L33a  相对论的改进之处 

                   陈理士  

提   要   本文从物理意义的角度，讨论相对论的几个主要议题，意在理清真像，识别真误，继承精粹

关键词   相对论 红移 蓝移 光引力弯曲 质量可变 空间维度 四维张量

1 相对论的正确继承 

　　把《相对论》说成是“最著名”的论文恐怕不很过分，至今仍被常常应用和引为依据，受到广泛推崇，它的“时空体系”从理论上确立了“时间畸变”与“时间延迟”，对于航天时代的重要性十分巨大；但是，反映它“难以理解”的也大有人在。以卓见越识、跨越时空地回答了当时的重大难题而使人佩服是事情的一面；提出了一些令人耳目一新的“原理”和判断是事情的另一面。对于后者，按理需要经过审慎验证并追寻机理。以“真空中光速守恒”为例，被认为是《相对论》的“原理”之一，而真空中能否有光则需先从理论上澄清，在1881年迈克尔逊实验中，光速为什么不受影响而守恒也需机理，迄今似乎并未发现这方面的机理。

　　《相对论》提出的“张量”是“向量”在数学概念里的开拓，向量存在于三维物理空间，张量则存在于抽象的数学空间，可以大于三维。它虽然为论证实际物理问题而引用，而且用线性变换作数学推导，但张量本身却是数学空间——抽象空间——中的“量”，不能用实际事物体现，对此的理解，当然要难一些。

　　《相对论》涉及“光”的基础理论，这方面至今并未明朗。

　　《相对论》的巨大贡献客观存在，今人有继承的幸运，但也有继续向前推进的义务。不能固步自封，更不能不对它进一步分析研究、探明机理所在。

将《相对论》中所有观点奉为规律原封不动地照搬照抄的应用并非是后人对于先辈的正确继承。因为，在相对论中，除了“真空中光速守恒”，还有光的“引力弯曲”、“质量可变”、时间、空间等一些方面并未提出机理，因而需进一步分析补充，如果发现有不妥之处，据理提出改进乃是积极的继承，无损它的巨大成就。

　　认识随着科学发展而深化是很自然的。今天，虽然发现太阳并非众星的回旋中心，但是，这并不影响我们对于哥白尼的崇敬。 

2 物理解读与改进

2.1 真空中光速

　　物理意义的真空是没有物质的空间；而“光”，当前包含“波、粒”在内。论“粒”，如各种射线，它们确实可以在真空中传播，但速度各不相同。既不划一，“守恒”便谈不到；至于“波”，它的传播介质是空间电场，即空间电子分布场。按照波动方程，速度守恒，但必须在介质（电场）中传播，在真空中就没有任何“波”。

可见“真空”同“光波”不相容，这一龃龉的出路何在？在于恢复《相对论》涉及的“光”。“光速守恒”原是《相对论》针对迈克尔逊实验作出的解释，此前著名的解释是：“物体在运动方向长度缩短”。其实，实验只涉及“可见光”，解释是否正确需要验证，将解释上升为具有普遍意义的原理不仅要反复验证，而且需要明确机理。对于“真空中‘光速’”，只能先视为电波的‘波速’，肯定了“波速守恒”，方可考虑开拓应用范围。

　　 于是，这里的“真空”，需要修改为“太空”或“空间”，空间存在各种尺度的物体，最小为电子和引力子，跟据电波波长估计，空间电子的间距约为10-5厘米，由于电子之间的相斥，平静的电子场自然倾向均布，因此，可以相信，在远离恒星的广阔太空中，存在一个由电子排列成的矩阵，此即空间电场，成为光波的介质。这里实用的当然是波动理论。

经过长期反复推敲，得出的结论是，在目前的“光”中，事实上包含了“波”、“粒”两种不同事物，用“二象性”加以调和是力不从心的。

人们如何把一束透过三棱镜的光解释成为它是许多束不同速度的“粒子射束”呢？怎么能说加速器中不同速度的粒子流是不同波长的“波”呢？它们“既是波也是粒”吗？

理论的实用界限应由事实划定，一切“电波”都是介质（电场）的“振动”从而也是“粒子的振动”，这是波与粒的联系，但它们也有区别。无视区别而勉强将它们“统在一起”的理论自然会存在“困难”。

　　有关《相对论》的讨论中，面对的是“光波”，应用波动理论即可，关于“光”的全面性理论将另文讨论。

　　太空中“光速守恒”吗？这取决于空间电场是否均匀。一个没有电子的“泉”（放射电子）与“汇”（吸收电子）的空间，基于相斥，电场是均匀的。因此，如果空间没有电子的发射与吸收，光速应当守恒。但是，空间恒星便是电子发射源泉，基本粒子聚合为“介子”、中子、原子要从空间“取用”电子。何况，空间还不断发生“超新星爆发”而辐射大量基本粒子。

　　因此，空间电场在理论上不能绝对均匀，太空中的光速也就不能做到理论上的守恒。但是，这不排除将光波当做空间长度标杆的实际应用价值，因为，在离开恒星较远处，空间电场相对说还是比较均匀，实际测量表明，10-6（10 to the power of -6）的测量精度不成问题。亦即，在这一精度范围之内，可以认为“光速守恒”。

　　 关于光速的上述分析还涉及到相对论的两项判断：

（1）光的引力弯曲

（2）引力红移

　　其中，（1）至今依然被认为是“正确的”判断。

2.2 光的引力弯曲与红移

　　如果考虑到恒星是基本粒子辐射源，在它附近空间电场有很大梯度，光从这里经过，乃是穿过“非均匀介质”，当然不能保持直线轨迹。所以，光经过恒星附近发生弯曲原因是空间电子密度改变，亦即折射率改变所致，牛顿力、电磁力不能明显地改变光的行径。

关于（2），今天已不再引起重视，但对于“红移”的分析判断，影响也十分重大，后面将加以叙述。

　　 所以，分析结论是，太空中的光速理论上不守恒而实用上在一定精度内可认为守恒。如果将它作为太空中的标杆，对其达到的精度需要心中有数； “光速守恒”不能加以绝对化，不能认为理论上“光速守恒”。

2.3 关于质量

2.3.1 质量是否可变 

　　 当年，曾面临好多起难以解释的物理现象，如：（1）在加速器中速度达不到光速 ；（2）放射性物质释放的能量远大于任何物质的化学能，不知此能何来 ；（3）粒子示踪迹线出现中断等。

　　在令人困惑的情况下，《相对论》提出“质量不是不可变”，这一创见几乎同时解决了以上三道难题，所给出的方程E=MC2 被理解为“质量变能量”的公式，此式对于核能的定量描述至今令人佩服。于是，“质量可变”也就深入人心。

但是，物理界疏忽了此前“物质不灭”乃是物理学的基础性规律，曾经长期验证过，对它的否定必须非常慎重。此外，“质量可变”需要机理，任何“变”都不会无缘无故，必定存在变动的机理。反之，如果找不到机理，“变”很可能不存在。

　　今天看来，上述（1）的原因在于加速器中的“风帆效应”使被加速粒子达不到光速，因为加速电流为光速，被加速粒子的速度要略低一些，二者类似风与帆的关系；（2）的答案是，中子、质子并非“一粒”而是一团基本粒子高速回旋的“微涡旋星系”，其回旋的动能即为原子能。此能量平时不显示，只在核反应中质子、中子解体时显示出来；（3）的问题在于有的粒子的动能恰好接近显示阈值，在空间飞行一段距离后能量下降到阈值，转变为不显示，在此情况下，只能判断为“迹湮”而不能判断为“质湮”。

　　所以，现在不需要“质量可变”也可以据理解释上述三道难题。

因为缺少机理，于是，“质量可变”缺失了可靠的实际依据。

　　试问，作为质量最小单元的基本粒子，它的密度、数量、体积哪一项可以变？怎样变？是何机理？看来“质量可变”的判断需要返回到“质量不可变”，来一次“否定之否定”。

质量“可变”还是“不可变”是物理学的头等重大基础问题，一但失误，导致“谬以千里”的后果，能不慎呼?

　　试看有些“理论”：“大爆炸前宇宙中全部物质集中在一个理论的点里”，“在五维空间中我们的宇宙同一个不可见的宇宙相撞生成了…”，“现存宇宙中的全部可见质量只占百分之几，其余为‘暗物质’与‘暗能量’”等等。如果恢复“质量不灭、能量不灭”的基础规律地位，此类“理论”恐难为继。

　　相对论对于质量可变的考虑包括“质量与能量实际上是相象的，它们只是同一事物的

不同表示”，“物体的质量不是恒量；它随着物体能量的改变而改变”。未提出“变”的机理而是给出了类似“洛伦兹变换”的一个方程，方程构建了速度、质量的相关并反映了物体速度以光速为极限，采用了以数学方程解释物理现象的研究方法。此法忽视了解释自然现象的核心在于寻求机理，机理正确，总能构建起方程，反之，方程合用，问题不能算已经解决，还需要明确的机理。相对论关于“质量——速度”和“质量——能量”的两组方程至今依然被实用，但是，却动摇不了“质量不灭”定理，也提不出“变”的机理，因此，只能来一次“否定之否定”，在事隔百年之后，重新把“质量不灭”请回来，安置在“基础自然规律”的位置上，象经典物理学者那样尊重它，并确信，一旦背道而驰，将难免失误。请注意，现代物理学的11道难题迄今无人能够回答，其中第一道便是“什么是物质”，物质既可以离奇的变化，我们当然不能理解它的面目！

　　 现在不少“新理论”也都需要“质量可变”的支持，例如，弦理论、超弦理论将物质的基础建立在“一维”之上，一维便没有体积，没有质量！最近兴起的“太阳系有一个外壳”理论就避而不谈此“壳”需要多少物质、它们如何形成壳、此壳上的图像为何能够发出光谱等许多应当回答的问题。此类“理论”怎能不陷入误境。

　　 迄今没有一则实例能够说明质量真的可以变，相对论的质量可变观点需要改进为质量不可变。

2.3.2 “静止质量” 

　　相对论关于“静止质量”的提出是维护“质量可变”的需要，相对论对于洛伦兹变换方程情有独钟，用 方程表达“质量随速度(动能)改变”的规律，因为该方程的数量关系符合“理论需要”： m0为“静止质量”，速度为0，质量m不变；速度v为光速c时，质量为无限大。使质量可变理论显得似乎圆满。但是，数学表达不能取代机理，100年来，并未找到“质量可变”的机理。而且也找不出一则真正的实例。相反，质量不灭则是久经验证的自然规律。因此，尽管方程符合需要，却不能代替机理。

　　上面已经为（1）找到了“风帆效应”是粒子不能达到光速的机理和原因，（2）（3）也都有了合理的解释。

　　质量与运动无关，质量不随速度改变是根据物质不灭规律作出的判断，迄今没有真正能够动摇它的实例。从数学角度看，质量M是一个单纯的、独立的“元”，它不能随时间、位置、速度等有所改变，不能表达成为函数。需要坚信，任何数量的物质都是“常数”，其质量在任何物理条件下不会增减。

　　 结论应当是，不存在“静止质量”与“运动质量”之别。2.3.1也含有“质量就是质量，不会因为运动而有所改变”的意思。

　　由方程导致的“质量可变”误会越变越离谱，以至相信这一点之后，“什么是物质”已不能回答和难以理解，在物理文章中的一些描述，已不亚于科幻。

　　如果不尊重物质不灭和能量不灭两项基础自然规律，失去判断正确、错误的标准，珷玞乱玉在所难免。

2.4 四维时空

　　在认识空间方面，经典物理不意中设光速为无限大，认为信息传布不需要时间，于是，三维空间坐标的确定，同时间无关。上世纪初，“光速”已被精确测定，信息以“光速传播”，这同以“无限大速度”传播当然不同，相对论提出了适应这一机理的线性变换，从理论上解决了通过计算判定高速运动体系之间坐标和时间准确数值的问题，这一理论研究的重大成果在今天宇航时代更显得非常重要，设想，如果两个高速相对运动的体系不能正确判断自己和对方的正确位置、时间历程，后果如何？

“时间变换”的客观物理意义在于，甲、乙两个高速相对运动的体系之间，受光速影响，发生“时间畸变”、“时间延迟”。但是，这是“信息”发生改变而不是时间进程真的变了。

　　今天，许多文章在时间、空间方面的开拓，虽然标示“根据相对论”，但却大大超出了相对论的原意。

　　相对论对于“三维空间”和时间组成的“四维时空”只在由自变量形成“数学空间”的意义上一度称为“四维空间”，其他情况下，都称为“四维时空”。

　　当下，大于3的“多维空间”的“维”不断增多，已超过20维。可以说这是离开了实际而任意增加空间维度。从物理含义上讲，任一物体在空间的坐标由三维确定，3是既充分又必要的维数，多余的维数，在空间并无藏身之处，如果“理论”中的维数大于3 ，必须论证它存在的合理性，若将不可能存在的事物列为可能，所涉及的内容必然进入科幻领域。

　　与“多维空间”同时，还有“时间通道”、“时间跨越”等构思，这类构思的问题是同“时间”的基本性质不相洽，此基本性质为：单向、连续、均匀、不可逆、无始无终。关于时间的专门讨论，在《L03 时间亦论》一文中进行。 

2.5 关于张量

　　对于三维空间中的具有方向性的物理参量采用“向量”或“矢量”模型加以描述，这样的数学处理密切联系着实际情况；如果方程中的自变量个数超过3，亦即超过了真实空间的维数，“向量”便成为“张量”，《相对论》研究了对于张量的线性变换，这具有一定抽象性质，已经超出了真实空间，但是，由于第四维是时间，因此，这样的抽象是为了实际应用。故虽名“四维时空”，从物理角度，空间只是三维，不是“四维空间”。

从数学上说，“空间”乃是自变量的个数，所研究的x、y、z、t 四个自变量的函数构成了“四维空间”。因此，在物理范畴内，空间只能是三维，而在数学范畴内，自变量个数决定空间维数，没有理论上的界限。

　　但是，也需要注意，物理空间和数学空间不能混淆，一当维度超过3 ，毫无疑义，必定是在数学领域。因为三维已经“既充分又必要”地定义了宇宙空间的所有位置，不留余地，如果维度超过3，需要证明它置身何处。

　张量，是“数学空间”中的“矢量”，同物理矢量之间的不同在于存在一定抽象。

相对论提出这一名词其实已经显示它不同于矢量，从而不能在真实的三维空间中有所对应，

四维矢量性线变换的意义何在是相对论难以理解的方面之一，其实，超过三维就不能在真实空间中直接对应，（相对论利用）四元函数线性变换的正确理解是为了用数学方法解决上述“时间畸变”与“时间延迟”。

　　利用四维函数的线性变换说明在“四维数学空间”中光速不变，不过，数学的功能是描述机理而不是证明机理，更不能使数学空间中的规则存在于真实空间中。对于那一次著名的迈克尔逊实验的合理认识就是，在地球这个“运动系统”上，当地面空气静止时，那里的光速不变。

2.6 远星光谱的红移（红移）

　　《相对论》一度认为红移源于引力，列出了计算方程，并且经过计算认为结果符合实际测量值，后来，观点有所改变，同意了“宇宙膨胀”理论。

　　 由此可见，爱因斯坦并不利用数学方程作为理论的依据，它只是为理论服务，用以精确描述机理。

这里也说明，回答物理问题需要“理”，重在“理”，不可缺理。这并不排除数学的重要辅助作用。

　　 远星光谱究竟为什么“红移”？如果从理论上说，“光”作为电波，它的振幅可以变而频率不能变。但是在物理领域，有多少理论上不变的参量实际上是一成不变的呢？能够找到哪怕一例吗？

　　为什么会如此呢？因为，物理上的“不变”是有条件的。以波为例，波的传播基于介质振荡，波速不变的理论依据是“切变模量”不变和“介质密度”不变，在通常情况下可以认为这两个“不变”能够满足，光速不变可以保持到10-6的程度。

　　但是，在光源极其遥远和振幅极其微弱的情况下，这里面临两个问题：一是，空间相邻两枚电子传递波动的响应时间，通常认为是常数，这样才能保证“光速不变”，但是在光波极其微弱的情况下，电子的质量引起的惯性力同“驱动力”相比越来越大，波的传播时间就要加长，这相当于频率“红移”； 二是，空间电场大致均匀而非绝对均匀，遥远“光源”处空间电场的密度如果与太阳系周围不同，光谱的“蓝移”或“红移”便可能出现。

如果一味地坚持光速绝对不变，而认定“红移”代表远星高速离去而又不解释“蓝移”，是否有些不妥呢？

　　比较可行的选择是，不将“红移”、“蓝移”同远星的高速“来、去”相联系，那只是光学现象。就同不将光线经过恒星附近发生弯曲判断为“引力弯曲”一样，那也是空间的光学现象，在光学领域内寻求机理，予以解释。 

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L33a

make batter for Relativity 

S. G. Chinese

Abstract from the angle of physical meaning , to discuss several major subject of relativity, wish to clear the true，to distinguish the real and mistake, to inherit the marrow

Key word 　 relativity　 red shift 　　 blue shift　　 light bind by gravity　　 mass variable 　 Space dimension 　4 D tensor

　 　１　the correct inheritance for Relativity 

　　To hold 《relativity》speak as the thesis of “most famous ” I’m afraid not very excessive, so far still get often use and cite for basis, it bear broad cry up, its “space-time system” established “time distortion” and “time delay” in theory, its importance for aerospace time was very huge；but, also there are plenty of people who reflect it “beyond understanding”．　　　　Answered then great puzzle with exceed view、span time-space and carry along was the one side of matter；raised some “principle” of make one find everything fresh and new was the another side of matter．To the latter, normally need pass careful proving and search mechanism．

　　For example of “conservation of light velocity in the vacuum”, it be now as one of the principle of 《relativity》, and if have light in the vacuum is need earlier clear in theory, in the test of Michelson in 1881, also need mechanism for why light velocity not affected and conserved, so far it seems not find the mechanism of this side．

　　《relativity》suggested “tensor” is open up of “vector” in math field, vector exist in 3-dimensional physical space, tensor then exist in abstract math space, may much than 3-dimension．Though it get quote for argument reality physical problem, and use lineal transformation make math deduce, but tensor itself just was the “measure” in math space——abstract space, can not reflect with reality things, understand for this, of course would a few difficult．

《relativity》involve basic theory of “light”, this side up to now cannot bright and clear．

　　The huge contribution of 《relativity》is objective reality, contemporary have the luck of inherited, but also have the obligation of continue push ahead．Cannot be conservative and complacent, more have to redouble analysis and research to it、verify mechanism’s location．

　　The application of to use all viewpoint of 《relativity》hold as law keep intact copy does not the correct inheriting of later generation for ancestors．Because, in relativity, besides “conservation of light velocity in the vacuum”, also “gravitational bending” of light、“quality variable”、time、space and so on aspect have not put forward the mechanism, thus need more analysis and supplement, if find any point of not proper, according to the reason put forward improve to be the positive succession, without prejudice its huge achievement．

　　The cognition deepen along with scientific development it is quite natural that．Today, although find sun does not the center on circle round of stars, but, this does not affect our respect to Copernicus． 

2 physical unscramble

2.1 The velocity of light of the vacuum

　　The vacuum of the physical meaning is the space of non any matter, but light, current contain “wave、grain” in it．talk for “grain”, as every kinds of ray, the really may spread in the vacuum, but the velocity was differ from one another．Neither not uniform, “conservation” then cannot be；as for “wave”, its spreading media is space electric field, mean space field of electron distribution．According to the wave equation, the velocity was conservation, but should spread in the medium (space electric field), that was non any wave in the vacuum．　　

　　 It can see the “vacuum” is incompatible with “light-wave”, what is the outlet for this disagreement? It lie in recover the light of that《relativity》involved． “conservation of light velocity” primary was《relativity》raise and is the explain aim at Michelson test, before famous explain was： “object would contraction in length in motion direction ”．Really, the test only involve to “visible light”, whether explain is correct need proving, put explain rise for principle of possess universal meaning not only need repeatedly proving, but also need clear-cut mechanism．Towards “The ‘velocity of light’ of the vacuum” can but first treat as ‘velocity of wave’ of electric wave, affirmed “conservation of velocity of wave ”, after that may take open up the applied range into account．

　　 Upon that, here vacuum need to be revised as “outer space” or “space”, space exist all kinds of object of every scale, the least is electron and graviton, estimate according to the wave length of electric wave, the space between space electrons about 10 to the power of -5 CM, due to between electrons, the calm electron field naturally tendency uniform distribution, therefore, it can believe in, in the vast outer space of far away with star, exist a matrix of arrange by electrons, this mean space electric field, become the medium of light wave．Here utility is wave theory absolutely．

　　Go by long-term deliberation, obtained a result was, in the present “light”, in fact contained two kinds of different things of “wave” and “particle”, to use “duality” inflict reconcile on is ability not equal to one’s ambition．When a bunch of light transmission from prism, how can folk hold explain of it is many bunch of “particle beam” of different velocity? How can say the particles flow of different velocity in accelerator is the “wave” of different wavelength? Whether they “since been the wave also been the particles”? 

　　 Practical limits should delimit by fact, all “electric wave” are the “vibration” of medium (electric field) thus also the “vibration of particles”, this is the link of wave and particle, but they also have the difference．Ignore the difference and do with difficulty be going to put they “unity together” naturally exist “difficulty”． 

In the discussion of《relativity》，just in the face of “light wave”, use wave theory is suitable, as for theory of all sidedness of light will discuss in other thesis．

　　 Whether “conservation of light velocity” in outer space? This depend on space electric field is or isn’t uniformity．A space of non electron’s “spring” (radiate electrons) and “confluence” (intake electrons), bass on repulsion, electric field is uniform．There fore, if space have not electronic launch or intake, light velocity should conserved．But space stars just the source of electron emission, the basic particle polymerize to “meson”、neutron、atom need “take” electron from space．Much less, space still ceaseless happen “super nova explosion” and radiate a large number basic particles． 

　　 Therefore, space electric field cannot absolute uniformity in theory．Light velocity also cannot achieve theoretic conservation．But it is not get rid of the value of practical application of to use light wave treat as space length surveyor’s pole, because, at the location of leave star compare far , space electric field relatively still compare equality, actual measurement indicate, survey accuracy in 10-6 (10 t0to the power of -6) is out of question．That is, in this accuracy limits, can take for “conservation of light velocity”． 

　　Above analysis of light velocity yet involved two deciding of relativity：

(1) light bending of gravitational force 

(2) red shift of gravitational force

Among this, (1) up to now still be know as “correct” deciding． 

2.2 Gravitational bend of light 

　　If in view of star was the radiation source of the basic particle, in its nearby space electric field exist great gradient, light pass here, to be to pass through “inhomogeneous medium”, certainly can’t keep the track of straight line．therefore, the reason of light through star nearby happen bend is the density of space electrons happen change, means be the result of refractive index change, Newtonian force、electromagnetic force cannot obviously change the travel path of light．

　　About (2), now already no longer brought to the forefront, but the analysis and judge for “red shift”, influence also very great, rear will inflict relate on．

　　As a result, the conclusion of analysis is, light velocity of outer space non-conservation in theory and may think it conservation in a certain precision on practical．If put it serve as a surveyor’s pole of outer space, it need know fairly well about it achieved precision；“conservation of light velocity” cannot think in absolute terms, cannot to think “conservation of light velocity” in theory．

2.3 About the quality

2.3.1 If the quality variable 

　　In those days, ever faced a lot of physical phenomenon of difficult explanatory, as：（1）the velocity can’t cannot reach to light velocity；(2) the energy of freed from the radioactive material are much larger than any material’s chemical energy, unknown where come from this energy；(3) some particles trace line appear break off etc．

　　Under this condition of confusing, 《relativity》to raise “the quality does not variable”, this creative idea almost at a time solved above three puzzles, the provide equation E=MC2 (square) understood as the formula of “quality change to energy”, up to now this formula quantify to the nuclear energy make one admire．Upon that, “quality variable” then have been around”

But, physical field omitted before now “conservation of matter” to be the basic law of physics, ever get long-term proving, deny it have to very careful．besides, “quality variable” needs mechanism．Conversely, if cannot find mechanism, “change” may well not exist．

　　Today it seems, the reason for above (1) lie in the “wind-sail effect” in the accelerator it make accelerated particle cannot reach light velocity, because accelerate current is possess light velocity, the velocity of accelerated particle would lower a few, both similar the relation of wind and sail；the answer of (2) is：neutron、proton does not “a grain” but to be a “micro vortex galaxy” of basic particle in high speed slew, its kinetic energy of slew mean nuclear energy．This energy not appear in mean time, only can appear in nuclear reaction neutron 、proton get dissolution；the problem of (3) lie in some particle’s kinetic energy just right near the threshold value of show, after fly a distance its energy drop to the threshold value, translate to not displayed, under this circumstance, can but judge for “trace stop” and can not judge for “quality stop”．

　　So at present have no use for “quality (mass) variable” may also explain above three puzzles．

Because lack of mechanism, therefore, “quality variable” deleted reliable reality basis．

　　May I ask, the basic particle serve as the least unit, its density、quantity and volume, which can change? How to change? What is the mechanism? Apparently the judge of “quality variable” need return to “quality cannot change”, to do “negation of negation” once．

　　　Quality “variable” or “cannot variable” is the basic problem of first-class great, once fault, to lead to the result of “will make a great difference”, can it careless? 

　　Try to see some “theory”：“before big bang all matter of cosmos are focus on one theoretical point”, “in the 5-dimension space our cosmic collide with a invisible cosmos generated ．．．”, “in existing cosmos whole visible mass only occupy n%(n<10), the rest was ‘the dark matter’‘dark energy’etc”．If recover the status of basic law of “conservation of mass” and ”conservation of energy”, such “theory” be fear difficult to continue．

　　 Relativity consider mass visible include “quality and energy actually was likeness, they just the different appear of same thing”, “the quality of object does not constant；it would change follow object’s energy”．Cannot put forward the mechanism but give an equation which similar “Lorentz transformation”, the equation construct the relation of velocity、quality and reflected object’s velocity with limit of light velocity, use the research method of with math equation explain physical phenomenon．This method ignored the core of explain natural phenomenon lie in seek mechanism, while the mechanism is correct, should can build equation, on the other hand, the equation fit for use, problem cannot be consider has been solve, still need specific mechanism． 

　　The two groups of equation of “quality——velocity” and “quality——energy” from relativity so far still get utility, but, yet cannot shake the law of “conservation of energy”, also cannot bring up the mechanism of “change”, therefore, can but come in “negation of negation” at once, after time has past one hundred years, again please come back for “conservation of mass”, setting it on the location of “basic natural law”, respect to it like classics physicist done．And be sure of, once run in the opposite direction, will hard to avoid fault．

　　 Attention please, the 11 puzzle of modern physics so far nobody can answer, among this the first exactly “what is mass?”, as mass may bizarre change, we surely cannot understand its look!

Now not a few “new theory” also all need in support with “quality variable”, such as, the string theory、superstring theory build the matter’s basis on “1-dimention”, 1-dimention then non volume, non quality! 

Recently arisen theory of “solar system have a‘hull’” as so as avoid discussion of how many matter this “hull” needed、how can they form this “hull”、why the image on this “hull” can issue spectrum and so on many problems of need respondent．How can these theory not sink into error border．

So far there is not an example can explain quality true variable, the viewpoint of quality variable from relativity deed improve to quality invariable． 

2.3.2 “rest mass” 

　　 Put forward about “rest mass” was in need of maintain “mass (quality) variable”, relativity focus on the equation of Lorentz transformation, use equation express the law of “mass (quality) change follow speed (kinetic energy)”, because the quantity relation of this equation in line with “theory need”： m0 to be the rest mass, when speed v=0, mass m not change, when speed = C , mass change to infinite．This let theory of mass variable seem satisfactory．But math cannot instead of mechanism．And also find out any one true example．Contrary, conservation of mass was tested natural law．Therefore although the equation fit, yet cannot instead of mechanism．

Above has been find “wind-sail effect” is the reason of particle cannot reach light velocity for (1), (2) and (3) also get reasonable explain．

　　Mass not relation with motion, mass would not change follow speed to be the judging on the basis of law of conservation of mass．So far it have not the true example can shack it．From math angle to see, mass (quality) is a simple、independent variables, it cannot change follow tine、position、speed (velocity) and so on thing, cannot express to function．Need firmly believe, any quantity mass are all “constant”, its quality would not increase and decrease under any condition．The conclusion ought to be, it does not exist the difference of “rest mass” and “motion mass”． 2.3.1 also contain the meaning of “mass just mass, will not change on account of motion”． 

　　The misunderstand of the equation leaded to “mass variable” does more change more off limit, up to after believe this point, “what is mass” has been cannot answer and over one’s head, some describe in the physical article, then as good as science fiction．

　　 If disrespect to two natural law of conservation of mass and conservation of energy, lose the standard of judge correct and incorrect, Wu Fu(the stone which like jade) disorderly jade be unavoidable．

2.4 four-dimensional space-time 

　　In aspect of know space, unintentionally suppose the velocity of light is unlimited, think the information’s spread do without time, upon that, confirm 3 dimensional space coordinate, unrelated to the time．The early of before century, “light velocity” has been get accurate determine, the information “spread with light velocity” certainly different of “unlimited velocity”, relativity raise the linear transformation of adapt this mechanism, solved the problem of through calculate judge accuracy value of coordinate and time of between the systems in high speed motion．This great achievement of theory research more appear very important in today’s astronavigation times, imagine, it two systems of relative motion in high speed cannot judge the correct position、time progress of its self and the other, what would the consequence?

The objective physical meaning of “time change” be lie in, between two system of relative motion in high speed, suffer the influence of light velocity, to happen “time distortion” and “time delay”．But, this is the “information” happen change and does not the time progress really change．

　　 Today, open up to the time、space in many articles, although mark “according to relativity”, but greatly exceeded relativity’s original meaning． 

　　To the relativity and the time composite “4-dimensonal space time” only in the meaning of independent variable form “math space” once called “4-dimansion space”, under other conditions, all called “4-dimension space-time”．

　　Here and now, the dimension of “multi dimension space ” of more than 3 has been ceaselessly increase, already exceed 20 dimensions．May say it was leaved reality and arbitrarily increase dimension． 

From physical meaning to say, space coordinate of any object is make sure from the tree dimension, the three is already full also necessary dimensions, the redundant dimensions was have not hidden place in space, if theory’s dimensions more than 3, have to proof its rationality, if put the things of impossible existing think to possible, the relate to content certain enter into science fiction field．

　　At the same time of “multi dimension space”, still have “time channel”、“time span” and so on conception, the equation of this kind of conception is not in contact with time’s basic properties, this basic properties are：unidirectional、continuous、even、irreversible、without beginning and ending．The specialized discuss for time, will proceed in thesis 《L03 also discuss about time》．

　 2.5 about tensor 

　　 The physical parameter possess directivity in the 3-dimensional space inflict describe on “vector” , such math treatment tie up physical truth；if the number of independent variable exceed 3, i.e. exceeded the dimension of reality space, “vector” then form “tensor”, 《relativity》studied linear transformation of tensor, this possess fixed abstract properties, already exceed reality space, but, due to the fourth dimension is the time, therefore, this abstracting just for practical use．So even if it named “4-dimension space-time ”, from the physical angle, space only 3-dimension, does not “4-dimensional space”．

　　To say from the math, “space” to be the number of independent variable, the function of four independent variable of x、y、z、t formed “4-dimension space”．Therefore, in physical field, space only 3-dimension, and in math field, the number of independent variable to decide space dimension, non limit in theory．

　　But also needs attention, the physical space cannot mix up with math space, once the dimension exceed 3, be beyond all doubt, be sure in the math field．Because 3-dimension has been defined all position of cosmic space of “as full and necessary”, leave no room, if exceed 3, needs to proving it place one self where． 

　 Tensor, be the “vector” of math space, the different with physical vector lie in exist a fixed abstract．Relativity raise this noun in fact already show it is different with vector, thus cannot have corresponding in the true 3-dimension space．

What is the meaning of linear transform of 4-dimensional vector is a side of unreadable of relativity, really, exceed 3-dimension at once cannot direct correspondence in real space, the right understand for relativity use linear transformation of 4-dimensional function is for use math method solve above “time distortion”and“time delay”．

　　Use linear transformation of 4-dimensional function explain the light velocity was invariable in “4-dimensional math space”, merely, the function of math is describe mechanism and rather than proving mechanism, more cannot let the rule of math space exist in real space, reasonable know for that famous Michelson test is , on this motion system of the globe, when ground air is static, there light velocity to be invariant．

2.6 Far star spectral red-shift（red-shift）

　　《relativity》ever think red-shift born of gravitation, list the calculating equation, and through calculate consider real measure value, later, the viewpoint had change, agree theory of “cosmic expansion”．

From this it can be seen that Einstein not use math equation serve as the basis of theory, it (equation) only serve for theory, use for accurate describe mechanism．

　　Here also explain, answer physical problem need “reason”, important at “reason”, cannot lack of reason．This by no means remove math’s important subsidiarity．

　　Any way why the spectrum of far star happen “red shift”? if to say in theory, “light” serve as electric wave, its amplitude may change and the frequency cannot change．but in physical field, how many variable parameter in theory to be changeless in practice? If be capable to find one example? 

　　Why should to such? Because of, the physical “un-change” to be have condition．For example of the wave, its spreading basis on medium’s oscillation, theory basis of wave velocity un-change is “shear modulus” un-change and “medium density” un-change, under general condition may think this two “un-change” can satisfy, light un-change can keep to degree of 10-6 (10 to the power of -6) ．

　　But, under the condition of light source most remote and amplitude most weak, here faces two problems：the first is, the response time of transfer wave of space two nearby electrons, generally to think it is constant, such can but guarantee “light velocity un-change”, but under the condition of light wave most weak, electron’s quality evocable inertia force compare with “driving power” bigger and bigger, the spread time of wave be going to lengthening, this amount to frequency’s “red shift”；the second is, space electric field roughly uniformity and does not absolute uniformity, if the density of space electric field of the locate of remote light source is different with the solar system nearby, spectral “blue shift” or “red shift” then may appear．

　　If blindly insist light velocity absolute un-change, and hold “red shift” delegate remote star leave with high speed and don’t explain “blue shift”, whether have some inappropriate?

　 The compare feasible select is, don’t let “red shift” or “blue shift” associated with remote star’s “to come、to go”, that only the optical phenomenon．To seek mechanism in optical field, give explain．