L15b

The generation mechanism of the geomagnetism and the stellar magnetic field

陈理士( S. G. Chinese )

（this text in English see rear）

摘 要 对地磁的物理要素进行分析，提出发生机理，回答地磁、星体磁场起源等有关问题。

关键词 地磁 星球磁场 　地磁三要素 

　　　　1 关于地磁

　　导电物质在两种情况下呈磁性：一是剩磁，二是电磁。对地球磁场的起源和机理一般倾向于剩磁效应，认为地球内部有一磁性内核产生了地磁。但是，地球内部温度远超过材料的“居里点”，在此温度下，任何材料若无电流激励，不能成为磁性状态。

　　此外，地磁强度与磁极在不断变化，这些变化是如何发生的？地磁强度受太阳的影响，产生像“磁崩”那样的现象；在大地震出现前后，往往测量到地磁变化。在一些至今不能解释、证实的事件中，也显示了地磁因素，如地磁同太阳黑子、极光相关等等。

　　情况如此复杂，使“剩磁理论”处于尴尬勉强地位，谁也不能理直气壮地肯定在地球中心确实存在一个“大磁铁”，不能解释已经发现的上述情况。

因为，“居里点”乃是一则客观规律，所以，地磁不可能来自剩磁，排除了“剩磁”可能性，只能从电磁方面寻求答案，从新的观察角度出发寻找磁场发生的机理。

　　假设有电流环绕地球回旋，如果地球内部能够导电，在此情况下，不论地球内部温度多高，在电流激励下，就会发生一个磁场，此时，地球便显出是一个球形电磁铁。

问题是，有电流绕地球流动吗？乍看似乎没有，经过搜索和分析，可以发现，相对地说，空间电场恰恰是在“环绕”地球流动。由于地球以24小时/转的角速度不停转动，表面最大切线速度为465米/秒，此速度远超过一般发电机电枢的切线速度。

　　外有电流相对回旋，内有具备导电、导磁性质的高温融浆，于是，产生磁场便具备了条件。

在以上描述的地球磁场发生机制中，产生与影响地磁的“三个因素”便是：1.空间电场 2.地球自旋 3.地球内部材料的导电、导磁性。

　　空间电场是一个什么样的场？

数以亿亿计的空间星体不断向外辐射两种基本粒子：引力子和斥力子——电子。

引力子以“光速”飞出恒星后在引力作用下重新聚合，使空间成为生成质子、中子以及各种化学元素的“作坊”（见《L04 物质演变》）。

　　斥力子——电子离开原子后，出路有二，一是重新参与聚合，成为中子、原子中的成员，成为具有一定速度的量子；二是在空间渐渐减速，最终停止运动成为空间电场中的电子，减速的原因是，空间电场中原有电子发出斥力线，同进入这个电场的电子形成斥力，使它们制动。所以空间分布着电子矩阵，斥力使电子分布趋于均匀即空间电场趋于均匀。

　　 何以证明空间充满了由电子形成的场？答：远星的光波在宇宙空间穿越140亿年之久尚能被地球上的望远镜观察到，说明空间电场“无处不在”，是它充当了光波的传播介质。

　　 如此，对于地球来说，当它自转（也可设想为地球不动，空间电场围绕地球旋转）时，相当于，许多电子在地球外面规则地作旋转运动。这里完全可以应用 “右手定则”，地球当然会发生磁场，如果地球内部材料的导磁率“均匀”，自转轴心便与磁极完全重合。

　　 由电场到磁场的转变存在“力”的问题，产生磁场并维持此磁场就须“付出”一个转矩，这个转矩只能依靠消耗其自身的转动惯量来提供，于是，地球磁场存在的同时，地球自转速度必然“减慢”，速度减慢使磁场减弱，磁场减弱又使“减慢”放缓，显然，这是一个按对数曲线减速的关系。当自转速度减到和公转速度相等，相当于励磁电流消失，磁场便不能产生，因为围绕着它的空间电场已经成为静电场，不再成为环流。

　　已有报道，若干亿年前，每年多于365天，可以设想，若干年后，每年将少于365天，而那时一天的时间要多于24小时。

尽管如此，由于地球巨大的转动惯量，不论外来质量的加入还是维持磁场的消耗，所引起的转速变化相对说非常微小，是成千上万年差一秒的问题，因此，作为地磁产生的这一自转因素，是比较稳定的。

　　 至于地球内部导磁性是否均匀的问题，从地心岩浆不断对流和材料的多样性的情况来看，完全均匀是做不到的，不断出现小量改变在所难免。这种改变意味着地球的磁极位置不能完全固定，不断发生小量变动。

但是，这种变动不很大，不可能出现“南北两极对调”。为什么？因为起主导作用的是“地球的自转”，只有地球反转才能使南北两极对调，转动惯量的存在使地球不会“反转”。

　　 以上解答了地磁产生的机制和几个与地磁有关的问题，推论是：凡能影响以上三个因素之一的任何物理事件，便能引起地磁变化。

　　太阳黑子为什么能够引起地磁变化呢？这里先要回答“太阳黑子是任何形成的”，如果有一个质量巨大的物体作为“陨物”进入了太阳表面，情况会怎样？可以设想，它被急剧加热升温液化、气化的同时，太阳表面也会有一个区域温度暂时有所下降，出现“亮度改变”，该区域太阳辐射发生暂时影响，电子辐射量增加，使地球附近空间电场密度发生变化，从而对地磁强度产生突然性影响，这就是“磁暴”。 当空间微细物质被吸引进入地球上空时，如果这些微粒是磁性的，会受到地磁的引力，向两极偏斜，最后在两极上空进入大气层氧化燃烧，这可能是具有神秘色彩的极光产生的原因与机制。

　　地球磁场为什么同地震相关？在将要发生地震和正在发生地震之处，地壳岩石承受很高压力，

这里有一个“压电效应”问题，岩层出现静电场，引起对当地地磁测量的干扰。

　　　　2 星体磁场

　　将视线转向空间星体，首先发现，月球没有明显的磁场，为什么？用以上“三因素”加以衡量，“1”有而“2、3”存在问题，月球以同样“面孔”面对我们，这说明它在空间不“自转”——自转速度等于公转速度，空间电场对于它只是一个静电场，不能成为相对与它回旋的电流，缺了这个“2”，“3”的有无便不足道。关于“月球内部能否导电、导磁”的问题，涉及月球和行星形成的理论，本文不予讨论。

但是，根据能量守恒,“维持磁场需要力矩”,任何存在磁场的星体，若无“回转动量”的补充，回转速度将会逐渐降低直至像月球那样相对空间电场停止转动，因此，虽然现在月球没有磁场，它过去未必如此，如果在月球上发现以往曾经有过磁场的遗迹，这是不足为怪的。也就是说，月球有可能以往也具有一定转速，当时存在磁场，由于转动惯量的消耗，其转速逐渐降低以至最终停止转动。

太阳系的其它行星有磁场吗？今天，可用天文望远镜可以观察这些地球的孪生兄弟，如果发现它们具有“自转”，很可能存在磁场。对于任何有“自转”的星体，可以作出预言：（1）磁极大体上重合于转轴，（2）磁场强度大体上与转速成比例，（3）“南北极”可以用右手定则确定。

太阳具有磁场是肯定了的，根据以上所述推测，它必定存在“自转”。不断发生的“黑子”，其实是“大型”物质坠入太阳的表现。当坠入方向不是正好对准太阳“中心”时，此坠入物质的动能便对于太阳的转动惯量增减有所影响，因此太阳的自转速度不仅会按对数规律缓慢降低，而且难免细微波动。

太空中众多的恒星有磁场吗？答按是：基本上有。因为，其一，空间电场无处不在；其二，所有恒星都处于高温状态；其三，恒星在接收空间物质壮大自己的过程中，坠入物不能全部对准中心或方向对称，所以难免形成自转，无非速度不会大，按照概率规律，恒星不可能有很高自转速度。

不妨认为，恒星普遍存在不同强度的磁场，具有“南北极”，磁极的具体方位可以用电磁学中“电流通过线圈感应磁场”时确定极性的同样方法——右手定则——确定，没有磁场的恒星当是个别现象。

归根到底，“磁力”并非是一种特殊的力，太空中星体表现出的“磁性”只是相对地十分微弱的“引力场”，毋需对恒星磁场所起到的作用作过高估计，充其量，它能够使极细微的铁磁性陨落尘趋向两极而已。

当电流环绕任何原子作有规则旋转时，会对该原子电子外层运行轨道产生影响，后果是什么？产生磁性！其物理实质是，正常原子外层电子轨道方向“毫无规律”，这使原子的“天空”均匀地分布着电子，原子核向外发出的引力线得到良好“密封”，“泄出”原子的引力线非常少而且各方向均匀，只能形成万有引力。一旦原子的天空有“回转方向有规则”的电子——直流电流——存在，难免使原子外层电子的回转轨道部分地“有序”，原来均匀的密封受到干扰，在电子偏稀的方向——“有序电流”的轴向——会泄出部分引力线，这是磁引力出现的机理。所以，星球磁场强度不会比地磁有太悬殊的差异，因为，因素“1”没有很大差别；“2”的上差也不会大，恒星那么大，比地球转得快不容易，下差有可能大一些，有的恒星，有可能转动速度很低甚至个别的像月球那样转速接近于零；因素“3”可能有一定出入。总之，空间恒星，可能普遍存在不同速度的自转，普遍地存在不同强度的磁场和可以用右手定则确定的磁极。

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L15b   The generation mechanism of the geomagnetism and the stellar magnetic field

                                           S. G. Chinese

Abstract take analysis for the physical essential factor of geomagnetic, raise the happening mechanism, answer the related problems of geomagnetic、origin of aster magnetic field etc.

Key words geomagnetism　　 magnetic field of aster 　 three essential factors of geomagnetism

1 about geomagnetic

　　 Under two conditions the conducting material present magnetism：the first is residual magnetism, the second is electromagnetism．For the origin and mechanism of magnetic field of the earth, ordinarily be apt to the magnetic aftereffect, to think it has a magnetism core in the earth so generated 　　　　geomagnetic．But the temperature of earth inner is far exceed material “Curie point”, under this temperature, if not current motivation, any material cannot become magnetic status．

　　More over, absolute force and pole is in changing, how happened this changing? The absolute force suffer the influence from the sun, generate those phenomenon like “magnetism slide”；at front and back of violent earthquake, often measured geomagnetic changing． 

　　In some events of up to now cannot to explained or confirmed also displayed geomagnetic factors, such as geomagnetic related with macula、aurora etc．

　　The situation is so complicated, make the “theory of residual magnetism” stand on the embarrassed and reluctance position, whoso cannot of course replied that really exist a “big magnet” in the earth center, and cannot explain above situation of has been founded．

　　 Because the “Curie point” is an objective law, so geomagnetic impossible come from residual magnetism, shut out the possibility of residual magnetism, can but seek solution from electro magnetic side, if the earth interior be capable of conduct electricity, in this situation, no matter how high of the temperature of the earth interior, under the current encourage, would happen a magnetic field, now, the earth then express a sphere electromagnet． 

The problem is, have any current flow around the earth? It seems not have if at fist glance, go by search and analysis, may find out, oppositely, space electric field just flow “around” the earth．

　　Due to the earth is rolling on forever with angular velocity of 24 hours per 360 degree, the tangential velocity of surface maximum is 465 M/Sec, this velocity is far exceed general tangential velocity of generator armature． 

The high temperature melted lava if has the current round and round external, and internal possess conductivity、permeability, upon that, happen magnetic field then possessed situation．

　　In above described mechanism of earth magnetic field happening, the “three factors” of happen and influence magnetic field is：1．Space electric field 2．Spin of earth 3．Earth internal material’s conductivity、permeability．

What a field of the space field?

　　Billions and billions of space aster ceaselessly radiate two kind of basic particles to external：

　gravitons and repultons——electrons．

　Gravitons would again polymerization under attracting force act after they fly out star with light velocity, make space become a “workshop” of create protons、neutrons and every kind of chemical element (see 《L04 Development of matter》)． 

　After repulton——electron depart from atom, it has two exit：the first is again partake polymerization, become the member in the neutron、atom, it is a quantum of possess the fixed velocity；the second is gradually slow down in the space, in the end stop motion become an electron of space electric field, the reason of slow down is, the inhere electrons of space field send out repulsion force-ling and form the repulsion force with the electrons of enter this field, make them get brake． 

　　There fore, the space distributed electric matrix, repulsion force make electric distribution tend to uniform mean the space electric field tend to uniform．

　　How can prove the space be filled with the field which be formed with electrons? The answer is：the light wave of remote star pass through space for a long time reach to 14 billions years can observable yet, it explain the space electric field was “ubiquity”, just it serve as the spread medium of the light wave．So in regard to the earth, when it rotate (also may imagine the earth immobility, the space electric field rotate around the earth), equal to much electrons rotate round the external of the earth．

Here utterly can apply “right hand rule”, the earth certainly be able to happen magnetic field, if the magnetic permeability of the inner material of the earth is “even”, rotation axes then fully coincide with pole． 

　　The transition from electric field to magnetic field exist a problem of force, generating magnetic field and keeping this magnetic field then must “pay” a torque, this torque only can offer by consume the movement of inertia of itself, and then, at the same time of the existing of earth magnetic field, the rotate speed of the earth should be “ slower”, speed slower make magnetic field weaken, magnetic field weaken again make “slower” ease, clearly, this a back geared relation of in accordance with log curve． 

　　When rotation rate has been reduce get to equal to the revolution speed, it correspond the field current been disappear, the magnetic field then cannot happened, because of the space electric field of rotate it has been become static field, no longer become circular current． 

　　It has reporting, some hundred million years ago, each year is more then 365 days, may imagine, after years, each year will less then 365 days, and at the time each day will more then 24 hours．

　　Even so, due to the huge rotating inertia of the earth, whether join with external mass or consuming for keep magnetic field, to cause the changing of rotate speed is relatively very small, it is a problem of tens of thousands of years errand a second, therefore, serve as a rotation factor of cause earth magnetic field was compare steady． 

　　As for the problem of the permeability of earth internal if even or not, from the magma of earth’s core ceaseless convection and material diversity to see, complete uniform is impracticable, constantly appear be unavoidable．This changing mean the position of the earth pole cannot full fixed, continuous happen a little changing．

　　However, this changing does not large, “exchange the south pole and the north pole” is impossibility．Why? Because of “the earth rotation” appear leading role, only the earth get reversal can be just make the two poles of south and north get changing, existing of rotating inertia make the earth will not “reversal”． 

　　Above replied the mechanism of geomagnetic generating and several problem of related to geomagnetism, the logic deduction is； every physical events if can influent above one of three factors then can cause geomagnetic changing．

Why the sunspot can cause the changing of geomagnetism? Here the first should to reply “how did form the sunspot”, if there is a huge mass serve as a “meteor” enter into the sun surface, how would the condition be? may imagine, at the same time of this mass gat rapid heat up liquefied and gasify, also have a area of the sun surface gat temperature reducing temporary, to appear “luminance changing”, the sun’s radiation happen temporary influence in this area, electron radiant quantity increase, make the density of space electric field of earth nearby happen changing, thereby towards absolute force generate sudden influence, this just the “magnetic storm”．When space minuteness matter enter into earth sky, if they are magnetic, would suffer geomagnetic attracting force, decline to the two poles, in the end at airspace of the two poles into atmosphere happen oxidation and combustion, these may be the generating reason and mechanism of aurora of possess mystical color．

　　 Why the geomagnetic field is related to the earthquake? When the earthquake be in the wind and the area of happening earthquake, rock of the earth’s crust bear very high pressure, here have a problem of “piezoelectric effect”, rock formation appear electrostatic field, cause the interference to the local magnetic field． 

2 Global magnetic field 

　　 Put sight line turn to the space aster, first of all been find, the moon hasn’t apparent magnetic field, why? To Judge with above “three factors”, it is exist “1” but exist problem for “2”and “3”, the moon face we with a same face, this explain it not have “rotation” in the space——the velocity of rotation is equal to velocity of revolution, the space electric field merely a static field to it, cannot become relatively rotate current for the moon, if lack of “2”, have or have not “3” then have nothing in one．

　　But according to energy conservation ,“keep magnetic field need moment”, any aster of exist magnetic field, if not the supplement of “rotate momentum”, rotating speed will gradually reduce until to stop rotation relate to space electric field like the moon, therefore, though the moon have not magnetic field now, it be not necessarily so in the past, if find the relic of there used to be the magnetic field on the moon, it is no wonder．In other word, the moon possible ever possess a fixed rotation speed formerly, exit the magnetic field at that time, due to consume of moment of inertia, it’s rotation speed been gradually reduce until to stop rotating at last． 

　　Have other planets of solar system the magnetic field? Today, may watch these co-twin of earth use astronomical telescope, if find rotation, may well exist magnetic field．For any aster of exist rotation, can work out the prediction：（1）magnetic pole by and large coincide with axis of rotation, (2) magnetic-field strength by and large pro rata with rotating speed, (3) “south and north poles” may confirm by “right hand rule” 

　　The sun possess magnetic field was affirmed, according above state to surmise, it be sure to exist rotation．The “sunspot” of ceaseless happened, as it is the expression of “large scale matter” that fall into the sun, if the falling direction dose not just aim at the sun’s center, the fall matter’s kinetic energy would influence the sun’s moment of inertia, therefore the sun’s rotation speed not only would reduce slowly according log law, but also hard to avoid slight undulate．

　　Are masses of stars of space does have magnetic field? The replying is, mainly have．Because the first is the space electric field is any where；the second, all stars be in the state of high temperature；the third, when star receive space matters and in the process of to expand it self, the fall matters cannot all aim at center or symmetry in direction, so hard to avoid form rotation, simply the speed will not big, according to probability law, star cannot possess high rotation speed．

　　May wish to think, stars general exist magnetic field, possess “south and north pole”, to confirm the specific position of magnetic pole may use the same method of “the current through coil inducting magnetic field”——right hand law——in the electromagnetism, the star of not magnetic field to be the exception． 

　　After all, magnetic force does not a kind of specific force, the magnetism of aster appeared in the space merely relatively very feeble gravitational field, it not need make over estimate for the action of star’s magnetic field, at the outside, it can be make imperceptible ferromagnetism fall dust tend to two poles．

　　When the current round any atom act as regular rotation, it will have an affect on the orbit of outer electrons of this atom, what is result? Produce magnetism! The physical substance is, the orbit of outer electrons is none discipline, this make atom’s “sky” evenly distributed electrons, the attracting force-line which send out from nucleus be get well “sealed”, the “run off” attracting force-line is very few and equality at every direction, can but form the universal gravitation． 

　　Once the atom’s sky exit the electrons of “rotate direction possess regularity”——DC, it is hard avoid the rotation track of atom surface get partly “order”, so former evenly seal suffer interference, at the direction of electron prejudiced sparse ——axial of order current——would runoff part attracting force-line, this is the mechanism of magnetic force appearing．Therefore, aster’s magnetic field intensity is have not very large different then geomagnetism, because of, the factor “1” have not very large difference；the difference of factor “2” also would not very large；the factor “3” may have a fixed difference．In a word, space star may be universally exist the rotation of different speed, universally exist magnetic field of different intensity and the magnetic pole which may be confirm with right hand law．