L18a强作用力、弱作用力、电磁力、万有引力的“统一”

                                陈理士

提   要  基于机理分析，本文发现自然界的力只有“引、斥”力之分而无“四种”之别，这使“四种引力”自然地消失边界而“归一”

关键词  聚合效应 强作用力 弱作用力 电磁力 万有引力 “四种力““四种力的统一” 

( this text in English see the rear)

前言   前人曾经为“统一”万有引力与电磁力付出长期努力，今人面对的是“四种力”，对此可以说至今未能“洞察玄机”，要“统一”似乎“谈何容易”。问题何在？基础理论未能提供支持！若将力的考察向前进一步，从力线入手，加上对于“聚合效应”的领悟，“四种力”的“统一”便迎刃而解。 

1 不同的力

　　杠杆原理产生于三千多年前，牛顿的成就使人类对力的认识登上新高点，成为力学经典。近百年来，原子物理学飞跃发展之际，发现牛顿规律似乎不适合于量子范围。这是一种认识的反复，其实，在牛顿定律之后，有必要进一步追问，引力为什么同质量成正比而同距离平方成反比？如果查明了力的产生与改变机理，从量子领域到宏观宇宙，引力所表现的变化就显得合理而不是意外。当下，从这一角度对引力加以考察虽为时较晚，但依然必要。

　　首先，需要分析各种“不同的力”为什么“不同”，是否真正不同，找到“不同”的原因或机理，如此才能正确回答：“力究竟有多少种?”。不言而喻，目前物理界承认的“自然界存在四种力”不应视为定论。为什么？“四种力”是以力的数量差别为依据而划分出来的，从“理”的角度看，“量别”往往难以作为“不同种类”的重要依据，只有性质差别所形成的不同类别才比较可靠。如果在“四种力”之间发现了“量别”的机理，那时，“四种”的界限便可能消失，它们或许只是同一种力由于某种机制而出现的数量差别而已。稍后将要叙述，“四种力”之间，恰恰存在发生“量别”的物理原因！从距离角度，力可分为远程、近程两类，其中各包含几方面的力：

⒈1 远程力：作用于远距离物质之间

⒈⒈1 万有引力：引力

⒈⒈2 重力：引力

⒈2 近程力：作用于近距离物质之间

⒈⒉1 量子作用力：分引力、斥力两种

⒈⒉2 原子、分子作用力：为引力

⒈⒉3 电磁力：分引力、斥力两种

⒈⒉4 工程力：材料受拉，压、扭、弯、剪、冲击所生的应力，摩擦力等，可归结为分子引斥力。

　　以上列举的力，均不能离开引力或斥力，这似乎启示，真正性质不同的力，可能只是这两种力，即斥力与引力。现代物理学所认为的“力有四种”其实是指引力，因为迄今斥力并未显示有那么大的差别，可见，“四种”的学说起始便有局限性。

　　重力是特定两物体之间的万有引力，强作用力、弱作用力是分子、原子、质子、中子、介子等“粒子”内部的作用力，电磁力存在的质量跨度较大，从后面叙述的原理可知，所有的力乃是由同样的力线——包括引力线、斥力线两种——相互作用生成，力的大小之别仅在于作用力线的数量多少。 

2 物质和力

2.1 力源 

2.1.1什么是力？

　　力是使物质改变运动态势的作用量，从经典力学不难得出这样的定义，因此，说明“什么是力”并不困难，需要深入讨论的是：

2.1.2 力是怎么产生的？ 

　　力由物质发出吗？万有引力看来如此，在所有出现力的场合，并未发现力由真空形成。因此，似应肯定：“力源于物质”。由此，从“最小”处着眼，力必定源于物质的基本粒子。 

　　对应于两种不同的力，应当存在两种基本粒子：引力子和斥力子。在分析了力的作用之后，得到的认识是，基本粒子所发出的是力线，力线相互作用才能成为力。

斥力子是什么粒子？答案很明显，它就是电子，它的同类相斥性质已为人们所熟知，但是它的质量比化学方法确定的10-28克小得多 ，约为10-36克（见《L04 物质演变》。

　　引力子是什么粒子？这一问题目前尚不能准确回答。因为，它们同类相吸，将其分开十分困难，即使有单独存在的引力子，也不能识别出来。所以引力子的详情有待研究，但对其性质、作用大体上可作出估计。

　　引力子是能发出引力线的最小的“单身”粒子，对它不可能进行细分。引力子同斥力子是组成原子的两种“成分”，这两种粒子如何聚合成为中子、质子和宏观物质将在稍后讨论。

　　从力的角度看，不存在第三种基本粒子。并未发现除引力、斥力以外的力。引力子同已经发现的中微子、夸克，介子等“基本粒子”和其它“粒子”有何关系？目前用轰击方法使原子核分裂从中飞出的质粒中，可能有“单身”引力子。但由于引力子趋于聚合，大多数被轰出的“粒子”更可能是引力子的“小组”，质量要比单个引力子大，因此，现在已知名称的轻子中，“也许”其中质量最小的一种是引力子。

　　现有认识方法是以电子伏区别粒子，此中包含速度和质量两个因素，因此，单身粒子，只有速度相同，质量才同电子伏成比例。现在这两项条件，都不能保证，这是“也许”的原因。可见，进一步识别引力子，有待于改进检测方法。

　　引力子是引力的源头；斥力子是斥力的源头，因其趋于相斥，故可相信，斥力子就是电子，如上已述，它的质量远比目前所认识的电子为小，因为，氢原子外层空间“仅有一枚电子”是不现实的，一枚电子不可能封闭氢核向空间放出的引力线而使氢原子呈电中性和磁中性。以上叙述暗含一种观点：力源于物质。

　　如何看待中子、中微子等“中性粒子”？粒子间力的关系将在下节叙述，在此要说的是，绝对不受力的“中性”粒子并不存在。以中子而论，它虽表现对电子缺少引力，但在原子核中却同质子相互吸引。至于中微子，它们高速在空间飞驰,说明了原先在中子、质子内部高速回转，只有强大的引力才能将它们牢牢地“栓”住。这表明中微子并非不受力。

2.2力线模型

　　对原子来说，为什么外层电子高速旋转而却呈现“电中性？”为什么没有发现质量比中子大的“粒子”？许多自然现象显示，不仅电磁学需要应用力线模型，从以下叙述可见，对粒子采用这一模型，也能揭示力的规律和消解疑难。

　　力线模型的基本要点如下：

　　引力子是发出引力线的基本粒子，它向空间均匀地发出引力线，其总量取相对数值1；斥力子是发出斥力线的基本粒子，它向空间均匀地发出斥力线，其总量取相对数值1。力线自身没有体积或质量，横截面积为零。力线与力线作用产生力：

（1）引力线同引力线作用，产生引力F1；

（2）斥力线同斥力线作用，产生斥力F2；

（3）引力线同斥力线作用，产生引力F3 ， F3＜F1

　　力线作用具有即时性，由力线作用到力生成，时间为零，因无需介质传递。

⒉3 物质聚合和力 聚合效应和力 中子星

     聚合效应是微观领域力表现出“强、弱”之别的机制，下面将利用磁力线图的“H判断”说明产生聚合效应的原因。只有认识到了这一原因，才能理直气壮地提出，自然界只存在引力、斥力两种力而不是“四种力”。

　　物质在空间的演变从基本粒子开始，力是推动演变的“动力”。所以，在演变的过程中，力线的状况很重要，问题的这种提出也许标新立异，但确在说理。恒星辐射使空间不断飞驰高速基本粒子，它们在空间作惯性飞行，力线伸向四面八方。现考察一枚引力子，当有另一枚引力子从远方飞来时，随着距离缩小，二者间的作用力线不断增加，其规律是：“与距离平方成反比”，于是，双方间引力不断增大。达到最小距离时，视具体值，可能出现三种情况：

（1）最小距离＞埃，所形成的引力不足以“拴住”双方，飞来的引力子继续前行而又飞去。

（2）最小距离为零，发生碰撞，在一瞬间，改变运动方向，由相互靠近改变为相互远离。

（3）最小距离＜埃＞0，双方之间的引力已强大到足以拴住它们，由于二者间的相对动量存在，“栓”的结果使质量为m的它俩形成一对相互以切线速度v回旋的微型“双星”。回旋的巨大离心力被引力平衡。

　　依照概率估计，空间最常出现的情况是（1）而概率最小的是（2）。一枚从恒星中飞出的引力子，在空间飞行若干时间后，总有一次，出现了情况（3），从此，它再不能单独地遨游太空，而是聚合成为一个回旋“小组”。此时，若有一个粒子显示器置于附近，它能接收到聚合前快速飞行粒子给出的能量，却接收不到回旋“小组”的信息，因后者群速很小。似乎，在不知不觉中空间减少了两枚引力子，这一魔术变幻的原因是用电子伏只能显示直线飞行粒子的存在与能量，那两枚引力子在形成“回旋小组”后已由原先可显示电子伏转变为不显示电子伏。

　　“单身”引力子，100％力线伸向空间，两枚引力子聚合后，力线分布类似马蹄形磁铁的两极，50％引力线相互作用，形成二者间的引力，剩余力线各为1/2 (50%)，伸向空间，这种情况也可用“H判断”，将两枚引力子置于字母H的两个横竖线交点处，两条竖线之内为作用力线，之外是剩余力线，在“相加”中，剩余力线和粒子的数量关系为1+1≈1，

聚合成员增加为A、B、C 三粒时，分别对AB、AC、BC“H”三次，剩余力线总量依然为1，粒子由4，5逐进到n个，相应增加“H”次数，可见，每枚引力子的作用力线比例为（n-1）/ n ，剩余力线比例为1/n，就是说，随着聚合度增大，剩余力线（对于每枚引力子所占比例）越来越少，这便是“聚合效应”。

　　当然，聚合成员多于3之后，它们在空间分布，但是，为了简明，仍采用平面模式分析，在数量关系上是近似的。

　　根据上述，n枚引力子的剩余力线总量相近于1，密度为1/n，n 是“小组”包含的引力子数量，当成员增加到一万亿，（即10的12次方），达到质子规模，已经是一个“微涡旋星系”。

　　中子、质子为何质量整齐划一到六位有效值？答案便在于在“聚合效应”影响下形成的力的精确平衡。无视“聚合效应”将使理论发生困惑，也使这些问题得不到回答。

为什么原子序数超过83的元素都是放射性元素？为什么强作用力最强、万有引力最弱？自然界到底存在几种力？这类问题的回答都和“聚合效应”有关。

　　中子同质子有何不同？根据二者的“表现”，可以推测，中子内部除引力子外，还有相当数量的斥力子即电子；质子相对地缺少这一份额。为什么电子可能进入质子？因为F3力存在。现在，每发现了“一枚”电子伏与以往不同的“粒子”就认为是一种新粒子，这其中隐含了不妥，因为并未分清这个“粒子”究竟是一粒还是一个“组合”，可以认为，除两种基本粒子外，其它“粒子”其实并非真正一粒，特别是那些“可蜕变”的、可生成“碎片”的带“电荷”的“粒子”。

　　在剩余力线作用下，中子同中子，中子同质子，质子同质子相聚合，后二者由于质子对电子产生引力F3从而形成外层电子层，于是原子形成。这一事件的随机性影响所生成原子的“轻重”。若说“在原子形成中先产生轻原子后产生重原子”并不合理，“重原子由轻原子经‘核聚变’产生”更不合理。因为忽视了随机性。

　　中子同中子结合，如果周围恰好没有质子，最终会聚合成为“中子星”吗？如果不考虑“聚合效应”，中子、质子无限聚合的可能性不能完全排除，但是，由于“聚合效应”，中子、质子只能有限聚合，这个界限有多大？应当比最重的原子核大不了多少！亦即，最大的“中子星”大约只能包含270枚中子。“中子星”理论的先天性问题有二，一是未能觉察到“聚合效应“的影响，二是无意中假定中子静止在空间。同样由于”聚合效应”，两枚中子之间形成的引力仅仅相当于两枚引力子间的引力子间的引力。

　　原子形成后，外层电子的力线大多同核内质子相互作用，原子总体上还剩余少量引力线伸向外部，原子继续趋于同其它原子“聚合”，聚合后依然剩余更少的引力线成为“万有引力”的来源。

　　物质，从基本粒子到星体，均时刻存在着力线和作用力，任何规模的物质，不能游离于力线和力之外，有所改变的只是作用力线的分配。所以，“强作用力、弱作用力、万有引力”确实存在力线的“量别”，其原因在于聚合机制，但“三种”力也确实并非三种，它们都是F1力，只是作用力线数量不同而表现出力的大小不同，因此没有性质上区别。强、弱作用力可以相差多少？在《物质演变》中的估计是1012（12次方）。

　　以上已经阐明了强作用力、弱作用力万有引力这“三种力”并非三种而只是一种。

⒉4电磁力 自然界的力究竟有几种

　　电磁力是现代物理学认为的“第四种力”，显示于静电和电磁领域，分为斥力和引力。静电的斥力和引力何来？以“摩擦生电”为例，当两绝缘材料相互摩擦时，势必导致摩擦区域材料电子层密度失常，出现偏“密”与偏“稀”现象，即“带负电荷”与“带正电荷”，由于别无电子来源，“密”与“稀”数值相等（摩擦产生的正负电荷数值相等）。将带负电荷的粒子对置，出现“斥力”是当然的，由此是否成立“同性相斥”规则呢？此前似乎如此认识。但是，两枚带正电荷的“粒子”未必相斥。以质子为例，它们在原子核中不但不斥，而且还很难分开！其理何在？“相斥”与“相吸”同性别关连，乃是人文因素的渗入，但是，回答物理问题，重要的却在机理，即为何相斥或相吸？

　　正电荷物质的引力何来？来自原子外层电子密度偏“稀”。原先被电子层较好“封闭”的核内引力线从电子偏“稀”处外泄，这是形成引力的原因，如果不执着“正电荷表示正电子存在”，上述推理当较为可信，因为，“摩擦”是常见举动，要说能“擦出”“正电子”，则匪夷所思。所以，“电荷之间力的“引”与“斥”来自F1、F2力，不算“新品种力”。

　　向两个串放电磁铁线圈施加同方向电流时，电磁铁发生“相吸”；施加不同方向电流时，显示相斥。

　　物理基础理论不仅要回答“根据楞次定律”，而且要回答：机理何在？

线圈电流对电磁铁原子的影响是，驱使原子外层电子回旋方向“有序”化，原子外层电子分布失匀，这使核内引力线从电子偏稀方向——轴向——伸出，于是在“轴向”可以产生引力，这是“右手定则”的物理背景。当两个线圈中电流方向相反时，产生上述磁引力的“力线”照常存在，但双方的电流均有驱使对方反转的趋势，这一电流抗拒形成较大斥力，结果显示“相斥”。

　　人文因素不但写出了“同性相斥”“异性相吸”还进一步由“正电子”发展到各种“反粒子”“反物质”“反宇宙”。但以上叙述可见，自然界只存在引斥两种基本力，那“四种”力的“量别”机理已如上述。作出“四种”的判断的原因在于未能觉察“聚合效应”和发生电磁力的机理。也可看出，与电子“对称”的“正电子”并不存在的理由，“同性相斥”、“异性相吸”在特定情况下方可使用，不应视为规律。

⒉5关于牛顿引力定律

　　物理规律常存在一定适用领域，例如：虎克定律，适用于“在材料弹性限度内”。至于

微观物质、基本粒子间的力受“聚合效应”影响，大量微观物质积聚，已无法应用“H”，这是牛顿力学的实用范围。如上所说，此范围内，“聚合效应”依然存在，但影响很小，由引力质量、惯性质量不同显示，“影响”在10-3量级。

　　为什么在宏观领域“聚合效应”影响相对很小呢？因为，剩余力线所占的比例很小，“聚合效应”只能从这“很小”中影响一部分，例如，在日食时可以测量到日、地之间的引力出现改变。

　　如果不考虑这一改变，测量误差不会超过1%，因此，牛顿方程的应用不会发现问题。不过，也要看到，从原理上还要考虑聚合效应的影响。

⒉6 工程力

　　工程所遇到的各种力是否也源于上述引力和斥力？

⒉⒍1拉应力 将材料受到的拉力分解到每个原子之上，此力使原子倾向于“远离”，一当材料失效，“远离”实现。外加拉力所起的作用是改变原来原子间力的平衡，原先，电子层间的斥力抵制原子核的引力，外加拉力帮电子层的忙，促使原子间距离增大，使材料伸长。机械元件通过自身原子“受力”，对外给出“拉力”，“受力”使其原子间的作用力有所改变，这类原子间的力，当然由力线所产生。

⒉⒍2 压应力 原子被迫靠近，电子层距离减少，这意味着斥力增加。原子间距离改变为什么作用力随着改变？其物理机制是“作用力线数量同距离平方成反比”。因此，压应力同F2力密不可分。

⒉⒍3弯曲应力 受到弯曲应力作用的材料其受力横截面中分为两个区域，一个区域内为拉应力，另一个区域为压应力，故毋需再叙。

⒉⒍4 摩擦力 滚动摩擦克服的是“爬坡力”（即重力），滑动摩擦力是固、液、气三态物质，分子间的力，随着应用实例的不同，最终均以拉力或压力作用于承受摩擦的材料分子原子。分子凝聚力固体最大，气体最小，这一物理特点指示了工程中减小摩擦的途径。

这些力在上述力的范围内，因此，不是“新的力”。

⒉⒍5其它工程力 其它工程力有冲击力、剪切力、扭力等，它们同以上列举的力一样，最终都可以分解到原子、分子的作用力线数量改变上来，所以，工程力都是由引力线与斥力线作用生成的力。

2.6.6 斥力答疑 引力子与斥力子同样向空间发出力线，为什么只有“万有引力”而就没有“万有斥力”呢？这显然与斥力子的分散性质有关，这使斥力线既相互排斥也相互封闭，形不成有适当密度远距离作用的斥力线束。

⒉7引力波

　　本节拟通过叙理，分析“什么是引力波”、“引力为什么产生波”以及与此相关的事项。力线作用产生力，力的大小变化成为力的“波”。在什么情况下力的大小发生变化？答案是：作用力线数量改变。作用力线为什么发生量变？答：周围物质分布状况改变。

设处在空间的物质A，它向空间放出它的全部（剩余）力线，此力线为引力线，因为原子形成后引力线占优势，斥力线只在原子规模内起作用，通常不对远方显示。A的力线若遇到另一种物质B发出的引力线，便发生作用，在A、B两物质间形成引力，其大小与作用力线数量成比例。空间分布着大大小小的物质，所有物质均在相对运动之中，因此，A伸向空间的力线必然经常改变“作用对象”和调整对某一物体作用力线的数量，这是引力的“软波动”；如果在A的作用对象中有一颗即将爆发的“新星”，在爆发之时，它同A之间的引力便剧烈变化，称之为“硬波动”罢了。软波动是随时不停地进行的，在很短时间内，变化很小，未必能被仪器感出；硬波动则向我们显示，远处发生了剧烈的、大量的物质“分散”。基于以上叙述，“引力波”应当包括上述那两种引力波动。从物理角度分析，引力波的性质如下：

（1）不存在传播时间：一提到波，难免联想到麦克斯韦方程，但引力与此方程无涉，因为它不借助于空间任何物质传递，“可以穿过真空”，当双方间的力线改变作用数量的同时出现力的变化，不存在时间滞后，所以，引力波的波速为无穷大。

（2）波形特殊：由于数学家的努力，几乎可以将任一种波形展开为正弦函数的相加，但引力波虽然称为波，却不具有这种可展的性质，它类似数字信息，可用“有、无”“通、断”描述，在“频率”的坐标轴上没有宽度。

（3）不游离于物质：目前的各种物理波，一旦生成可在介质中长时间传播，同发生波的物质“脱钩”。引力波由引力线的改变作用而引起，因此不能“在介质中传播”。

（4）力线数量连续改变：力线“横截面积为零”表明它“无限小”性质，因此“通、断”瞬间是曲线过渡。

2.8斥力波

　　斥力存在于电子之间，电子的聚散和运动，理论上也会发生斥力波动。如上已述，自然界引力占优势，斥力只在较小尺寸的空间内显现，人造的最大的工程“磁斥力 ”，可以达到吨的量级，但与引力相比，并不算大。在物理领域，斥力波尚未受到重视。

3 附识

　　现代物理学存在许多“问题”和“困难”，由本文的例子可以看出，机理的追寻、基础理论的改进有可能从根本上消解它们。现代物理学似乎“偏”重视于数学，“偏”在哪里？偏在对于“理”的追寻降到了次要甚至不要的程度，如：根据E=mc2 （C平方）方程在实验中大体获得验证，于是认为“质量转变为能量”，其理何在？任何变化必定存在因果关系即机理，缺了理，还能成为正式理论吗？还能信任这样的“理论”吗？

　　数学诚然是物理学的重要助手，但“理”乃是物理理论的核心，对此不能或离。

　　前人花费了很大努力未能建立使万有引力、电磁力这“两种力”“统一”的方程，而今人做到了使“四个力统一”，也说明“觅理”的必要性。

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L18a  the “unification” of strong forces、weak force、electromagnetic force、gravitation 

                                              S．G．Chinese

Abstract Base on the mechanism analysis, article find the force of the nature only have the difference of attracting and repulsion, and not the difference of “four kinds”, this make the boundary of “four kinds of attracting force” naturally disappear and “normalizing”．

Key words 　 polymerizing effect 　 strong acting force 　weak acting force 　 electromagnetic force 　 electromagnetic force 　universal gravitation 　four kinds of force 　“Unification”of four kinds of the force　

Preface ancestors ever pay the long-time effort for “unification” of gravitation and electromagnetic force, now human face “four kinds of force”, about “unification” may say “very different in theory”．Wherein the problem? Basic theory can not to supply support! If put the inspect further, start from the force-line, to add the realization of “polymerizing effect”, “unification” of “four kind of force” then be solved neatly．

1 Different force 

Lever principle grow out about more than 3000 years ago, Newtonian success make human’s cognition for the force get on a new high, become mechanics classic．For near a century, when atomic physics leap develop, find Newton’s law seem discomfort the quantum scope． 

This is a repetition of recognizing, in fact, after Newton’s law, be necessary further probing, why attracting force was direct ratio with quality and inverse ratio with square of distance? If find out the mechanism of generate force and change force, from quantum field to macro cosmos, the changing of attracting force appeared then look like reasonable and not unexpected．

Here and now, though inspect from this angle was more late for the time, but still necessary．

First, need to analyze why “different” of every kinds of “different force”, is or not truly different, find out the reason or mechanism of “different”, so can but get correct reply：“how many kinds of force on earth?”．It is self-evident, now physical field approbatory “natural world exist 4 kind of force” ought not see as last word．Why? “4 kind of force” was divided according to the quantity difference, from angle of reason to see, “quantity difference” often hardly act as important foundation of “different kind”, only the different kind form of different property then relatively reliable．If find out mechanism of quantity different among “4 kind of force”, at that time, the limit of “4 kind” may be disappear, they perhaps only the same force due to some kind of mechanism so arisen quantity difference nothing more． 

Later will relate, between “4 kind of fore” just exist the physical reason of happen this “quantity different”! from the angle of distance, force may divided to 2 type of long-distance and short range, among this every one contain several sides of force：

1.1 Long-distance force：act between the long-distance matters

1.1.Gravitation： attracting force

1.1.2 Gravity： attracting force

1.2 Short range force：act between the short range matters

1.2.1 Acting force between quantum： divided to two kind of attracting force and repulsion force

1.2.2 Acting force between atoms and molecules：attracting force

1.2.3Electromagnetic force：divided to two kind of attracting force and repulsion force

1.2.4 Engineering force：material generated stress、friction force etc when suffer pulling、pressing、turning、bending、scissoring、shocking etc，come down to molecule’s attracting force or repulsion force．

Above illustrated force, all cannot leave of attracting force or repulsion force, it seems to be an inspiration, the true force of different property may be only two kind of attracting force and repulsion force．

Modern physics think of “have 4 kind of force” in fact is point to attracting force, because of up to now repulsion force never appear like that large difference, it is clear; theory of “4 kind of force ”exist limitations from beginning． 

Gravity is gravitation among two specific matters, strong force、weak force are the inner acting force of particles of molecules、atoms、protons、neutrons、mesons etc, it exist more quality span of electromagnetic force, it may be know from principle of later relate, all force is generated by acting each other with two kind of the same force-line——attracting force-line and repulsion force-line, the difference of force scale lie on the quantity number of force-line．

2 Matter and force 

2.1 Source of force

Dose force was send out from matter? Gravitation seem like that, in whole field of force appearing, does not find force form from vacuum．

Therefore, seem to affirm, “force born of matter”．There out, see from the angle of “least” locate, force surely born of basic particle of matter．

Correspond to two kind of different force, should exist two kind of basic particles：graviton and repulton．After analysis acting of force, obtain cognition is, basic particle send out of force line, can but generate force by force-line act each other．

What particle is repulton? Answer is clear, it is electron, its property of “repulsion each other with idem genus” has been know very well by persons, but its quality would much small than 10-28 (10 to the power of -28) gram which was defined by chemical methods, order of 10-36gram (see《L04 Development of matter》)． 

What particle is graviton? This problem still hardly to reply now．because of, they attract each other with idem genus, separate they is very difficult, even there is a solely exist graviton, also cannot be identified．So the details of graviton for future study, but for its property、effect may make estimate in general． 

Graviton is least “bachelordom” particle of able to send out attracting force=line, cannot subdivide to it．Graviton and repulton are two kind of “ingredient” of make up atom, they how get together become neutron、proton and other matter will discuss on later．

From the angle of force to see, inexistent the third basic particle．it does not find any force besides attracting force and repulsion force，what relation of graviton with “basic particle” of neutrino、quark、meson etc and other has been find “particles”? Now among flied plasmid from nuclear fission with bombard method may be exists “bachelordom” graviton．But due to graviton tend to polymerization, more ejected particles was much more likely “group” of graviton, quality would larger than single graviton, there fore, among named lepton, “may be” the quality least one is graviton．

Existing means of cognition distinguish particle with electron volt, herein contain two factors of speed and quality, so bachelordom particle only the speed same, quality then pro rata with electron volt．Now these two condition are all cannot promise, this is the reason of “may be”．It is clear, further distinguish needs improve test method． 

Graviton is the headstream of attracting force；repulton is the headstream of repulsion force, due to it tend to repulsion, as above related, its quality would far small than now recognizant, because of, it is unpractical of “only one electron” lie on the outer space of hydrogen atom, one electron cannot be seal off the attracting force-line sent from hydrogen nuclear and to make hydrogen atom present electric neutrality、magnetic neutrality．Above relating imply a viewpoint：the force take its source at matter． 

How look on the “neutral particle” of neutron、neutrino etc? 

Between particle the relation of force will relate in next section, here want to say, the particle of absolute “neutral” and un-suffer force was not exist．although neutron appears short of attraction to electron, but inter-attraction with proton in nuclear．As for neutrino, they fly in sky with high speed, this show they former rotate with high speed in neutron、proton, can but strong attracting force “plug” them firmly．This make clear neutrino does not un-suffer force．

2.2 Force-line model

As for atom,, why outer electron rotate with high speed but it shows “electric neutrality”? Why never find “the particle” of quality large than proton? Many natural phenomenon appear, not only electromagnetism need force-line model, from below relation can see, use this model for particle can promulgate the rule of force and clear up puzzle yet．

Nuts and bolts of force-line model as follows：

Graviton is the basic particle of sent out attracting force-line, it sent out attracting force-line towards space equably, the sum take relative numerical value 1；repulton is the basic particle of sent out repulsion force-line, it sent out repulsion force-line towards space equably, the sum take relative numerical value 1．Force-line itself have not volume or quality, cross sectional area is zero，force-line act with force-line generate the force：

(1) attracting force-line act with attracting force-line generate attracting force F1；

(2) repulsion force-line act with repulsion force-line generate repulsion force F2；

(3) attracting force-line act with repulsion force-line generate attracting force F3, F3<F1

The acting of force-line possess instantaneity, from act of force-line to generate force, the time is zero, because of need not deliver with medium． 

⒉3 matter polymerization and force polymerizing effect and force neutron star

Polymerizing effect is the mechanism of force appear difference of “strong、weak” in micro field, underside will state the reason of generate Polymerizing effect use “H deciding” of diagram of magnetic line of force．Only meted this reason, can of course put forward, natural world only exist two kind of attracting force and repulsion force and does not “four kind of force”． 

Matter developing in space is begin from basic particle, the force is power of drive developing．Therefore, among developing process, condition of force line is very important, such raise problem perhaps march to a different drummer, but really be reasonable．Star’s radiation let space ceaseless fly basic particles with high speed, they are inertia flight in space, their force-line run out to all directions．Now inspect a graviton, when another one flying from a distance, following distance reduce，the act force line between them constantly magnify．When reach to the least distance, upon occurrence, may be appear three kind of situations： 

（1）the least distance large then 10-8 CM, formed attracting force insufficient “tie up” both side, the flying graviton would continue fly away．

（2）the least distance =0 , occur collide, in a flash, change motion direction, from near each other change to away each other．

（3）the least distance < 10-8 CM >0 , the attracting force of both get strong be sufficient to tie up them, due to both side exist relative momentum, the result of “tie up” is both the quality equal to m become a pair of “double star” of circle round with tangential velocity v．the large centrifugal force is balanced by the attracting force．

Estimate according to the probability, the general condition in space is (1), the least probability is (2), a graviton fly out from star, after fly through some time, after all once appeared condition (3), thence it cannot all alone travel in space, but polymerized to a “group” of circle round．Now if a displayer place in nearby, it can be received the energy of flying particle before polymerization, but cannot received information of “group” of circle round, because of the later possess little group velocity．As if space has decreased two gravitons unconsciously, the reason of this magic change was electron volt only can appear the energy of particle fly with straight line, after that two gravitons form the “group of circle round” they already from former can display electron volt change into not display electron volt． 

Particle of “Bachelordom”, its 100% attracting force-line run out to space, after two gravitons get together, distribution of lines of force is similar two pole of U shaped, 50% attracting force-line run act each other, to form attracting force among both, every surplus force-line is 50%, run out to space, this condition may use “H deciding” yet, set two gravitons at two point of intersection of across perpendicular line of character H, two perpendicular lines inner was acting force-line, outer was surplus force-line, in “adding”, the relation of surplus force-line with the quantity of particles is, 1+1≈1, when the member of polymerization add to tree of A、B、C, partly do “H” tree times for “AB”、“AC”、“BC”, the sum of surplus line still 1, when the quantity of particle from 4、5 gradually added to n, relevantly adding number of times of “H”, visible, every graviton’s ratio was (n-1)/n , the ratio of surplus was 1/n, namely, follow degree of polymerization gat magnify, surplus force-line (the ratio relate to every graviton) less and less, this is “Polymerizing effect”．

Of course, after the member of polymerization more then 3, they distribute in space, but in order to conciseness, still analysis with plane model, the relation of quantity is approximate．

From the above explanation, the sum of n gravitons near 1, density of force-line is 1/n, n is the member quantity of “group” contained, when the member quantity added to a trillion (10 to the power of 12), reach to scale of proton, already to be a “micro vortex galaxy”．

Why quality of neutron 、proton get in line and uniform to 6 effective value? The answer lie in force exact balance under the influence of “polymerizing effect”．In defiance of “polymerizing effect” would make theory happen puzzle, make the problems can get reply too．

Why they are radioactive element when atomic-number surpassed 83? Why the strong force was strongest and gravitation was weakest? How many kind of force in natural field at all? The reply of this kind of problems all relate with “polymerizing effect”． 

What different about neutron and proton? According to “show” of this two, may be surmise, the inner of neutron except graviton, also have significant repulton namely electrons；proton relatively lack this share．Why electron can enter proton? Owing to force F3 been existing．Present, when find a “particle” possess electron volt not ditto then think of it is a new particle, among this implicate not proper, because of don’t clear this “particle” was actually one or a “group”, it is reputed, besides two kind of particle, other “particles” are all true one actually, especially those “particle” of carry “electric charge” of “transmutability”、can generate “splinter”．

Under effect of surplus force-line, polymerization may be happen between：neutron with neutron, neutron with proton, proton with proton, the rear two owing to between proton and electron generate attracting force F3 thus form outer shell, hence form atom．The randomness of this event affect “degree” of generated atom．If say “in the process of generating atom, first generated light atom, heavy atom generated at rear” it doesn’t reasonable, “heavy atom was generated from light atom by nuclear fusion” more unreasonable, because of ignored randomness．

Neutron to combine with neutron, if surrounding hasn’t proton, whether final will become “neutron star”? if without regard to “polymerizing effect”, the probability of unlimited together of neutron and proton was hardly fully shut out, but, due to the “polymerizing effect” ,neutron and proton can but limited polymerizing, what scale of this limits? It ought to a little bigger than the heaviest nucleus! namely, the biggest “neutron star” can contain 270 neutrons only．There are two innateness problems for the “neutron star” theory, the first was cannot find the influence of the “polymerizing effect”, the other was unconsciously suppose neutrons been motionless in space．Similarly due to the “polymerizing effect”, the attracting force between two neutrons only correspond to the attracting force between two gravitons．

After atom get forming, force-line of outer electrons mostly act with proton of nucleus, as a whole atom also surplus few attracting force-line run out to outer, atom tend to continues “polymerization” with other atom, after “polymerization” still surplus lesser attracting force-line become the source of “gravitation”． 

Matter, from basic particle until star, are all exist force-line and acting force in every moment, any scale of matter, should not drift away with force-line and force, the changing of somewhat only the distribution of acting force-line．There fore, “strong force、weak force、gravitation” really only exist “difference of quantity”, the reason been in the mechanism of polymerization, “three kind of” force really does not “three kind”, they are all force of F1 (see 2.2 ), only the quantity different of acting force-line and appear the scale different of force, so not have the different in nature． 

How much the discrepancy fore strong force and weak force? To be 1012 (10 to the power of 12) estimated in 《L04 matter evolution》。Above has been expounded “three kind of force” does not three kind, underside will inspect the “fourth force”．

2.4 Electron magnetic force how many kind of force on earth

Electron magnetic force was the “fourth force” believed by modern physics, appeared in electron magnetic field, to be divided repulsion force and attracting force．Where come from the repulsion force and attracting force of static electricity? For example of “charging by friction”, when two insulation material rub one another, certainly lead to density of electronic shell of atom of material not normal, arise the phenomenon of prejudiced “thick” and prejudiced “sparse”, namely “carry negative charge” and “carry positive charge”, due to not other electron source, “thick” and “sparse” is equal in numerical value, (positive charge and negative charge of fricative to be equal in numerical value)．When opposite the particle of carry negative electric charge, appear repulsion force is has reason for, to this whether become the rule of “homophobia”? Until then it seems so think．But, two “particles” of carry positive charge may not repulsion．For example of proton, they not only don’t repulsion in nuclear, but also hardly separated! What is the reason? “repulsion” and “attracting” correlated with sex, to be infiltration by humanity factor, but, to reply physical problems, mechanism is most important, means, why repulsion or attracting?

Where come from the attracting force of the carry positive charge matter? Come from the electrons density of outer of atom prejudiced “sparse”．The attracting force-line of nuclear former get well “seal up” by electronic shell now escape from the locate of electrons prejudiced “sparse”, this is the reason of form attracting force, if insistence with “positive charge appear exist of positron”, above reasoning would credible, because of, “friction” is the common movement, if say this can “rub out ” “positron” then fantastic．Therefore, “attracting” and “repulsion” of charge come from force F1 and F2 , not a “new kind of force”． 

When exert electric current of same direction towards two electromagnet coil of electromagnet which string in series, the electromagnet to happen “attracting each other”； When exert electric current of different direction, appear repulsion each other．Physical basic theory not only should reply “according to Lenz’s law”, but also should to reply： what is the mechanism?

The influence of coil current to the atom of electromagnet is, drive tuning direction of outer electrons of atom get “order”, the distribution of outer-shell electron of atom lose even, this make the attracting force-line of nucleus from sparse direction——axial——send out, so cause attracting force in the axial direction, it is the physical background of “right hand rule”． 

When the direction of current of this two coils was on the contrary, the force-ling of cause above attracting force still exist, but both current are all have the trend of drive opposite side reversal, this current resist form more repulsion force, the result is appear “repulsion”．

Anthropogenic factor not only write out “homophobia” “opposites attract” yet further from “positron” run to every kind of “antiparticle” “antimatter” “anti-cosmos”． 

But from above relation can see, the natural would only exists two kinds of basic force of attracting repulsion, the mechanization of “quantity difference” of “four kind of force” has been related as above．The reason of make with the judge of four kind of force was can not find out “polymerization effect” and the mechanization of happen electromagnetic force．

Also can see, the reasons for “positron”——symmetry of electron—— existing does inexistence, “homophobia”、“opposites attract” only in commission under the specific condition, ought not to treat as a law．

2.5 Regard to Newton law of gravitation

Physical law often exist in fixed suit domain, such as：Hook’s law, be the same with “in the elastic limit of material”；the force between microcosmic matters、basic particles would suffer influence of “polymerization effect”, a large number of microcosmic matters get together, “H” be not applicable, this is the application field of Newtonian mechanics, among this field, “polymerization effect” still existing, but influence very small, it appears in the difference of gravitational mass and inertial-mass, “influence” at the order of 10-3 (10 to the power of -3)．

Why influence of “polymerization effect” relatively very small in macro domain? Because of the ratio of surplus force-line was very small, “polymerization effect” can influent a part from this “very small”, such as, it can be measured gravitation between sun and earth arise change when solar eclipse, if without regard to this change, error of measure yet < 1%, so would not find problem of apply Newton equation，however, still consider the influence of “polymerization effect” from principle． 

2.6 Engineering force

Whether every kinds of engineering force also root from above attraction force and pulling force?

2,6,1 Tensile stress prepared the pulling force of material suffered break down to every atom, this force to make atom be inclined to “removed from”, when the material to fail, “removed from” to achieve．Action of pulling force in addition was change balance of former among atoms, original, the repulsion force between electron layer boycott the attraction force of nuclear, the pulling force in addition to assist electron layer to cause distance of atom get aggrandizement, to make material protraction．

The machine elements through itself atom “accept force” give “pulling force” to external, “accept force” make act force between atoms to be changing, this kind of force between atoms, of cause to produce from act each other of force-line．

2.6.2 Compression stress atoms near due to be forced, distance of electron layer to lessen．Why acting force changing follow the distance changing between atoms? The physical mechanism was “the quantity of acting force-line is inverse ratio to the square of distance”．Therefore, compression stress is be closely and cannot to divided with force F2．

2.6.3 Bending stress when the material suffer acting of bending stress, its cross section of stress divided two regions, one region exist tensile stress, the other exist compression stress, so not need re-narrate． 

2.6.4 Fraction force rolling friction get over “climbing force” (namely gravity), the force of sliding friction is the intermolecular force , follow the different of example, the final are all with pull or pressure act on material molecular、atom of bear friction．Molecular cohesion was largest with solid body and least with gas, this physical characteristic indicated the way of minish friction．

These forces are lay in the range of above force, therefore does not “new force”． 

2.6.5 other engineering force the other engineering force have impact force、shearing force、twisting force etc, they are the same with above enumerative, all may resolve to the act force of molecular、atom, as a result, engineering force are all the force generated by action of attracting force-line and repulsion force-line．

2.6.6 answer question of repulsion force graviton and repulton similarly send out force line to space, why only exist gravitation and not gravitational repulsion? This is related to the dispersion properties of repulton clearly, this make repulsion force-line even if repel each other also seal off each other, can not form wiring harness of repulsion force of proper density and may be act reach to long distance．

2.7 Gravitational wave

This section plan through talk reason to analyze：“what is gravitational wave?”、“why gravitation generate wave? ” and the items relative to this．

Force-line act each other generate the force, force size changing become the “wave” of the force．On what the size of force happens changing? the reply is：the quantity of acting force-line get changing．Why the quantity of acting force-line happens changing? Answering：distribution condition of surrounding matters happen changing． 

Suppose if a matter A in the space, it sent out all its (remain) force-line, it is attracting force-line, because of after atom been forming attracting force is in the ascendant, repulsion force-line only work in the atom scale, generally does not appear to the distant place．The force-line of A if meet with the force-line which sent out from other matter B, then take effect, form attracting force between two matter A、B, the scale pro rata with the quantity of force-line．space distributed big and small matters, whole matters are all in the relative motion, therefore, the force-line of A run out to space should often change action object, and adjust the quantity of action force-line with a certain matter, this is the “soft wave” of attracting force；if there is a imminent “supernova” in A’s action objects, when freak out, the attracting force between A and it then violent changing, be distinguished as “hard wave” of gravitation only． The “soft wave” is always ongoing, the variation is vary small in the short time, not sure got feel by instrument；“hard wave” then show we, a long way off happened drastic、vast matter “scatter”． 

Be based on above related, “gravitational wave” should include above two kind of gravitational wave．Form physical angle to analyze, the property of “gravitational wave” as follows： 

（1）absent spread time：at the mention of wave, hard to avoid Maxwell equation, but gravitation is unrelated with this equation, because of its transfer not with the help of any matter, “may pass through vacuum”, when the quantity of force-line happen changing at the same time appear force changing, not exist the time lag, therefore, the wave speed of “gravitational wave” is infinity．

（2）the shape of wave is special：due to the mathematician’s make great efforts, nearly can unfold any kind of wave form become addition of sine function, although gravitational wave is called as wave, but not have this developable property, it similar digit information, may be to describe with “to have、none”、“open、off”, none width on the coordinate axis of “frequency”．

（3）does not drift away with matter：present every kind of wave, once formed can spread long time in the medium, “shut out” with matter of happen wave, “gravitational wave” cause of attracting force-line change act, so cannot “spreading in matter”．

（4）the quantity of force-line continuous changing：force-line’s “cross section area to be zero” make clear it’s “infinitesimal” nature, so the moment of its “open、off” is curve transition．

2.8 repulsion wave

Repulsion force exist between electrons, gather、scatter and motion of electrons yet cause repulsion force wave in theory．As above stated, natural world attracting force is in the ascendant, repulsion only appear in the small space, the maximal men made was “magnetic repulsion”, may be reach to the order of ton, compare with attracting force, does not large, in physical domain, repulsion wave not-yet be much accounted of． 

3 supplementary notes

Modern physics exist many “problem” and “difficulty”, from the example of this text can see, search for mechanism、to improve basic theory may be clear up them fundamentally．Modern physics seem to slant to pay attention to mathematics, wherein the “slant”? slant in the search of mechanism, to drop it to the degree of secondary even must not, such as：according to the equation of E=mc2 (square) got inspect and verify in general, and then to consider “mass transform to energy ”, wherein the mechanism? Any vary should exist causality namely mechanism, lack of mechanism, yet able become the official theory? Can trust such “theory” else?

Mathematics was the important helper of physics certainly, but “mechanism” to be the core of physical theory, should not might leave for this． 

Predecessors Spends great efforts but cannot build the equation of make two kinds of force of gravitation and electromagnetic force get uniform, now achieve make “unify the four kinds of force”, this also explain the necessity of “find mechanism”． 

 注：2019.3.17对《L18ａ强作用力弱作用力电磁力万有引力的统一》文 加注： 本文2008/7/20登上本网站原先架构，2019.1月现在的新架构投入使用后未设计“加入时间、阅读次数”