L14a "宇宙膨胀" 的根据牢不牢？

陈理士

提要 本文对宇宙膨胀理论进行分析后认为，将星体“红移”判断为快速离去理由不足，“宇宙大爆炸”结论难以成立，宇宙并未“膨胀”，更未“加速膨胀”

关键词 宇宙膨胀 宇宙大爆炸 红移 兰移　　宇宙间最大的爆炸

(The text in English see rear)

　　上世纪初，发现星体光谱线条同地球上同一元素的谱线相比，向红色方向偏移即“红移”。若多普勒效验也适用于星体，这似乎意味着星体普遍的远离我们而去，且星体越远，红移越大，根据地球上的多普勒效应折算，“离去速度”可达105（10的5次方）KM/Sec以上，比火药“爆炸”产生的速度大过万倍！所以，“宇宙膨胀理论”的产生可以理解，出现了“宇宙大爆炸”一词也毫不夸张。

　　但宇宙膨胀的判断起初并不一致，如爱因斯坦当时提出了“引力红移”说，认为，光谱移动的原因在于受到空间星体引力作用，他侧重于引力对光的影响，光线从恒星附近经过发生弯曲的现象也被认为是“引力弯曲”。不久，他放弃了这一观点，相信那是“星系的膨胀”。

　　人类迫切需要了解宇宙的昨天、今天，并推测其明天，高度重视“红移”这一似乎大自然透露给人类的宇宙信息是可以理解的。多普勒效验至少在地球上是一项经得起反复验证的规律。因此，从“红移”到宇宙膨胀和宇宙大爆炸十分自然。

　　此后，发现整个太空弥漫着微波背景辐射等现象，被认为也是宇宙曾经发生过大爆炸的证明。

　　至于其后出现的超过三维的多维空间理论、弦论、暗能量理论，以及宇宙加速膨胀、黑洞理论等许多学说，无不与宇宙膨胀及“大爆炸”有关。可见，关键在于，究竟“红移”是否表示星体高速离去，亦即，多普勒效验在宇宙空间是否同地球表面同样适用？

　　在“宇宙大爆炸”业已深入人心的今天，提出这样的问题是否多余？事实上，自然科学一向欢迎质疑。正是由于质疑，地心说才逐渐演变到“日心说”、“黑洞中心说”且难停留不变。认识渐渐深入，改变原先观点的事例不胜枚举。今天，为什么对“宇宙膨胀”提出质疑呢？这是因为， 存在“有利于”作出远星高速离去判断的事例的同时，也存在一些对此“不利”的事理，以“理”为主要特点的物理学，当然需要全面的观察分析，使理论趋于完善。如果“大爆炸”确实发生过，肯定能够经得住理论推敲，推敲的结果能够更加完善其理论，如果发现理论存在“问题”或破绽，就需要改进、完善。使理论扎实，才能立于不败之地。

对“大爆炸”不利的事理有：

　　1、如果说星体的“红移”代表宇宙曾发生过一次“大爆炸”，那么，所有星体应当以近乎相同的速度径向飞离，所有星体应当分布在一个逐渐“膨胀”的球面上；与此同时，球面内部应当是真空，但我们的地球、太阳系、银河系却位于这个应当为真空的“爆炸中心”，为什么？

　　2、 关于大爆炸发生的年代，目前已定为146亿年前，此数由于是哈勃望远镜测定后得出的,似乎更具权威性。

　　但是，远星也曾“近”过，它们为什么若干亿年来似乎一直未受到万有引力作用而“四散离去”？反之，在银河系8万光年内的所有星体无不显示受到万有引力作用，那些“红移”的远星，在它们“当年”处于8万光年之内时，为什么万有引力竞对它们毫无作用？设想一颗以光速运行的星体，只要受0.1重力加速度的作用，其速度会在3×109（10的9次方）秒即100年后降为零，为什么远星当初在8万光年内对引力无动于衷？为什么构成远星的物质，似乎不受引力作用？与此相关的是，不仅光谱显示的化学成分说明远星和近星没有本质差异，而且远星作为一颗星，这本身就说明它们同样受万有引力作用，离开万有引力，“一盘散沙”，谈不上星体。应当相信，远星同样受万有引力作用。

　　3、“宇宙膨胀”是根据“红移”推测出的，但宇宙中也存在“兰移”星体，对此，能否说“部分宇宙处于大收缩”之中呢？如果不对“兰移”的机理作出分析而只说“红移”，这样的理论未免偏颇。

　　4、如果“大爆炸”发生过，爆炸时星体当然“不会”存在，庞大的星体承受加速度的能力很小。所以，星体产生于此后若干年，爆炸之后，所“发生的物质”必定均匀的向四面八方射出，物质分布沿“半径方向”将是动态的和不均匀的，这同现在观察到的“平直空间”相左。“平直”相当于否定了质量来自一个爆炸中心的理论。

　　5、遥远空间为数众多的双星和涡旋星系也向我们显示那里主宰天体运行的依然是万有引力，同地球附近空间并无不同。

　　从另外角度看，是否“红移”一定代表远星高速远离呢？地面的多普勒效验能否移用于太空呢？从以下分析意见看出，并非如此。

　　 1a、多普勒效验是在平静电场中，运动物体对电波频率的影响。空间电场情况复杂，其中既有弥散电子形成的较为平静的电场，又有为数众多的恒星作为辐射源不断射出的电子射线，因此难以简单的归结为“多普勒效验引起红移”。

　　2a、光的波动理论认为，电波在扩散过程中振幅逐渐衰减而频率不改变,从理论上说这是正确的。但是，这种“频率守恒”假定了介质具有“理想”性质。实际上任何物理事物不能完全“理想”，无非在某种程度上接近理想而已。例如，依据虎克定律，应力与应变之比守恒，实际金属材料达到守恒的程度并不很高，即使“在弹性限度内”“守恒的程度”也只有10－2（-2次方）～10－3（-3次方），光波经过若干光年路程后，亮度已低于原来的10-12（-12次方），空间电场在光波强度如此大跨距的变动下怎么可能保持“频率毫不衰减”呢？频率衰减意味着波长增加，即为“红移”。因此，远星光谱中很可能出现红移是一个电波远距离传播中出现的实际衰减问题，理论上的“不衰减”不应排斥实际上存在一定程度的衰减。“距离越远红移越大”不正向人暗示含有“衰减”性质吗？在时间领域，坚持“理论”上的“频率守恒”，不应排除实际情况中对于“理论”的偏离而导致的一定改变，否则，任何结构的时计，其误差都不应发生。

　　3a、空间介电常数非均匀的影响。麦克斯韦方程中的介电常数实际上不仅随介质种类而改变，即使同一介质，其介电性也可能并不均匀。空间电场的电子供应者是众多恒星，在两种情况下这种不均可能明显，一是距离恒星很近，此时，电场出现梯度， 电子密度随“距离”而变。若有一个将恒星包围在内的空间封闭曲面，沿这个曲面对恒星发射的电子取和，其结果同“距离”无关，这一结果的物理背景是电子的发射总量既定，在任何大小的封闭曲面上穿过的电子总数相同，所以，随着“距离”增加，密度必然趋稀，表现为电位梯度；二是两处相距很远的空间，维持该两空间电场强度的恒星辐射总量可能存在一定差异，从而使这两处空间电场强度不能相同。

光线穿过偏稀或偏密的空间电场结果便发生“红移”或“兰移”。

　　那些距离以“万光年”、“亿光年”计的远星，当它们的光波到达地球时，穿过了遥远空间，不应假设所有电场是完全均匀的，相反，可以认为空间电场有一定程度的不均匀，难免产生一些“红移”或“蓝移”。

　　4a、太阳辐射的影响

　　地球上的观察者显然受到太阳辐射电场的影响，当从夜空中观察远星时，太阳的辐射方向对于天顶传来的星光起推拒作用，这相当于“红移”，但太阳所起的作用应是均匀地加于所有星体，同远近没有关系。

　　可以看出，基于缺乏唯一性，既不能将“红移”看作远星高速离去，也不能将“兰移”看作远星高速飞来。当考虑宇宙是否正处于“膨胀”之中或“缩塌”之中时，需要审慎地考察各种已知的自然现象和分析，不能仅选择其中一些作为推测依据，如果某一种理论不能“囊括”所有相关情况于内且不存在龃龉，其可置信度要大打折扣。

　　在远离恒星的空间，电场的均匀度可能较高，光波传播速度能够比较“守恒”，但是，太空中肯定不能时时、处处维持光速守恒，因为，光速乃是在空间电场中传播的电波波速，

既然空间电场不能绝对均匀，空间电场的密度――或强度就不能持久不变，也就是，宇宙空间的光速和折射率做不到一成不变，永久不变。

　　“真空中光速不变”是将宇宙空间的光学性质理想化了，当年，作出这样的推测是一则卓越超群的创思。现在看来，宇宙空间并没有“空无一物”的真空，由于恒星的辐射，空间有基本粒子以及它们在引力作用下不停聚合生成的各种“粒子”、原子、以及各种几何尺度的星际物质。空间任何位置都不能“拒绝”高速基本粒子的进入，引力子（“电中微子”？）可以轻易的穿透物质。所以，理论上，真空难以在哪怕很小的空间内保持住。作为光介质的空间其实是分布着粒子、物质的空间场，不妨认为“太空中光速近乎守恒”，但不能说空间是真空，也不能认为光速绝对守恒。 

以上分析说明，将“红移”看作“宇宙膨胀”的理由不足，存在许多缺陷，需要却又无力解释“兰移”以及万有引力为何当初未起作用等质疑。若将“红移”看作一种空间光学现象，由于介质影响即电场密度引起的光速改变则显得合理，至于几种影响“红移”的因素各占多少分额则是一个留待研究的课题，例如，从太阳光谱稍许不同于地球光谱看出，在远星“红移”中，太阳电场所占的分额并不很大。

　　所以，“宇宙膨胀”并不扎实，看来人们将不得不接受这种观点： “宇宙大爆炸”只是“事出有因，查无实据”。从已知爆炸规模看，宇宙间最大的爆炸是超新星爆发，它是物质聚合到了极限而发生的“合极则分”，恒星都存在核反应，同时又继续吸引陨落物质，这将使其不断“发胖”。（见《L04物质演变》），体积增大到一定程度是恒星的心部发生核反应的原因。

　　如果恒星进一步增大，自然会使核反应区域随之扩大，使外部未发生核反应的物质受到更多核冲击，温度更高，这一过程的极限便是恒星所有物质都在核反应中彻底分散高速离去，亦即，形成“超新星爆发”。星体演变过程的最终是“物极必反”，由“最大”分散成为“最小”的基本粒子，整个过程是在引力作用下进行的。如果粒子间没有此力，宇宙间无所谓聚合，不会生成元素和物体。但是引力在粒子间的作用并非简单的“正比于质量”，那样会使宇宙间“全部”物质聚合成为一个”大球”。 引力的性质适合于使用力线物理模型，在《L18ａ强作用力弱作用力电磁力万有引力的统一 》一文中，阐述了引力线随物质聚合程度而发生改变的机理。

　　如前所述，宇宙间由引力所决定的最大规模的爆炸是“超新星爆发”，不存在比这更大的爆炸。若说：“宇宙大爆炸前现存的全部质量都聚合在一个奇点之中”，这样的理论，同”宇宙起源于混沌，混沌演变为气之轻清上浮者为天；气之重浊下凝者为地”之类理论在 缺乏机理方面是类似的。所以，又回归到对于以往宇宙的认识，宇宙并未发生过“大爆炸”，远星“红移”，乃是空间的光学效验。同理，“兰移”也不表示宇宙“大塌缩”，没有必要担心宇宙会由于膨胀或塌缩而趋于“毁灭”，对于空间比较均匀的存在2.7°K的微波背景辐射应作如何解释？

　　如果“大爆炸”之时发出了微波，必定以光速向四周传播，对此有两点情况可考虑：

　（1）据现有理论， “大爆炸”后生成的物质不能马上达到或是永远达不到光速，因此，必定是微波领先于物质，而且越来领先距离越远，最终淹没于无际太空，不会有任何“反射波”再朝向“爆炸中心”折回。

　（2） “大爆炸”之前，“宇宙空间为真空”，这种不含任何物质的真空不能传递任何能量，光和电波也不能传播，因此，“大爆炸”瞬间没有微波向空间发出，也就不会有微波返回。

所以，微波背景辐射难以用于证明曾经发生过“大爆炸”，其理难以成立。那么，微波背景从何而来？为此，当把注意力转向空间相当均布的恒星，它们是发射源。如果空间没有任何发射源，不但微波辐射为零，空间温度也应为0°K。有了若干亿亿颗恒星的不断发射，它们成为电波和射线的辐射源。恒星向空间发射的基本粒子，补充了空间场中形成化学元素等演变所减少的电子和引力子。因此，空间存在微波背景辐射以及太空温度略高于0°K出于同一原因。

　　“原初氢元素丰度”能证明宇宙曾发生过“大爆炸”吗？什么是“原初氢元素”？提法本身便建立在难以取证的假设之上，用来作为“有力证据”显然难以具有说服力。

大自然显示的“另外”例证是“超新星爆发”，每一个“爆发”的“超新星”，其质量相当一致，约为太阳的10倍，为什么从来没有比这更小或更大的？这说明“爆发”不是随机发生而是有演变机制，《L04 物质演变》和《L27 超新星爆发》阐述了这一机理，根据此理，

宇宙中比“超新星爆发”大的爆炸不会发生。为什么？因为无法使更多的质量聚集在一起相安无事地为“更大爆炸”集中“物力”，也没有一种机制能神奇地使物质缩小到“奇点”尺寸之内。所以，宇宙中存在的规模最大的“爆炸”是“超新星爆发”。

　　宇宙中的星体只在以“宇宙速度”运行，远星的光谱红移或蓝移应当看做是空间的一种光学现象，不能看做远星正高速离去或高速飞来。

　　于是，“宇宙膨胀”、“宇宙加速膨胀”等理论乃是建立在不牢靠的“依据”之上，能够对上述质疑作出合理回答吗？如果不能，怎么够相信“宇宙在130余亿年前发生过一次大爆炸”、“宇宙起源于大爆炸”等诸如此类似是而非、缺乏可置信度的理论呢？。

以上讨论的结论是，“宇宙大爆炸”在过去没有发生过，今后也不会发生。宇宙中的星体在引力和惯性作用下以“宇宙速度”不停运行，因为有引力，星体不会“分散”入无际空间，因此，宇宙既未“膨胀”，更未“加速膨胀”。

2019.3.22 加注： 本文2008/6/29 登上本网站原先架构，2019.1月现在的新架构投入使用后未设计“加入时间、阅读次数”，故加注以保持原貌。

L14a

does the basis of"Cosmic expansion" is stable or unstable？

S. G. Chinese

Abstract this text after analysis to the theory of cosmic expansion to think, it is lacking of reason for judge “red shift” to be star rapid leave, cosmic does not “expansion”, more does not “speed up expansion”

Key words cosmic expansion big bang red shift blue shift　　cosmic largest explosion

　　Beginning of the last century, find out star’s spectrum of light-line compare with spectral line of the same element in the earth does shift towards red direction mean“red shift”．If Doppler effect also be apt for aster, this seem means asters universal far away with we, and more far aster more large the red shift, convert according to the Doppler effect on the earth, “leaving velocity” may reach to million KM/Sec and over, bigger ten thousand times compare to the burst velocity of powder! So give rise to the theory of cosmic expansion is that make sense, arise a word of “big bang” is also not begin to overstate． 

　　 But, at the outset the judging of cosmic expansion does not no-difference, such as Einstein at then time raise theory of “gravitational red shift”, be consider the reason of light spectrum lie in suffer gravitational acting, he lay extra emphasis on the gravitation to light, the phenomenon of light through star nearby happen bend also be know as “gravitational deflection”． No long after, he give up this viewpoint, believe in that is galaxy’s expansion．

　　Human press for know cosmic yesterday, today and speculate its tomorrow, it is understand able for they think highly of this phenomenon of “red shift” it seems the information which nature divulge to human．Doppler effect at least is a rule of stand up with repeatedly proving on the earth．So, from “red shift” to cosmic expansion and big bang is very nature．

　　After this, find out the phenomenon of total space was permeate etc which also be deemed to be the proving of cosmos ever happen big bang．

For there after arisen the theory of multi dimensions of exceed 3 dimensions、string theory、theory of dark energy and many doctrines of cosmos accelerate expansion、black hole theory etc

　　Are all invariably relate to “cosmic expansion” and “big bang”．Visible, the whole trick is, after all is or isn’t “red shift” show aster is leave with high velocity, i.e. if Doppler effect also suit in space as on the earth? 

　　Today, “big bang theory” has been around, if raise this problem is unnecessary? Infect, natural science greet call in question all along．Just due to query, “geocentric theory” gradually change to “heliocentric theory”、“black hole centric theory” moreover hardly stop and never changing．The example of Understanding gradually get deep and alter former viewpoint was one by one．

　　now, why raise the query for “cosmic expansion”? Because of, in the same time of exist the example for to make favor of to make judge of far star is leave with high speed, also exist the “unfavorable example” and mechanism, physics take mechanism act as main feature, certainly need all around watch and analysis, make theory go perfect．If “bag bang ”really happened, affirm be passable theoretical weigh, and weigh result can all the more perfect the theory, if find the theory exist “problem” or fracture, as soon as needs improvement、perfecting．Make theory sturdy, then can stand remain invincible．

The disadvantageous matter and reason for “big bang” have：

　1、if to sea aster’s “red shift” delegate cosmos ever happen once “big bang”, like that, whole asters ought radial fly away nearly with the same velocity, they ought distribute on a sphere of gradual “expansion”；at the same time, the inner of sphere ought be vacuum, but our earth、solar system、milk way galaxy yet lie in this “blast center” of ought be vacuum, why? 

　2、for the age of “big bang” ever happened, now already classified at 146 hundred million years ago, this data due to got from determine by Hubble space telescope , seems even more authority． 

But far star ever “near” yet, why they through some hundred million years seem never suffer acting of gravitation but “scattered and go away”? Conversely, in the 8 ten thousand light year of milk way galaxy all aster are show they suffer acting of gravitation, those far stars “red shift”, when they lie in 80 thousands years internal, why gravitation did not least action to them？to imagine there is an aster move with light velocity, only suffer effect of 0.1 acceleration of gravity, its velocity would dropped to zero after 3×10 to the power of 9 seconds mean 300 years, why far stars sit by when in the 80 thousands light years?

Why the matter of far star seems no suffer action of gravitation? Therewith relative is, not only spectrum show far stars have not difference with nearby stars in chemical composition but also far star act as a star itself does explain they suffer gravitation in the same, if leave gravitation, “disunity”, far from aster．Ought to believe in far star was suffer gravitation action． 

　3、“cosmic expansion” is inferred according to “red shift”, but also exist “blue aster” in cosmos, withal, can you to say the “part cosmic is lie in big shrink”? if don’t make analysis for the mechanism of “blue shift” but just consider “red shift”, such theory rather biased． 

　4、if “big ban” ever happened, when explosion time aster will not existing certainly, bulky aster cannot bear large accelerated speed．So asters are issued after this many years, after explosion, the “happened matter” should be even send out to every direction, the matter distribution along “radius direction” will not even and dynamic, it is disagreement with now observed “flat space”, “flat” is equivalently negate the theory of mass come from a explosion center．

　 5、many double star and vortex galaxy of far away space also show us the gravitation still dominate aster move there, it is no different with space of earth by．

　 From other angle to see, if “red shift” should be delegate remote star is far away with high aped? If the Doppler efficacy can moved to space? Can to see from below analysis idea, it does not． ．　　　1a、Doppler efficacy is the influence of the frequency of electric wave by motion object in the calm electric field．The condition of space electric fields does complexity, since the diffusion electrons to form the quite electric field in it, also numerous stars act as radiation source and ceaseless send out electron’s ray, so difficult to boil down to “Doppler efficacy to cause red shift”．

　2a、Wave theory of light think of electric wave in diffusion process, amplitude of vibration gradually decay and frequency would not change, this is correct on the theory．But this “frequency conservation” postulate medium possess “ideal” nature．In practice any physical thing cannot whole “ideal”, only near “ideal” in a way nothing more．Such as, according to Hook’s law, proportion of stress to strain was conservation, actually, metal material can reach to conservation level does not high, even if “within limits of elasticity”, “conservation level” only hundredth to thousandth, 

　　After light wave through some path of light year, its light intensity already under quondam 10-12 (10 to the power of -12), how can space electric field be “frequency decay not in the least” in such large span change? frequency decay mean wave length increase, just “red shift”．Therefore, in the far star’s spectrum likely appear “red shift” is a problem of actual decay in electric wave remote spread, “no decay” for the theory does not repel exist decay of certain degree infect．Does not ”more far the distance more big the red shift” just hint to people contain “decay” nature? In the time domain, to persist “frequency conservation” on the theory ought no repel deviate to the theory infect and guide to fixed changing, if not, any structural chronometer are all ought no error． 

　3a、influence of space heterogeneous permittivity．Permittivity in Maxwell equation in effect not only to change follow the kind of medium but also even in the same medium the dielectric may not uniform．Electron donors for space electric field are numerous stars, this uneven may clear under two conditions, the first is apart from star very near, now electric field appear gradient, electron density change follow “distance”． 

　　 If to has a closed surface be going to surround star in it, along this surfaces take sum of electrons of star’s ballistic, as a result is unrelated with the :distance, the physical background of this result is emission amounts of electron does fixed, the sum of electrons which pass through any closed surface is equal, so follow the “distance” to raise, the density should go to sparse, assume the potential gradient；the second is , the two space of apart far, the star’s total radiation of to keep electric field strength of these two space may be have fixed difference, thus make the electric field strength of these two space cannot in equal．

　　The result of light traverse space electric field of dilution partial or thick partial is happen “red shift” or “blue shift”．

Those far star with distance of “ten thousand light year”、“hundred million light year”, when their light wave reach to earth, have been pass through remote space, should not suppose whole electric field are even, contrary, it is reputed the space electric field have fixed uneven, hard to avoid cause some “red shift” or “blue shift”． 

　4a、the effect of sun radiation 

　　Tellurian observers obvious suffer influence from solar radiation, when watch remote star from night sky, direction of effect of sun rise was push away to star light of come from zenith, this is correspond “red shift”, but the effect of sun ought evenly befall whole remote star, no relative with difference．

　　 Can see, because of lack uniqueness, since should not regard as “red shift” was the remote star in speed leave, also should not regard as “blue shift” was remote star in high speed flying near．When think about the cosmos if lie in “expanding” or in “shrinking”, need carefully inspect all kinds of natural phenomenon and give analysis, cannot only select some of them serve as basis of speculate, if a certain of theory cannot include in whole relative conditions and does not exist discords , its degree of confidence then would largely discount．

　　 The space of far away star, uniformity of electric field may above normal, velocity of propagation of light may compare “conservation”, but, space surely cannot ever time and every where keep conservation of velocity of light, because of, velocity of light is wave velocity of electric wave which spread in space electric field, since space electric field cannot absolute even, the density ——or intension——of space electric field then cannot enduring, i.e. velocity of light and index of refraction in comic space cannot invariable or immutable． 

　　“velocity of light was invariant in vacuum” does take optical property of cosmic space idealize, in those years, make this infer is a excellent creating thing．Now it seems there are not “empty” vacuum in the cosmic space, due to star’s radiation, space exist basic particle and every kinds of “particles”、atom and interstellar matter all kinds of geometry size which continuous generate by polymerization from attracting force acting．Any place of space cannot “to reject” high-speed basic particles inter, graviton (“neutrino”) can easily penetrating material．So in theory, vacuum is hardly keep even in very small space．Space act as medium of light in fact was the space field which spread particles、matter, may as well think “velocity of light near conservation in the space”, but cannot to say space is vacuum, also not think velocity of light absolute conservation．

　　 Above analysis shows, the reason is not enough of look upon as “cosmic expansion” for “red shift”, it exist many defects, need but cannot explain the query of “blue shift” and why gravitation does not come in at the beginning etc．If regard “red shift” as a space optical phenomenon, be due to the medium influence i.e. density of electric field cause velocity of light changing be appear reasonable, as to several kinds of factor of impact on “red shift” occupy drifts be a task it remains to research, such as, from solar spectrum a little unlike spectrum of earth can see, in “red shift” of remote star, sun’s electric field occupy drifts does not big． 

　　Therefore, “cosmic expansion” does not sturdy, folk seems cannot but take in this point of view：“cosmic expansion”only “there is good reason for it” and “investigation reveals no evidence”．

　　 From known explosion scale to see, the maximal explosion in the cosmos is supernova, that is when matter get to gather reach to limit and happen “combine to limit then divide”, stars are all exist nuclear reaction, at the same time also continuous attract matter which fall from the sky, this would make it continuous “gain flesh” (see 《L04 Development of matter》)． Volume magnify to fixed degree is the reason of the center of star happen nuclear reaction．

　　 If star more magnify, of cause be able to make the nuclear area magnify with in, it make external matter of no happen nuclear reaction suffer more nuclear impact, temperature higher, the limit of this procedural end is in this nuclear reaction whole matters of star thoroughly scatter and leave with high speed，i.e. form ＂supernova＂．The end of aster developing is “it reverses its course”, from “largest” disperse to basic particle of “least”, all process is ongoing under attracting force acting．If none this force between particles, it would not together in the cosmos, will not happen element and objects．

　　But between particles the attracting force does not simple “.direct ratio” to quality, like that be able to make all the cosmos matter get together and become a “large ball”．

Gravitational properties be fit for force-line physical model, in above text of 《L18a force》had expounded mechanism of attracting force-line be changing follow polymerization degree．

　　As has been stated, in the cosmos, the explosion of biggest scale which settled by attracting force is “supernova”, absent even bigger then this．As if say “before big bang whole existing matter are all get together in a singular point”, in the side of lack reason, such theory is similar with the theory of “the cosmos come of chaos, chaos develop to light gas come up become sky, weight and muddy gas come down and congealing become earth”．So give the recurrence of the knowing of the before cosmos, the cosmos does not happened “big bang”, “red shift” of remote star , to be space optical effect．In a similar way, “blue shift” also does not show comic “big collapse”, no need for the cosmos would “perish” due to expansion or collapse, what is the explanation for space microwave background radiation of even existing of 2.7degree c ?

　　If when “big bang” send out microwave, be sure to spread to all around with light velocity, here have two conditions may think over：

（1）according to existing theory, “big ban” inborn matter cannot immediately or ever reach to light velocity, therefore, be bound to the microwave ahead of matter, and more come the ahead distance more far, at last the microwave will flooding in boundless outer space, will not any 　　“reflected wave” retrace toward “explosion center”． 　　　　　(2) before the “big bang”, outer space was vacuum, the vacuum of matter free is cannot transfer any energy, light and electric wave also cannot transferred, therefore, at “big bang” moment, it has not microwave send out to space, and also does not microwave come back．

　　So micro wave background radiation is hardly use to prove ever happened “big bang”, its reason hardly set up．In that way, where come from the microwave background radiation? For this reason, ought turn the attention to the space of the stars quite even spread, they are the source of radiation．If none any source of radiation, not only microwave background radiation just zero, but also the temperature of space just zero degree k．it exist continuous radiation of some ten thousand billion stars, they become the source of electric wave and rays．Fixed star send out basic particles to space, supply reduced electrons and gravitons in space field because of form chemical element．Therefore, space exist microwave background radiation and the temperature is little more then 0 degree k is start from the same reason．

　　Can the “primary hydrogen abundance” prove “big bang” ever happened? What is “primary hydrogen”? This wording is set up on the assumption of hardly take the evidence , use it act as “powerful prove” is difficult possess persuasion． 

　　Nature show the another example illustration is “supernova explosion”, the mass of every “supernova” of “exploding” was quite in line, about 10 times of the sun , why none bigger or smaller then these never before? It shows “explosion” does not random happened but exist developing mechanism, 《L04 Development of matter》 and《L27 Development of matter》has expounded this reason, according to this reason, expansion of big then “supernova” be not happen in the cosmos．Why? Because of unable make further matter get together and live in peace with each other to concentrate “matter” for “even big expansion”, also have not a mechanism can amazingly make matter reduce size in a singular point inner．

　　Therefore, the biggest scale expansion exist in the cosmos is “supernova expansion”．

　　asters only to move with “cosmic speed” in the cosmos, red-shift or blue-shift of optical spectrum of remote stars ought look upon as a space optical phenomenon, cannot regard as remote stars are going away or flying near with high speed．

　　And then, the theory of “cosmic expansion”、“the expansion of the universe to speed up” etc. to be set up on the insecure “foundation”．Can make a reasonable reply to above query? If cannot, how can be satisfied of “ before more of thirteen billion years the cosmos happened a big bang”、“ the expansion of the universe to speed up” etc. such theory of paradoxical and lack degree of confidence?

　The conclusionis , in the past the“big bang” be not happened, it also would not happen from now on．

　　Aster of cosmos under acting of the gravitation and inertia moving nonstop with “cosmic speed”, cause of gravitation, asters will not “scatter” in to boundless space, therefore, the cosmos did not “ expansion”, more not “ accelerating expansion”．