本粒子’分为“三组”，每组各出1个成员组成质子”。此理论明显的问题是：11种“基本粒子”质量各不相同，所组成的质子不可能质量高度划一。但实际测量表明，质子质量却非常一致，差异小于百万分之一。理论与实际的这一明显抵牾如何解决？“三组”理论还需要说明，是什么机制在那里“分组”，在那里“合成”质子，有了机理，理论方可信。

　　因为，质子、中子、原子充斥宇宙间，质子的上述“三组理论”需要在方程“A+B=C”中 A、B取已知不同数值时而C却要恒等于另外一个不能与A+B相等的数值，还需要空间有无形的主宰，它“从三组基本粒子小组中各抓取一枚组成质子”，这恐怕是数学和物理学难以解释的。

4 质子相对地稳定的原因

　　质子是引力子被引力线相互栓住而“涡旋”的动态“小团体”，它“稳定”还是“不稳定”？这要看它会不会自发转变成为其它“粒子”或自发“解体”。众多引力子既然已经由高速遨游空间转变为被“栓住”，意味着引力超过了离去之力。

　　在达到“质子规模”之前，“小团体”不但不会“放走”成员，还会进一步增加成员数量。

　　于是，是力的状态使质子表现稳定，这是指在正常情况之下，质子应当是稳定的。既不会随便“放走”一枚成员，也不会随便增加一枚成员。

如果受到其它质子、中子的冲击，质子还会稳定吗？当然不能，因此，质子虽然稳定，并非绝对稳定。

　　质子稳定的原因是“引力占优势”，是力保证了它的结构稳定。

5 在物质演变大环境中理解质子、中子的形成

　　引力子发出的引力线同电子发出的斥力线相互作用形成的力F3 也是引力（此力小于引力子之间形成的引力F1），为什么质子内部没有电子？这可以从空间演变环境不同之中寻求答案，《L32 量子》等文曾说明，两种基本粒子中，引力子是“永恒量子”，原因在于对于它不存在斥力，它的速度不会消减，它的聚合有两种方式，现略重复：一是“代数聚合”形成“宇宙射线粒子”，二是“蓄能聚合”形成相互回旋的“微涡旋星系”，“星系”成员最多达到一万亿枚时由于“聚合效应”而不能再增加规模，这便是“质子”。

　　在此过程中，原先静止在附近的电子是参合不进来的，因为每个引力子并非静止在那里而是高速回旋，静态电子无法跟上。所以，质子形成于没有高速电子的空域，亦即，离开恒星较远的空间。形成之后，它并非绝对静止在空间，而是以合成它的各个成员速度矢量的代数和为速度（大体上等于“宇宙速度”）在空间运行。它依然发出相对较少的引力线。

　　同样的聚合如果发生在恒星附近，便可能有高速电子参合进来，但电子的斥力线使得参合进来的电子相互排斥从而限制在一定数量，此时，“参合了电子的质子”除了质量比质子略大外，还对电子“不感兴趣”，而成为中子。中子和质子一样具有较小速度而不是静止在空间，它也是基本粒子的“微涡旋星系”。它们在空间进一步的聚合参见以下7。

　　以上机理的推论是质子、中子的形成，在于高速电子的有无、和多少，因而空间并非处处都均匀的产生质子、中子。 

　　质子、中子乃是广阔空间中基本粒子在引力作用下自然聚合形成的，这是物质演变循环中的一环。其下一环便是形成各种原子、分子、同位素，获得电子外层的迟、早决定了原子量的大小，就是说，“轻原子”“重原子”并无生成的先后顺序。

6 质子受到冲击后为什么能成为许多不同“粒子”？

　　当今对于实验结果分析上的一个失真是将所有测到的“粒子”都判断为“一粒”，没有考虑到它们是“粒子小组”的可能，更没有意识到“微涡旋星系”的存在。于是，不但质子是“一粒”，而且质子受冲击后得到的一些“粒子”也都是“一粒”。没有分析到这些“一粒”乃是一个“微涡旋星系”，于是出现了“可变”理论。质子可“变”为许多其它“粒子”；可变为能量，“粒子可变、质量可变”使人们无法在已有自然规律的基础上正确认识实验结果，无法理解而迷糊，以至“什么是物质？”成了物理学头道难题。如果不能觉察到这种理论的失误而将其看做仅仅是“理论存在困难”或“问题”，显然于事无补。因为，这是理论的难以通过“修补”而更正的失误。

　如果觉察到质子是众多引力子聚合而成的“微涡旋星系”，它受到冲击后分解为一些规模较小的“微涡旋星系”，问题便自然消失；无论是质子，还是那些较小的“微涡旋星系”都含有动能——核能，都有引力线发出——带正电荷；分解形成的规模较小的“微涡旋星系”具有随机性，这样“困难”自然不会发生。如果依然误认为它们是“一粒”，那么，通过冲击完全可能再发现“新粒子”——其实是新规模的“微涡旋星系”。当即将投用的欧洲巨无霸LＨＣ未来宣布发现了“新粒子”的时候，需要明确的理念是：宇宙间真正“一粒”的粒子只有引力子、斥力子这两种基本粒子，其它所有“粒子”尽管称为“粒子”，都不是真正的“一粒”而是一个“群”。粒子理论需要作出这样的改进方能敉平相关的“困难”和“问题”。 

7 质子、中子如何聚合成为原子？

　　质子作为一个由众多——达万亿枚——引力子的“微涡旋星系”对外表现为疏散的“一团”还是坚实的“一粒”？这是由受力后的表现决定的。基本粒子在聚合过程中，聚合粒子数量较少时内部作用力线密度较大，所以质子内部，引力子之间的作用力线密度要高于任何原子、分子的力线密度，论“机械强度”，质子当然高于任何原子、分子。因而它的表现，完全像是密实的“一粒”，没有任何材料能够使它“破碎”，分解它只能用“质子”对“质子”轰击的方法，这颇类似金刚石加工。空间有了质子、中子后，进一步的聚合是：

（1）质子引来了电子，由于巨大的速度差，电子只能在外围回转

（2）质子遇到质子，相互“引住”发生回旋

（3）质子遇到中子，相互“引住”发生回旋

（4）中子遇到中子，相互“引住”发生回旋

　　质子外围有了“一份”回旋电子便成为氢原子，（2）（3）（4）为产生其它元素和同位素准备了原子核。

　　质子、中子的运动方向具有随机性，因此，聚合之后速度进一步下降。以上聚合过程产生的原子，内部是回旋的质子、中子，回旋产生的离心力一般小于引力，这样的原子是稳定的。氢原子似乎例外，它只有一枚质子，但是，这枚质子本身便是一个回旋的“微涡旋星系”，故原子内部没有静止的粒子。

　　因此推测，没有中子的空域，只能形成氢原子，富有中子的空域，不但可以同时形成各种原子，而且可以同时形成各种同位素。

　　但是“没有中子的空域”与“富有中子的空域”并不能机械划分，因为中子、质子均非静止而是具有一定速度，因此，上述“空域”的概念，只适合于“产地”而不能限制其“分布地域”。

8质子在物质演变循环中的变化

　　质子聚合形成后是稳定的，它是否会永远存在于空间？质子的存在有一个“寿命期”的问题吗？也不是，这里是一个受牵连的问题：质子属于原子，原子属于物体，物体属于星球，星球会由行星发展成为恒星，恒星最终会发展到“超新星爆发”，这时物质彻底“分散”成为基本粒子，质子在此时解体。它的变化不是由自身机制引起的，而是受到恒星演变的牵连。周期也比较长，以“亿年”为单位。

　　质子分散为基本粒子后，又进入新一轮聚合成为质子、中子的循环。可见，质子在物质循环中的“变化”比较简单，隐身于“后台”，不能被现有手段发现。宇宙万物形形色色的变化不是来自质子、中子而是来自原子、分子。

9质子的核能

　　将核能归于“质量变能量”的后果是，不能说明核能的物理真像，也无法说明质量如何变能量，不能弄清能量的普遍意义。

　　质子不但具有质量m，而且内部所有基本粒子均高速回旋，因而具有动能1/2mv2, 已经验证过的方程E=mc2暗示，v大小等于ｃ的量级，这是基于能量守恒定律的推测，当然可信。

于是，质子自身存在核能，核能乃是质子内部隐含的动能，不存在质量m变能量的需要。只要质子解体，质量为m的众粒子以 c的速度飞出，自然具有mc2量级的动能，还需要“变”吗？质子解体显示mc2能量的同时，那些基本粒子由回旋运动转变为直线运动，动能由“潜”转变为“显”而已，是物质运动方式的转变而不是物质自身的“变”。

　　物理基础理论已经确立的物质不灭落实在基本粒子不灭、不变上，此信念不应动摇。

因此，原子能是原子自身蕴含的动能，不是“质量变能量”“变”来的，质量也不能变为其它物理参量。

　　相信质量可以变能量乃是一种失误，误在失实。对此需要“改进”，“改”方能“进”。

10由质子质量推测引力子质量

　　引力子是两种最小的基本粒子之一，质子和中子受到冲击形成的许多“粒子”都是由引力子聚合而成的“微型星系”，因此，它们的质量代表了它们包含引力子的数量。

　　在这方面，宇宙射线提供了推测引力子质量的更为方便的途径，因为对其测量记录了很多不同数据，以往认为这些不同数据代表不同的“粒子”，当意识到它们其实代表引力子的不同“组群”之后，它们的能量差自然是组群成员数量之差。在已经记录在案的许多数据之中，“差距”达到10的12次方，最小的应当是1枚引力子的质量值，最大的乃是质子的质量值，由此可以推知，引力子的质量小于10的负36次方（克），为什么是小于而不是等于呢？这里保留了上述“差距”并非最大的可能。　　　　　　　　　　　 

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L36 proton

(S. G. Chinese)

Abstract this text for reply “where come from and pass of the proton ? “What kind of the particle of the proton any way? ” “Whether the structure of the proton does stability”? “Why have not find the particle of bigger than the proton?” and so on “difficult problem” 

key words 　 proton 　 graviton　　micro vortex galaxy 

1 preface

　　in《L01 modern opinion about particle》and《L04 the evolution of matter》has been expounded and proved the structure and polymerizing mechanism of the proton, the involve content, to be best of one’s abilities is no longer repeat．Due to the proton make up the atom with neutron、electron, this three to be the “source of universe”, the cognition for it of course need rather accuracy and in detail．

　　Although the proton may say omnipresent, but modern physics does not sketched out sharp image for proton, just the other way, in the “11 difficult problems” of physics, the eighth exactly was “whether the proton is steady？”visible，be necessary go deep into discuss the proton．

2 cognize proton in the evolution of cosmic matter 

　　How generated the proton? The text《L04 the evolution of matter》had related, due to the surplus attracting force-line, the process of matter evolution become the loop, cut open this loop chain, begin from the basic particle——graviton、repulton．

　　When two gravitons “meet” in space with speed of the order of light velocity and in close range, both attracting force-line mutual effect form attracting force, the result is make they polymerizing become “micro vortex double star ”, the surplus attracting force-line of this “micro vortex double star ” still “very much”(equal to one graviton’s ) , there for, “micro double star” constant to raise members become “micro multi star”——“micro vortex galaxy”．

　　But, “polymerizing effect”—— adding members lead to the density of surplus force-line get reduce——make “micro vortex double star” cannot unlimitedly much, the limit is “proton scale”, when reach to proton scale, the density of surplus force-line already drop to no longer absorb up any graviton of fly with high seed over at side, so the “scale” “can steady” not have any other choice, so：

（1） proton does not “a grain”, but was a “micro vortex galaxy” polymerized from numerous gravitons

（2） the density of surplus force-line of the proton relatively compare small but still attracting force-line, it’s possible “tie up” proton、neutron and so on “particle “ of slowish．

（3） folk according to its attraction expression, define it “carry positive charge”, that physical essence to be, it issue attracting force-line

（4） owing to (3) it will form attracting force with neutron、other proton and electron, so it will use itself for a unit, join in polymerizing, become atom, become object, become aster, ceaseless walk on towards next polymerizing link．

　 Here related, proton was a high speed whirly “group” polymerized from the graviton of one of two kinds of basic particle with the method of “storing-energy polymerization” and does not the “particle of a grain”． 

　　So-called “storing-energy polymerization” in indicate, the kinetic energy of the basic particle from polymerizing start to finish is invariant, but the mode of motion from “space linear motion” change to “local circumnutation”．The kinetic energy from easy show change to general not show external．It is self-evident, this kinetic energy mean atomic energy, for the mechanism of atom contain atomic energy, grasp the two basic natural law of conservation of matter and conservation of energy, then can guess out．

　　Certainly, “local” in relative, that is to say, “proton” serve as a “unit”, its motion speed greatly lower than graviton’s．Because the sum of gravitons of “fly coming” from different direction and polymerizing to proton about a trillion grains, every a possess its own speed vector, the speed of proton is equal to the “algebraic sum” of numerous vector．From the probability angle to see, the direction of these vectors are random, if the distribution of numerous vector are very uniformity, in theory the “algebraic sum” possible equal to 0, in reality, very difficult absolute equal to 0, but also impossible very large, therefore, generally after “proton” form in space, it have a relatively pimping linear speed, this also the speed of neutron、proton fly off from radioactive atom．

　　　Proton to be the “micro vortex galaxy” of generated from gravitons with “storing-energy” pattern． 　

3 distinguish the basic particle of form the proton 

　　Modern physics consider the proton was polymerizing by 11kinds of basic particle．above this text consider：only one kind of graviton．Here two answers are widely divergent, therefore, need strategy of explaining．

　　More basic problem is, how many kinds of the basic particle? the modern physics thinks it is 12 kinds, still must have some kinds of “particle of to pass on force”, moreover, in theory cannot reject again appear “new basic particle” yet and above “particle’s” “image particle”．

　　Chinese physics judge according to the kind of force-line and acting force, force and basic particle are all have two kinds only．Think 2 to be the either full or necessary figure, will not also need not arise the third kind．In the process of graviton polymerizing to “micro vortex galaxy” with the method of “storing-energy polymerization”, the scale ceaseless expansion, to bear the restriction from “polymerizing effect”, the biggest scale is proton．so the proton only form from 1 kind of basic particle．the evidence is, from one graviton to “every kinds of particle” of the different scale to the proton of contain 1012 (10 to the power of 12) gravitons, without except, all “carry positive charge” (actually is issue attracting force-line), and still find “fractional charge”；and the mass of proton highly uniform． 

　　Modern physics consider, “beside the electron, 11kinds of basic particle divide to three ‘group’, every group out 1 member form the proton”，the obvious problem of this theory is：the mass of 11 kinds of basic particles was differ from one another, the mass of so component proton no way highly uniform．But actual measurement make clear, the mass of proton but very in line, the difference less than millionth．How to solve this obvious contradiction of theory and reality? “Three group” theory still need explaining, what mechanism to “grouping” there, compound proton there? Having the mechanism, theory can but credible．

　　Because of, proton、neutron、atom be full of cosmos, above theory of “three group” proton need to the equation “A+B+C” when A、B take the different known number but C should equal to the other number of not equal to A+B, still need a intangible dominate in space, it “every one group capture one from three group of basic particle and form proton”, this be afraid difficult to explain from math and physics． 　

4 the reason of proton relatively steady 

　　The proton is a “vortex” trends “groupuscule ” of gravitons which mutual tie up by attracting force-line, is it “steady” or “not steady”? this according to will it or will not it spontaneously change to other “particle” or spontaneously “KD”．As numerous gravitons already from travel space with high speed change to “tie up”, mean attracting force exceed leave force．

Before reach to “proton scale”, “groupuscule” not only will not “let slip” the member, but will still increase member’s number． 

　　Upon that, right the condition of force make the proton appear stability, this point under the general condition, the proton ought to be steady．Neither casually “let slip” a member, all so will not casually add a member．

If suffer shock from other proton、neutron, can proton steady yet? Of course can’t, therefore, although the proton is steady, but does not absolute stability．

　　The reason of proton’s stability to be “the attracting force be in the ascendant”, it is the force ensure it stability of structure． 

5 understand proton’s forming in the all situation of matter’s evolution 

　　Attracting force-line sent out from graviton act each other with repulsion force-line from electron form force F3 also the attracting force (this force less than attracting force F1 which form from gravitons act each other), why proton’s inner have not electron? This can be find answer from the different of space evolution environment, 《L32 QUANTUM》and so on text ever explained, among two kinds of the basic particle, graviton is the “eternal quantum”, the reason lie in not exist repulsion force to it, its speed will not cut down, its polymerizing have two way, now repeat the brief：the first is form the particle of cosmic ways, the second is form “micro vortex galaxy” of mutual whirly with “storing-energy polymerization”, when the member numbers of “galaxy” to the maximum of a trillion due to “polymerizing effect” it may not again add the scale, this to be the proton．

　　In this process, the electron of original nigh may not be to join in, because of every graviton really not static there but was circle round with high speed, the static electron is no way catch up with it．So proton is form in the space of none high speed electrons, that is, the space of ulterior leave the star．After the proton form, it does not static in the space, but move in space with the speed of vectorial algebraic sum of each member’s vector (in general equal to the cosmic velocity )．It still issue relative lesser attracting force-line． 　

　　The same polymerization if occur in the star nearby, then there may be the electrons of high speed part in , but the repulsion force-line make the part in electrons repel each other thus limit on certain numbers, now the “proton of added electrons” except its quality slight bigger than proton, yet “disincline” for electron, so become neutron．Neutron is alike proton of possess less speed and not static in space, it also the “micro vortex galaxy” of the basic particle, they further polymerize in space see below 7．

The analog for above mechanism is form of proton、neutron, lie in have it or not and the number of high speed electrons, thus really not everywhere of space are all even generate proton、neutron． 

　　Proton、neutron to be the basic particle natural polymerizing formative under the action of attracting force, this is a loop of the circulation of matter evolution．The later loop exactly form all kinds of atom、molecule、isotope, late or early of get electron outer decided atomic weight, that is to say, it have not the early or late generated order for “light atom” “heavy atom”．

6 why after when proton suffer shock can generate many different“particles”？

　　At present a distortion of analysis for experimental result was for whole detectable “particle” all judge in “a grain”, hasn’t think the possibility of they are the “particles group”, more hasn’t think existing of “micro vortex galaxy”, hence appeared “variable” theory．Proton may “change” for many other “particles”； may “change” for energy, “particle variable、mass variable” make folk cannot correctly know the experimental result on the base of existing natural law, can’t understand while misted, down to “what is matter?” become the first puzzle of physics．If cannot be aware of this kind of theoretical fault but see it only be “theory exist difficult” or “exist problem”, obviously it doesn’t help the situation．Because, this is the theoretical fault of difficult through “mend” get correct．　　　　　　　　　　　　If be aware of the proton was the “micro vortex galaxy” polymerized from numerous gravitons, after it suffer shock will break down to some “micro vortex galaxy” of smaller scale, the problem then natural disappear；no matter the proton or those “micro vortex galaxy” of smaller scale are all contain kinetic energy——nuclear energy, they are all have attracting fore-line sent out——carry positive charge；the “micro vortex galaxy” of smaller scale of break down formative possess randomness, such “difficulty” natural will not happen．It still mistake for they are “a grain”, in that way, through shock completely possible find “new particle”——actually to be the “micro vortex galaxy” of new scale．When next the instant to make use of Europe Big Mac LＨＣproclaim find “new particle”, the idea of need clear is：between cosmos the particle of true “a grain” only two kinds of basic particle of graviton and repulton, all other “particle” although call for “particle”, are all not true “a grain” but to be a “group”．Particle theory need to make this improve so can solve related “difficult” and “problem”．

7 how can the neutron、proton polymerizing to the atom？

　The proton serve as a “micro vortex galaxy” of numerous——reach to a trillion—— gravitons whether it appear scattered “a lump” or massy “a grain” external? It is determined from the expression of after they bear the force．Basic particle in the polymerization process, when polymerizing particles compare lesser the density of acting force-line compare actively large, so in the inner of proton, the density of acting force-line between graviton will exceed the density of any atom、molecule, as to say the “mechanical strength”, proton surely exceed any atom、molecule．Thus its behavior, fully like tight “a grain”, without any material can make it “shatter”, only use method of bombard with “proton” to “proton” can disintegrate it，this rather similar with diamond processing．After space have proton、neutron，the farther polymerization is：

（1） proton draw down the electrons, due to the large difference of velocity, the electron only can rotate at the periphery

（2）proton come across proton, ，catch up each other, happen convolution

（3） proton come across neutron, catch up each other, happen convolution

（4）neutron come across neutron, catch up each other, happen convolution

　The proton’s periphery had “a share of” convolution electrons then become hydrogen atom, （2）（3）（4） prepared nucleus for produce other element and isotope．

　　The motion direction of proton、neutron possess randomness, therefore after polymerization the speed more drop．Above polymerization process produced atom, the inner is whirly proton、neutron, the centrifugal force generated from convolution general less than their attractive force, such atom to be steady．Hydrogen atom only have a proton, but this proton itself exactly a whirly “micro vortex galaxy”, so atom’s inner have not resting particle．

　Hence guess, the space of not have neutron, can form hydrogen atom only, the space of full of neutron, not only can form every kinds of atom, but also can form all kinds of isotopes at the same time．

　　　It cannot mechanical divide “space of not have neutron” and “space of full have neutron”, because neutron、proton are all not resting but possess the fixed speed, therefore the conception of above “space”, only be fit for “place of production” and not fit for “distributing region”． 

8 the changing of proton in the matter’s evolution loop 

　 The proton is steady after it got forming, whether it will exist in the space forever? Whether the exiting of proton is a problem of “life time”? also no, here is a problem of suffer implicate：the proton belong to the atom, atom belong to matter, matter belong to aster, aster will from the planet develop into star, in the end stare will run to “supernova explosion”, by now matter thorough “scatter” become basic particle, the proton disintegrate at this time．Its change not due to its own mechanism, but suffer implicated from star evolution．The period also compare long, with “hundred million years” for unit．

　 After the proton scatter to the basic particle, again enter into a new loop of polymerizing to proton、neutron．Visible, the “changing” of proton in the loop of matter is compare simple, it hide in the “area behind a theatrical stage”, cannot find with existing method．The mixed change of cosmic inventory does not come from the proton but come from atom、molecule． 

9 The nuclear energy of the proton

　The consequence of nuclear energy belong to “mass change to energy” was, unable explain the physical true image of nuclear energy, also unable explain how the mass can change to energy, unable to clear the general meaning of the energy． 

　 Not only the proton possess mass m, but also whole interior basic particles all circle round, thus it have the kinetic energy 1/2m v2, the already proved equation E=mc2 hint, the magnitude of v is equal to the order of c , this is the guess base on the law of conservation of energy, certainly credible． 

Upon that, the proton itself exist nuclear energy, it is the con not active kinetic energy of the inner of the proton, absent the need of mass m change to energy．If only the proton get break up, many particle of mass m fly out with light speed, of course possess the kinetic energy of the order of mc2, does it need to change yet? In the meantime of the proton break up and appear energy mc2

,　 those basic particles from circumnutation translate to linear motion, the kinetic energy from “latent” translate to “prominent” that’s all, to be the translation of the motion mode and not the “change” of mass itself．

　 The physical basic theory has been established mass conservation is put into practice on the immortalization 、invariability of basic particle, this belief should not shake．

　 Therefore, the nuclear energy is the kinetic energy of atom itself contain, not come from the “change” of “mass change to energy”, mass (quality) also cannot change to other physical parameter．

　 Believe “mass change to energy” to be a kind of fault, the error lie in inconsistent with the fact．To this need to “improve”, “to alter” can “advance”．

10 from the proton quality guess the graviton quality 

　 The graviton in one of two kinds of the basic particle, many “particles” of proton and neutron suffer shock formed are all the “micro galaxy” from the graviton polymerization, therefore, their quality delegated graviton’s number of their contain．

In this respect, cosmic rays offered the more convenient way of guess graviton’s quality, because to it the measure has been recorded a lot of different data, formerly think these different data delegate different “particle”, after when be aware of they actually delegated the different “group” of gravitons, their difference of energy of course to be the difference of member’s number．

　　In the data of already recorded, “disparity” reach 10 to the power of 12, the smallest ought to be the quality of one graviton, the maximum to be the quality of the proton, from this can infer, the quality of graviton less than 10 to the power of -36 (gram), why it not equal but less than? Here keep the possible of above “disparity” does not the maximum．