L32    量子 

        陈理士 

提要 真正的基本粒子只有引力子、斥力子两种，也只有这两种粒子才是真正的“单身”粒子，在此情况下，需要理清量子的相关情况，查明真像, 本文为《量子力学》发现了一个新的量子——引力子，此乃“永恒量子”

关键词 量子 真正粒子 永恒量子

　　早期的量子，作为粒子，其实是电子。电子在原子外层回旋具有一定“平衡转速”，亦即，具有一定量级的动能，因此从原子外围离去的电子是量子。

“二象性”理论在“波粒理论”间调和出了“正电子”和“光子”，它们似乎也是量子，这两种“粒子”的存在今天似乎“不容置疑”。

　　但是，如果冷静地反思一下，一束日光透过三棱镜折射为许多色光时，怎么解释这些不同色光是“不同颜色的光子”呢？它们怎么会转折且有不同折射角的呢？

如果确实找不到机理，只能承认，那不是粒子而只是光波，按波动理论解释折射显然不存在问题。于是，“光子”在有些场合虽然合用，在这里却不成。

任何理论如果存在“例外”或“困难”，此理论便不能成为正确理论，有待改善。“光子”有问题，“正电子”也受牵连。因此，对于量子力学，扎实的粒子只是电子。

近代，针对电磁力、弱相互作用力、强相互作用力开发了量子的“电动力学”、“色动力学”和“味动力学”，成为一个理论体系，共同解释基本粒子和“不同作用力”的有关问题。

　　显然，后两种量子动力学已经将“所有基本粒子”视为量子。但是，正确理论不应存在“困难”或“问题”，这里的问题是：“基本粒子”不断增多，已有12个种且难以封住；这些“基本粒子”大多能“分裂 ”或“转变”，能“分裂”、能“转变”的“粒子”还能是“基本”的吗？

　　“四种力”的不同仅在于“量”而不在于“质”，“量”的不同，能作为分类的依据吗？微观力、微观质量同宏观力宏观质量难道没有物理联系吗等等。

于是，关于量子的问题，首先须明确，基本粒子究竟有多少种？哪些粒子可成为量子？量子间的力形成的机理与规律何在？量子的能量是恒量还是变量？从微观力、微观质量到宏观力、宏观质量间的物理联系何在？这些问题一但解决，从学术上量子分类以及用数学方程描述的时机方成熟。

　　文章《L04 物质演变》找到了微观力与宏观力之间的改变机制在于“聚合效应”，两物体间力线的“H”分布将力线分为“作用力线”与“剩余力线”, 这在电磁学中已有所展示。.随着物质“聚合度”加大，“剩余力线”密度降低，形成“强作用”与“弱作用”之别，这纯粹是力线的多少所引起，将其视为“两种力”并且用两种《量子动力学》予以区分的学术方法不够确切。

　　总之，力只有引力、斥力两种，力，只能由力线相互作用生成。力的大小由作用力线的数量决定，所以基本粒子只需要两种：引力子与斥力子（电子），能够成为量子的粒子只有这两种。 《L04 物质演变》文中已经阐述过，其它那些名目繁多的“粒子”其实乃是基本粒子——主要是引力子——的不同规模的组群，它们是“复数粒子”。

　　人们对于电子是比较熟悉的，但也不够。例如，测量数据似乎说明它的质量是9×10-28克，这里有一个成问题的假定：“氢原子外围只有一枚电子”，如果是真，一枚电子围绕质子回旋，其垂直方向必定发出引力线，氢原子必定具有强磁性，必定排成一字长蛇阵，哪能显示电磁中性和进行布朗运动。可见，需要搁置现有理论的成见，重新分析、认识基本粒子。

　　下面要估计出，电子的质量约为10(-36次方)克，电子在离开原子时具有动能，是量子，此后，它在空间受到空间电场斥力逐渐减速，最终成为相对静止的场电子，已不再是量子，所以，电子有量子态与非量子态。

引力子在质子、中子解体后飞向空间，它发出的引力线同斥力线或引力线作用均生成引力，因而，在空间受不到斥力推拒，故具有恒定速度和动能，是地地道道的“终身量子”或“永恒量子”。

　　引力子在质子中高速“回旋”，其动能为1/2MV2，速度V的数值多大？答曰：光速量级。这一估计同能量方程相洽，如果质子内部不是高速回旋的基本粒子，原子能就无来源，就要求助“质量变能量”。但是，“原子爆炸”后质量只是由“一块”变为大量高速粒子（射线），化整为零由旋转运动变为直线运动，物质形态改变而质量没有改变，能量由蕴含变为显示。

　　因此，引力子作为终身量子其能量有蕴含和显示两种状态。如果将“质量不灭、能量不灭”两项自然规律置于正确位置，不难通过推理从已有实验结果中领悟到这些。

引力子的动能何来？这是核反应原子解体它们飞出质子时的初始速度，也是不变的速度，此速度是“先天”的，在质子内作回旋运动和在空间作直线运动只是运动方式的不同，速度的数值则不变。

　　从这一思路出发，宇宙射线便是不同聚合度的直线运动引力子“组”而不存在“回旋”，而其直线运动速度也是光速量级，宇宙射线的能量跨距约为1012(-12次方) ，实际最大聚合组群是质子大小，由此判断，引力子的质量小于10(-36次方)克，这个“终身量子”或“永恒量子”，不论在空间作为宇宙射线粒子还是在质子中回旋，它的线速度都不变，亦即，能量不变。

　　因为没有发现“一种基本粒子围绕另一种单个基本粒子旋转”的结构，可以估计，电子质量同引力子相当，也是10(-36次方)克。

　　当引力子在空间飞行时，向“挡路者”显示其能量；它们作为“微涡旋星系”(参见L04文) 里的一员时，便不向外显示能量，能量成为隐态，“显”与“隐”的区分在于引力子的运动方式。

　　这就是“宇宙射线粒子”同“各种介子”、中子、质子等“粒子”有所不同的物理背景。如果从理论上拒绝“质量可变”，势必转而寻求原子能的来源，也许在百年前早已得出以上见解。

　　由于运动速度相同，所有物质的引力子能量相同，于是，宇宙射线粒子、介子、中子、质子的“能量/质量”相同；至于各种原子，外围电子线速度相对较低，而电子只占10-3(-3次方)分额，比例不大，因此，粗略地说，所有质量均可应用能量方程(E=mc2)。

　　在此，不言自明的是，能量方程中的能量就是基本粒子的动能，此动能原来就在，不会改变，分为“显态”和“隐态”，将此方程理解为“质量变能量”是不妥的，原子能量的释放只是物质动能由“隐态”转变为“显态”，是量子运动方式的改变，丝毫不涉及“质量变能量”。 

　　于此，对于量子理论的改进包括：

　（1）基本粒子只有两种

　（2）名副其实的粒子也只有两种，其它名目繁多数以千记的“粒子”都是“复数粒子”非真正一粒

　（3）两种基本粒子具有动能时就是量子，引力子是永恒量子，斥力子有量子态与非量子态

　（4）量子间的作用力为引力、斥力两种，自然界只存在这两种不同的力

　（5）量子间的作用力的大小只决定于作用力线的数量，数量的多少受到“聚合效应”制约

　　不把中子、质子认作“一粒”，当有“粒子”高速撞入质子时，就不能应用《刚体力学》的规则，于是，“宇称不守恒”顺理成章。反之，如果中子、质子是“一粒”，应当表现为“宇称守恒”。

　　以往，曾经相信“宇称守恒”，现今，转而相信“宇称不守恒”。 但迄今并未提出“守恒”或“不守恒”的机理。

　　从上述叙述看出，需要对于自然信息正确解读，正确认识基本粒子和“粒子”，由此才能发现机理、回答“为什么”。

　　现今，一些有“困难”或“问题”的“粒子”是否真存在需要审慎对待，如：

　（1）正电子

　（2）光子

　（3）胶子

　（4）希格斯子

　（5）玻色子

　　 本文认为它们不存在的理由从上述已可推出。

　　“六百种以上宇宙射线粒子”同样有问题，论“种”，那只是一种，之所以被认为是六百多种，乃是因为实测到了六百多种“不同能量”的宇宙射线“粒子”，没有考虑能量的不同是否由于它们并非“一粒”所致。如果分辨能量的精度提高，按现行方法还可以“发现”多得多的“新宇宙射线粒子”。

　　“介子”是什么样的“粒子”？由于“聚合效应”（参见《L04文》）， 质子是引力子聚合成为“微涡旋运动星系”时的极限，此时的引力子总数约为1012（10的12次方）即万亿枚，少于此数的“微涡旋运动星系”即为“介子”。于是，质子被“打碎”能够成为若干“介子”，空间宇宙射线中也存在能量与之相当的“粒子”，它们的共同点是都是引力子的组群，都向外发出引力线，这是它们都“带正电荷”的实质；它们的动能也相同，等于“原子能”，其主要不同在于聚合、运动方式。

　　量子力学面对的电子，原来是从“氢原子外围有一枚电子”的认识而确定其质量的，现在看，那是“一份”电子的质量。

　　原子的不同在于质子、中子数量差异，不同原子外围的电子乃是不同的“份”，在此情况下，虽然在化学领域，这个“一枚”通常并不发生龃龉。但是“分数电荷”就“不应当”存在。如上所述，氢原子外围就不可能“布满电子”，不能保持电磁中性。

　　因此，原子物理学、三门量子动力学面对的只有两种基本粒子。现今，由于认识的不到位,使理论大大复杂化了，结果虽然是百花争艳，但也莫衷一是，“熵值增加”。四十年前就有人提出要“清理物理空间”，但是如果不系统全面地梳理，难免顾此失彼而陷于同样的存在“问题”和“困难”的窘境。理论复杂化的原因在于基础理论的闪失。对于量子的正确认识，涉及对于粒子、能量、作用力、光、电等诸元素的正确认识，可算谈何容易。但是，坚信规律和掌握机理可以避免重大失误，有助于最终形成正确理论。

　　以上本文提出了作为量子的粒子有两种：引力子与斥力子，其中引力子是永恒量子，斥力子——电子——为“条件量子”，基本粒子也是这两种粒子，其它所有的现在已命名的“粒子”都不是真正的“一粒”而是基本粒子的“复数”；正确的量子力学不能离开这些基本要点。 

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L32  THE QUANTUM 

 （S. G. Chinese）

Abstract the true basic particle only two kinds of graviton and repulton, only this two kinds of particles been the truly “bachelordom” particle , under this circumstances, need to clear of the interrelated situation of the quantum, investigate the true

Key word quantum true particle eternal quantum

　　The early quantum, serve as particle, It is electron in really．Electron circle round on atom’s outer sphere possess fixed balance speed, namely, possess fixed magnitude kinetic energy, so the electron away from atom’s outer sphere right the quantum． 

　　 “duality” theory between “wave and particle”reconcile out “position” and “photon”, they seem the quantum too, existing of this two kinds of “particles” seem “beyond doubt” today． 

　　 But, if calmly self-examination once, when a bunch of sunlight trans prism and refract become many color light, how explain these difficult color light to be the “photon of difficult color”? Why they should be bended and have the different angle of refraction? 

　　 If really cannot find the mechanism, can but admit, that does not particle and that just light wave, to explain problem in accordance with wave theory obvious not exist problem．Upon that, though “photon” theory fit for use in some occasion, but won’t do here． 

　　 Any theory if exist “exception” or “difficulty”, this theory then cannot become correct theory, has yet to improve．Something the matter for “photon”, “positron” also bear implication．Therefore, for quantum mechanics, steady particle only electron．

　　 Modern times, aim at electromagnetic force、weak forces、strong force developed quantum’s “electrodynamics”、“chromodynamics” and “flavor dynamics”, become a theory system, joint to explain relate problem of basic particle and “the different acting force ”． 

　　 Clearly, two kinds of rear quantum mechanics already see “all basic particle” for quantum．But correct theory should not exit “difficult” or “problem”, here the problem is：“basic particle” constant increase, already have 12 kinds and can not seal up；most of these “basic particle” can “fission”、or “transform”, whether particle of can “fission”、or “transform” yet the “basic particle”? 

　　The difference of “four kinds of force” only lie in “quantity” and not “quality”, can the difference of “quantity” action as foundation for classify? Could it be said that not physical contact of microcosmic force、microcosmic mass with macroscopic force、macroscopic mass etc． 

Upon that, the question for quantum, the first need clear, how many kinds of basic particles on earth? Which particles can become quantum? Wherein the mechanism and law of form force among quantum? Is constant or variable of quantum’s energy? What does the physical relation of from micro force、micro quality to macro force、macro quality? These problem once get solve, the opportunity just ripe for quantum classify and describe with math equation．

　　 Article《L04 development of matter》has been find the change mechanism between micro force and macro force lie in “polymerizing effect”, the “H” distribution of force-line between two objects be going to the force line divided to “acting force-line” and “surplus force-line”, this has been showing in electromagnetism．Following matter’s “degree of polymerization” get increases, density of “surplus force-line” would reduce, form classify of “strong interaction ”and “weak interaction ”, this purely cause by force-line’s number, the academic method of to see this as “two kinds of force” and give differentiate use two kinds of《quantum dynamics》is not enough exact．

　　In a word, the force have two kinds of attracting force and repulsion force only, the force, can but generate from interaction of force-line．big or small of force is decided by quantity of acting force-line, so only need two kinds of basic particle：graviton and repulton, only this two kinds of particle can become quantum．《L04 development of matter》has been expound, those a multitude of names other particles in fact to be the different group of basic particle——major was graviton，they are “plural particle”． 

Folk rather familiar to electron, but also not enough．Such as, measured data seemingly explain its quality was 9×10-28 gram, here has a debatable suppose：“only one electron at periphery of hydrogen atom”, if it is true, one electron whirl round proton, its vertical direction be sure to issue attracting force-line, hydrogen atom certainly possess strong magnetism, certainly form single-line battle array, how con to show electromagnetic neutral and to do Brownian motion．Visible, need shelve preconceived idea of existing theory, reanalysis、be familiar with basic particle．　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 

　　 Below will figure out, the quality of electron about 10-36 gram, when leave atom it possess kinetic energy, be the quantum, after this, it suffer repulsion force from space field gradually slow down, in the end become field electron of relative rest, then no longer be the quantum, therefore, electron possess quantum state and negate quantum state．

　　 After proton、neutron get disintegrate Graviton fly to space, it issue attracting force-line act with repulsion force-line or attracting force-line all form attracting force, thus, not suffer “push、repel” by repulsion force from space, so it possess constant speed and kinetic energy, to be the out and out “life long quantum” or “eternal quantum”．

　　The graviton “whirl” with high speed in the proton, its kinetic energy is 1/2MV2, how much about velocity V? the answer is：order of light velocity．This estimate consistent with energy equation, if the inner of proton does not the basic particle of whirl in high speed, the nuclear energy at once without source, as soon as ask for help to “quality change to energy”．But, after “atomic explosion” the quality only from “together” change to a large number of particles with high speed (ray), break up the whole into parts and from rotary motion change to linear motion, matter’s form get change when quality not change, energy from contain change to display．

　　 Therefore, graviton serve as eternal quantum its energy have two kinds of state of contain and display．If put in correct location with two natural law of “conservation of mass、conservation of energy”, not difficult through reasoning awake these from existing experimental result．

　　 Where come from the kinetic energy of graviton? This is the initial velocity of they fly out from proton when atom get dissolution, also the invariable velocity, this velocity to be “innateness”, it only different in motional mode of do whirl motion in proton and do linear motion in space, the numerical value of velocity was does not change． 

　　 Set out from this thinking, cosmic rays was the “group” of graviton of different degree of polymerization in linear motion and does not existing “whirl”, and its velocity of linear motion also order of magnitude of light velocity, the energy span of cosmic rays is 1012(10 to the power of 12 ), actual max polymerizing group was proton size, from this judge，quality of graviton less then 10-36(10 to the power of -36) gram, this “lifelong quantum” or “eternal quantum”, whether in space act as particle of cosmic rays or whirl in proton, its linear speed are all invariant, i.e. energy invariant．

In default of find the structure of “one kind of basic particle whirl round another kind of single basic particle”, may estimate, the quality of electron is match with graviton, also 10-36 gram．

　　 When graviton fly in space, towards some one of “be in the way” show its energy；when they act as a member of “micro vortex galaxy”(see also in text L04), then not show energy outward, the energy become hidden state, distinction of “show” and “hidden” lie in motion mode of graviton．

This just the physical back ground of different of “ray particle” with “all kinds of meson”、neutron、proton and so on particles．If refuse “quality variable” in theory, certainly will in turn to seek the source of nuclear, perhaps before 100 years had got above opinion．

　　 Due to motion speed identical, graviton’s energy of hole matter was the same, upon that, it is same of “energy / quality” of ray particle、meson、proton；as for all kinds of atoms, the linear speed of peripheral electron relatively lower, and electron only occupy 10-3drifts, proportion not big, therefore, roughly say, all quality without exception may use energy equation (E=mc2)． 

　　 Hereon, explanatory is, the energy of energy equation just the kinetic energy of basic particle, this kinetic energy original exist, will not change, divide “show mode” and “hidden mode”, be about to this energy construe to “quality change to energy” was improper, energy release of atom just matter’s kinetic energy from “hidden mode” translate to “show mode”, to be the changing of motion mode of quantum, not relate to “quality change to energy” a bit．

　　Hereof, improve for quantum theory include：

（1）basic particle nothing but two kinds 

（2）particle of worthy of the name also only have two kinds

（3）when this two kinds of basic particle possess kinetic energy they just quantum

(4) the acting force between quantum divide to two kinds of attracting force and repulsion force, natural world only exist this two kinds of force

(5) the big or small of acting force between quantum only decide quantity of acting force-line, and quantity of acting force-line suffer restriction by “polymerizing effect” 

　　 Don’t to see neutron、proton as “a grain”, when have “particle” collide to proton with high speed, at once cannot apply the rule of 《geostatics》，upon that, “non-conservation of parity” be logical．Conversely, if neutron、proton is “a grain”, ought to show “conservation of parity”．

　　 In the past, ever believe in “conservation of parity”, now in changing to believe “non-conservation of parity”．But up to now did not raise the mechanism of “conservation” or “non-conservation”．

　　 From above state can see, need correct interpretation to the natural information, correct know basic particle and “particle”, from this can find mechanism、reply “why”．

　　 Modern, need careful treat whether true exist of some “particle” of have “difficult” or “problem”, such as： 

（1）positon

（2）photon

（3）gluon

（4）Higgson

（5）boson

　　From above state already can understand the reason of this text think they nonexistent．

　　“more than 600 kinds of particles of cosmic rays” something the matter similar, said the kind, that only one kind, as a result they get regarded been more than 600 kinds, because actual measured “particle” of cosmic rays have “different energy” of more than 600 kinds．Be without think if the different of energy to be due to they be caused by are not “a grain”．If the precision of distinguish energy get advance, in accordance with present method still may “discover” much more “new particle of cosmic rays”．

　　 What kind of “particle” of “meson”? Due to “polymerizing effect” (see also in 《text L04》), proton is a limit of polymerizing become “micro vortex galaxy” of gravitons with linear motion, now the sum of gravitons about 1012 mean billion, the gravitons quantity of “micro vortex galaxy” less than this mean be “meson”．Upon that, proton get “shatter” can become some “meson”, among space cosmic rays also exist “particle” of energy considerable with those, their common ground is all the group of gravitons, all issue attracting force-line outward, it is the substance of they all “carry positive charge”；their kinetic energy also the same, equal to “nuclear energy”, their major different lie in the mode of polymerizing、motion． 

　　Electron of quantum mechanics faces, former was from the cognition of “there is one electron at the outskirts of hydrogen atom” make sure its quality, look now, that is quality of “a share” of electrons．

　　 Different of atom lie in difference of quantity of neutron、proton, the electrons of different atom to be different “share”, in this instance, at chemical field, though this “a share” usually not cause discord．But “fractional charge” then “should not” existing．As above state, periphery of hydrogen then no way “be full of electrons”, cannot keep electromagnetic neutral．

　　Therefore, atomic physics、three subjects of quantum dynamics faced only two kinds of basic particle, modern, due to cognitive not enough, this make theory greatly complicated, result is although all sorts of flowers in bloom, but also unable to decide which is right, “Entropy increase ”．someone raise should “put in order for physical space” , but if not roundly systematic carding ,hard to avoid attend to one thing and lose another while sink into predicament of similar exist “problem” and “difficulty”．Cause for theory complicated lie in it have fault in basic theory． correct understand for quantum mechanics, relate to correct understand for particle、energy、acting fore、light、electricity and so on factor, may to think easier said than done． 

　　 But, firmly believe in law and get hold of mechanism may avoid great fault, contribute to final form correct theory．

Above the text raise particle serve as quantum have two kinds：graviton and repulton, among these graviton been eternal quantum, repulton——electron——to be “condition”，basic particle also this two kinds of particles, other whole now has been named “particle” all not true “a grain” but is “plural” of basic particle；correct quantum mechanics cannot leave these basic essential．