原子结构新认识

                                                         陈理士

提   要 探明原子、中子、质子结构，估计基本粒子的质量与能量

关键词  原子 基本粒子 原子能 质子 中子

(text in english see rear)

　　　　在研究了原子一百年之后，对于原子结构积累了许多知识。原子理论认为，原子由原子核和外围电子组成，这一认识没有出现什么异议。

　　现在的理论认为氢原子外围只有一枚电子；这枚电子的质量是10-28克；而质子、中子顾名思义，乃是“粒子”，从常用名词“粒子碎片”可见，认为质子是一粒可以“击碎的”“ 粒子”，这些已经似乎不成问题，但是，经过分析，可以发现以上理论存在的问题是：

（1）氢原子外围真是仅有一枚电子吗？这一枚电子如何能够“保卫”原子的领空并使之具有电磁中性、能够进行布朗运动、承受气体压力的？对于所有元素，它们外围的电子数量果真仅有元素周期表所列的那么少吗？

（2）质子是何结构？它是由“三个基本粒子小组各出一名成员”组成的吗？这三个小组有十一名成员，质量各不相等，如何能够使所组成的质子其质量高度一致，达到五位有效数字呢？

（3）组成质子、中子的基本粒子到底有多少种？

（4）质子、中子在原子核内是何种状态？（

（5）原子能——核能——究竟是什么样的能量？原子普遍含有核能吗？

（6）原子为什么会存在聚合、放射、化合、核反应等物理过程？

　　能以回答这些问题是正确理论需要做到的，回答则应当据理，缺乏机理的判断只能是猜测，让猜测进入理论，在解释问题的同时也难免形成新的难题。例如，“质量可变”是《相对论》提出的猜测，但至今无人能够回答“质量是如何变的？” 因为现有基础理论难以回答以上问题，这同当前这个理论空间的“熵值偏高”有关。这说明，现有原子理论有部分正确，也有部分不正确和不完善，需要改进、补充，使之具有能够圆满解释问题的能力，使人们根据理论能够认识自然真像，现围绕这些问题加以讨论。

1 原子外围的电子

　　 以氢原子为例，它的外围必须有足够多的电子方能形成一个“电子空间”，电子之所以处于原子外层而“不离去”，显示了它同质子之间形成引力，质子向外发出的引力线同外围电子作用，但是，电子多了，每一枚电子从质子分到的作用引力线便减少，它们同质子间的引力要下降，“下降”到一定程度，此力等于电子间的斥力与离心力，达到平衡状态，电子便不能再多。所以，氢原子外围的电子数量有力平衡机制的制约，不会多，也不会少。结果是，氢原子核内质子仍有极小部分引力线向外发出，数量很少，少到形成的引力只达到“万有引力”水平；而电子也有极少斥力线剩余，可以同其它电子形成的斥力，在原子靠近时显示出来。同“强作用、弱作用、电磁作用”相比，此力很不明显而使正常原子呈电、磁中性。上述力平衡机制影响很深远，它决定了万有引力是“最弱”的力，只有积少成多集中大量原子才能明显；宇宙中引力占优势，即使是斥力子——电子——也不会扩散入无际空间，因为它同引力子、原子、分子均形成引力（请参阅《粒子今论》），于是，物质宇宙的情况是，所有物体不致扩散入无际空间而是分布在若干亿光年的有限空间中，恒星在宇宙内运行，类似一个气体分子在一团气体中作布朗运动。

. 　　 原子有剩余引力线伸出是元素倾向聚合的根本动力，否则，宇宙便是以原子为单位的“一盘散沙”，后果可想而知。

　　正常原子的外围电子应当随机分布在“一定”球面空间上无序回旋，如果无序变为有序，分布就会失匀，核内质子的引力线会从电子稀缺处泄出，显示原子带磁性，这是电流励磁的实质。如果部分电子像土星光环样分布，原子便由电磁成为永磁，磁，是原子的上述状态。因此，形成磁力需要“作用双方”，力线“相互作用”才能生成力。相比之下，“重力”，由于“作用双方”中的一方——地球——往往被忽视，当仅根据感性知识观察它时，重力似乎是任何物体单方面的力，而该物体“同地球的相互作用”不易直接认识到，这可能是一般认为“电磁力”与“万有引力”不是“同一种力”的主要原因。

　　 两个不同原子的引力线相互作用是“化合”的原因，化合物原子的“剩余引力线”当然比化合前减少了，此“剩余引力线”越少，化合物越稳定。化合物两种原子“剩余引力线”很可能有一些差异，如果有两种这样的力线差异较大的化合物在一起，发生“离子交换”反应便有了可能，使化合物AB与CD变为AC与BD。

　　以上对于电子数量及功能的分析是对现有理论的适当改进，现在需要进一步对于电子的质量作出估计，以便回答“氢原子外层到底有多少枚电子”？

　　《物质演变》论文回答了“宇宙射线何来”的问题，并提出，宇宙射线并非有一千种以上粒子而是只有引力子一种，其能量不同并非“质量不同”的“粒子”而是“数量不同”的引力子组群，最小为一枚引力子的质量，最大为质子质量。据此判断，引力子质量小于10-36（负36次方）克，另据已知的粒子状态分析，引力子与斥力子质量相近，因此，电子的估计质量也是<10-36克。将此值与目前认为的电子质量为9.1*10-28（负28次方）克相比，氢原子外层电子约超过一亿枚而不是一枚。其它元素外围电子的数量，可按比例。这么多的电子在外层无序回旋，自然能够良好的“密封”氢原子的外围空间，使它显示电、磁中性和进行布朗运动。

2 质子

　　质子是“一粒”密实的粒子吗？受到冲击后的表现使“一粒”的观点需要斟酌，因为，这需要质子具有“可形成碎片”、“碎片又具有可变为多种粒子”等神奇功能。做不到这点，就应认为质子本来就是由许多粒子聚合而成。

　　《物质演变》从源头开始分析，得到的结论是，基本粒子只有引力子、斥力子两种，质子乃是引力子在空间以“蓄能聚合”方式聚成的“微涡旋星系”，质子含有的引力子总数约有1012（万亿）枚。只有这两种基本粒子才是名副其实的“粒子”，才是真正的“一粒”，其它被称为“粒子”的，是“复数基本粒子”，是从“微涡旋星系”分出来的“微涡旋组合”，它们始终带有“涡旋”这一定语，为什么？因为不论聚合与否，引力子恒具极高速度v,能量方程 E=mc2的准确验证表明，v是光速c的1.414倍，它们的动能为mc2，可以看出，聚合后v成为涡旋的线速度，其动能就是原子能。

　　一旦解除了引力束缚，任何规模的物质m，都会“形成辐射”，基本粒子由涡旋转变为直线运动，显示出具有mc2（平方）的能量，能量方程以及物质含有原子能的物理背景便在这里。

　　“质量变能量”其实是误会，任何聚合态的基本粒子——质子、中子、介子、等——都是“微涡旋星系”，内部都具有动能mc2 (平方)，用不着“质量变能量”！两个方向相反的高速引力子被引力“栓住”时，其动能尚在，形成涡旋是必然的，大到空间星系，小至原子、质子、介子，都在涡旋运动之中，这是引力与动能共存的结果。

　　“聚合效应”决定了质子质量上限，达到1.67248乘10的负24次方（克），剩余力线密度已低到不能再栓住从身边飞过的引力子。

　　质子既然是恒星辐射的引力子聚合而成，它在空间不能绝对静止而是具有“群速”，恒星在空间的“宇宙速度”是“群速”的宏观表现。

　　在原子内部，质子之间的相对涡旋运动是质子合成时众引力子速度矢量叠加的结果。若氢原子只有一枚“实心”质子，当然不能涡旋，但是，此运动速度可能成为布朗运动的动力。

3 中子

　　中子比质子“重”，其值约为氢原子外围电子质量的2.7倍；中子在电场中呈中性，中子有快、慢等不同状态。

以上情况如何理解？一，中子同样是“微涡旋星系”，同样具有动能mc2 二，中子内部含有电子。问题是，电子是怎样进入的？

　　《物质演变》曾叙述过，引力子之间的力F1是引力，引力子与斥力子之间的力F2也是引力，但F2<F1，就是说，质子内部进入电子（斥力子）不成问题，但它们何时进来的？

　　 空间电场中的静止电子看来进不了质子，否则，情况就不是现在这样。于是，电子同引力子形成涡旋关系只能在聚合初期，此时聚合度较小，剩余力线多。

　　电子进入聚合中的“微涡旋星系”需要一定速度，具有速度的电子来自恒星的辐射，所以，中子产生的空域比较接近恒星，而质子在任何空域都可以产生。因为电子速度较低，所以，引力子同电子形成的“微涡旋小组”具有较高甚至很高“群速”，中子含有电子的极限取决于已有电子的相互排斥，这使中子内不能进一步增加电子。于是，中子对外依然发出一定的引力线，比质子要少，并非此引力线”不吸引电子”而是“已有”电子排斥新“加盟”者，所以，在中子同质子间形成引力不成问题只是在电磁场中显示“中性”。

4 原子

　　以上分析增加了对于原子及其格局的新认知：

（1）构成原子、质子、中子的基本粒子只有两种：引力子与斥力子——即电子，其质量比现在认为的小得多

（2）原子外层回旋着数量很大的电子，它们使原子外空间得以 良好封闭，正常原子仅有少量引力线外泄，只能形成万有引力，当外层电子回旋轨道部分有序化，在垂直轨回旋方向泄出相应引力线，此时，原子呈“磁性”，前人发现了楞茨定律，这里分析了其物理本质，只有将“磁”同原子状态联系起来，才能了解其真像。

（3）原子外层电子的数量受到力平衡的制约，但是在特定情况下暂时少许“少一些、多一些”也是可能的，此时力平衡状态有所改变，表现为对外有额外的引力线或斥力线，人们称之为“带正电荷”或“带负电荷”。

（4）质子是由万亿枚引力子聚合形成的“微涡旋星系”，引力子在其中的回旋速度达到光速量级，其动能即为原子能,为mc2

（5）中子与质子的不同在于是否在涡旋的粒子中含有斥力子（电子）组分。

（6）质子、中子在原子内部以宇宙速度回旋。

（7）“一定数量”的质子、中子可以在空间相互吸引形成涡旋状态，此即“原子核”，当然，一枚质子也是原子核，一旦引来电子包围，便形成原子，基于“聚合效应”，“一定数量”的上限是铋原子核，再多，便不能稳定，成为带有放射性的原子或同位素。

5 结论

　　通过以上叙述可以看出，在原子内部没有任何一粒静止的粒子。总体上，所有粒子都受到引力的作用，任何一枚粒子，它向空间发出的引力线并非仅仅着用于一个对象，引力子对外，仅形成引力，斥力子对外既形成斥力（对电子）也形成引力（对引力子），质子、中子是“微回旋星系”, 它们以“星系”为单位在原子内部回旋，原子外层电子的数量要比现在认为的多上亿倍，原子结构是由这些成员力的关系和能量不灭规律决定的。

　　本文从原理上说明了原子能的来源，附带看出，“质量变能量”乃是误会；宇宙中先形成氢原子再通过“热核聚变”产生重原子的流行理论同样属于误会。

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The new viewpoint of the structure of atom

S. G. Chinese

summary 　 prove up the structure of atom neutron proton , reckon quality and scale of basic particle 

key words　 atom 　 basic particle　 atomic energy 　proton 　 neutron

　After one hundred years of research with atom, it is accumulated much knowledge for Atom structure． The atom theory regard that atom is made up by nucleus and surrounding electrons, this cognition have not appear any objection．Present theory think the periphery of hydrogen have one electron only；the quality of electron is 10-28 gram, just as the name implies, proton、neutron to be the “particle”, from noun particle “fragment” can see, consider proton is a “particle ” of may “crushed”, these also seem out of question, but through analysis, may be find above theory exist problems actually：

　(1) If there is only one electron surround the hydrogen atom , why this one electron could defend the airspace of hydrogen atom and let it hold neutral of electromagnetic、could to do the Brown motion and to bear the gas pressure ?

(2)What is the structure of proton? Is it “made up by three particles which come from three group of basic particle”? The three groups have eleven members, each has unequal quality, how could to get high identical to reach five effective digital of quality of proton? 

(3)How many kinds of basic particle to make up proton and neutron in finally? 

(4) What state of proton and neutron in the atom?

(5)After all what is the atom energy? Are the all atoms contain energy generally?

(6)Why atom exist the physical process of polymerization radiation chemical combination and nuclear reaction?

The correct theory needs to reply about these problems, the reply should according to mechanism, the judge lack of mechanism can be the guess only, if let guess in to theory , when the problem got resolve , at the same time it difficult to avoid form the new difficult problems． Such as，“the quality variable” is the guess from relativity, but no one can reply the question of “how to change of the quality？”，because of this problem can’t reply by current basic theory, it related by “entropy on the high side ”of this theory space． It to explain current atomic theory have part correct, also have part un-correct and imperfect, needs make better supplement, make it possess the ability of perfect to explain problems, make people can to know natural true according to this theory．Now to discuss center on these problems：

1 surrounding electron of atom

For example of hydrogen atom, it must be have enough surrounding electrons so can be form a “electron space”, electrons on there and “don’t leave” explain it is form gravitation among electron and proton, but if the quantity of electron go to much ,every one can got gravitation line from proton would be lower, the gravitation between proton and electron would be drop, when it is reached fixed lever, this power is equal to centrifugal force of electrons , so it would be reach balance condition, the electron can’t much more． So the quantity of surrounding electron of hydrogen atom has restrict by machine processed of balance of the power, it will not be much or few．The result is, the proton of hydrogen nucleus still issue the minimum part of gravitation line, the quantity is so few, only can reach to the level of form universal gravitation；and electron also still issue the minimum part of line of repulsion force-line, it form the repulsion force can show when atom near only．Compared to the “strong acting weak acting and electromagnetic action”, this force is not obvious, then the general atom offer electromagnetic neutrality. Above machine processed of power balance effect very profound, it decide the gravity is the weakest force．

ｍany a little makes a mickle, only focus large quantity of atom; gravitation ability in clear；among cosmos attraction was in ascendant, even if the “repulton”(electron) nor to enter the unlimited space, because there is form the attract force between it and graviton、atom、molecule （please see 《The modern opinion of particle》）, so the situation of cosmos is , all object can’t spread into boundless space and there are distributed at limited space of many hundred million light-year, star run in the cosmos as a molecule of gas run in circular with Brown motion．

Atom exist leavings attract force-lines is the basic power of the element trend to polymerize, if not, the outer space would be like sander with unit of atom, it is obvious that result．

Generally, the surrounding electrons of atom would be random revolve on the “fixed” spherical space and in the random revolution, if random into order, the gravitation line of proton of nuclear would loss even, the attracting line of proton of nucleus should leak out from where the electron is lack, it to show this atom carry of magnetism and it is the substance of the electric current can excitation．If a part of electron distributed as the Saturn’s light ring, the atom thus from electromagnetic become permanent magnetism, magnetism is the above mode of atom．

There fore, it needs “both acts sides”, then the force line “act each other” ability be produced force．By contrast, due to the one side (the earth) of “the two act sides” of “gravity” often be left in the basket, when only according sensibility knowledge to see it, gravity seems to be any matter’s ex part force, and “act each other of the earth and this matter” be difficult of direct realized, this may be the mainspring of generally to think “electromagnetic force” is not the same force with “gravity”． 

The reciprocity of gravitation line of two different atoms is the reason of chemical combination, of cause, the compound atom’s “remain gravitation line ”would be lower then former, the “remain gravitation line” lower, the compound more stable． the “remain gravitation line ” may be have some difference of two kind of atom of compound，if there are this two kind of compounds which have much difference of gravitation line and get together, it is able to happen the reaction of “ion exchange”, to make the compound AB+CD change into AC+BD

Above analysis to the quantity and function of electron is the suitable improving for current theory, now needs further to reckon the quality of atom, so as to reply：“how many electrons on the outer shell of hydrogen atom”?

The paper of 《Development of matter》has replied the problem of “where come from the cosmic rays” and to propose that really isn’t one thousand sort of particles to the cosmic rays but one kind of graviton only, the different of it’s energy is not on the “different quality” but on the “different quantity” of compose of graviton, the minimum is one graviton, the most big is the quality of proton. The judgment hereby, the quality of graviton <10-36gram,

Another analysis according to state of particle by known, the quality of graviton is similar to the “repulton” (electron), compared to the currently quality of 9.1*10-28 grams, the outer shell of hydrogen atom had about 9 hundred million electrons and not one. The electron quantity with outer shell of other element can know by pro rata. So much of electrons random whirl on outer shell, the surrounding space of hydrogen can best “seal up” natural, let it show neutral of electromagnetic neutral and to do Brown motion．

　　　2 proton

Is proton “one” density particle? When get attack, Its performance to cause the viewpoint of “one” needs wrestle, because of it needs proton have magical function of can form splinter and splinter can variable to particle etc. if can’t, then to think originally the proton just like polymerization by many particles．

The paper of《Development of matter》start analysis from headwaters, the conclusion is ,there are two kind of basic particle only, it is graviton and repulton, proton is the “micro vortex galaxy” with the mode of “store energy polymerization” by gravitons, proton contains a total about 1012 ( ten hundred thousand million )． Only this two mode of particle just be worthy of the name of the basic particle, both just true “only one” particle ,other go by name of “particle” are the “plural basic particle”, it is the “micro vortex combination” branch off from “micro vortex galaxy”，they carry “vortex” as attributive from beginning to end, why? Because whether polymerization or not, graviton permanent carry most high speed v, the energy function E=mc2 had precise inspect and verify shows v=1.414c , c is velocity of light, and their kinetic energy is 

mc2, it can see, after polymerization, v becomes linear velocity of vortex, the kinetic energy just atomic energy．

Once the gravitation bind got relive, any scale of matter m could be form radioactivity , the basic particle from vortex change into movement of straight line, to show it possessed energy of mc2 (square), this just the background for atomic energy and the matter contain energy． 

“ quality transform to energy” is really misunderstanding, any condition of polymerization basic particle——proton、neutron、meson、etc.——are all “micro vortex galaxy”, all have kinetic energy mc2 ( square) internal, not need “quality transform to energy”! when two anti-direction basic particles “plug” by gravity, their kinetic energy exist yet , so must be form vortex, the large as space galaxy , the small as the atom、proton、meson , they are all in the vortex movement, it is the result by coexist of gravitation and kinetic energy. 

“polymerize effect” to decide upper limit of proton quality, when reach to 1.67248 times

10-28 （gram ）,The density of remain force line is so low and can’t plug graviton when it fly cross of its side ． 

Since proton is polymerized by graviton which radiant form star, it can’t stillness absolutely but have “group speed”, “the space speed” of star is macroscopic display. of “group speed”．in the internal of atom, the relative vortex speed of proton is the result of superimposed of many graviton’s when polymerized become proton．If hydrogen atom only have one sincere proton, it certainly can’t vortex, the group velocity of proton can become the power of Brownian motion.．

　　3 neutron

　Neutron’s weight is bigger then proton, the value about 2,7 times of the quality of peripheral electron of hydrogen atom; neutron to show neutral in the electric field, and have the quick、slow and so on different state．

How to understand above situation? (1) neutron is “mini vortex galaxy” also and also have kinetic energy of mc2 ,(2) internal of proton contain electron ．the problem is, how to get inter for this electron?

《development of matter》have talk about, the force between gravitons is gravitation F1, the force between graviton and repulton is gravitation F2 also, but F1 > F2 , just like, the electron (repulton) into proton isn’t problem, but when they got come in?

The static electrons of space electric field seems can’t into proton, if not, the situation could not as present．Upon that, electron and graviton form the vortex relation can but on the polymer initial stage only, at this time ,degree of polymerization is smaller, leavings force ling are much．

Electron into the “micro vortex galaxy” of polymerizing deed fixed velocity, the electron of possess velocity come from star radiation, therefore, the generate space of neutron rather near star, 

And proton can generated in any space．

because the electrons have lower speed, therefore the “mini vortex group” formed by graviton and electron have higher even very high “group speed”, the limited quantity of electron lie on exclude each other of current electron, it make inner of neutron can’t to raise further electron. And then neutron still to issue fixed gravity line, isn’t gravity line “can’t attract of electron” but electron exclude the new join in, therefore is no problem of to form gravitation between neutron and proton，but to show “neutral” in electromagnetic field． 

　　4 atom

Above analysis to increase the new knowing for atom and its mode：

（1）the basic particle of to make up atom、proton、neutron are two kinds only：graviton and repulton——electron, it’s quality is far small then modern knowing

(2) there are great amount of electrons whirl around the atom’s outer shell, they make well close of external space of atom, the normal atom have leak out few gravity line only , can be form universal gravitation barely, when a part of whirl electron’s orbit got orderly, at the vertical direction of involution would leak out relevant gravity line, while the atom to show “magnetism”, here analysis its physic nature, predecessors have find Lenz’s law, here analyzed the physical essence, only put “magnetism” link with atom state only can find out it’s true．

(3) electron quantity of atomic peripheral suffer restricting of force balance, but under specific condition temporarily may be “few a little or more a little”, now the condition of force balance have some change, to show possess extra attracting force-line or repulsion force-line, persons call for “carry positive charge ”or “negative charge”

(4) proton is a “micro vortex galaxy” which polymerize by trillion gravitons, in which the velocity of graviton reach to 1.414c(c is light velocity), it’s kinetic energy just the atom energy, is mc2(square) 

(5) difference between neutron and proton is if there are repultons (electron) part in vortex particles

(6) inside of the atom , proton and neutron are whirl with cosmos velocity

(7) the “fixed quantity” of proton、neutron can be attract each other in space and to form the vortex condition, this just the “nucleus”, of course, one proton also the nucleus, once get electrons surrounding, then form the atom, base on the “polymerizing effect”, the upper of the “fixed quantity” is the bismuth nucleus, if again more, it cannot steady, and become atom or isotope with radioactivity． 

whirl with cosmos velocity

　　 5 conclusion

Through above result of relate can clear, there is have not any particle can static in the atom． as a whole, all particles is acted by gravitation, any one of them given out gravitation line to space and does not act one object only, graviton can form gravitation external only but repulton can form repulsion (to electron ) and also form gravitation (to graviton ), proton and neutron is the “micro vortex galaxy”, they with unit of “galaxy” to whirl in the atom, the quantity of electron of atom’s surrounding are multi-hundred-mega times then now consider, atom structure is settled by force relation of this member and the law of energy conservation．

This text explains the origin of atom energy in theory, espy incidentally, “quality change to energy” is mistake．