L13a   宇宙射线 

                                                                       陈理士 

提    要 本文论述宇宙射线从何而来，为何具有许多种不同粒子等问题。

关键词 宇宙射线 基本粒子 引力子 斥力子

(the text in English see rear)

　　具有质量m和速度v的宇宙射线显然属于量子领域，至今它似乎依然蒙着一层面纱，不以真相示人。例如，宇宙射线究竟从何而来？它为什么含有那么多“种”“粒子”？宇宙射线“粒子”将要向何处去？会不会没入无际的太空？宇宙射线“粒子”是否处于演变之中？将会如何演变？这类问题因难以直接“取证”而需要分析推理，分析推理的基础在于正确的基础理论。

　　目前由于基础理论中存在部分“不妥”，已导致混乱发生，但“不妥”在何处似乎并未清晰，与本文直接有关的是物质演变理论，现今流行的理论是质子、中子由十二种“基本粒子”组成，每种“粒子”又各有“镜像粒子”。此外，对组成中子、质子起重要作用的还有质量为零的胶子、希格斯子、玻色子等。组成每一“粒”中子并非十二种“基本粒子”全都“出场”，而是由其中的六个夸克及六个轻子中各出一、二枚。这种抓中药式的组合对于“理论”来说是困难的，这似乎在说明，中子同中子并不一样，因为，同样叫中子，它却可能是不同的“夸克”和“轻子”所组成！已知每种“轻子”和“夸克”质量均不相同，但中子质量经测出为1.6749×10－24克，其误差小于10－5。试问，大自然是用什么方法从那么多夸克、轻子中各取少数，从而组合成了质量高度相同的中子的呢？可见，目前的理论并不妥善，需要“修补”理论基础。从另一个角度看，既然基本粒子同作用力相联系，另一种思考便是：基本粒子只有两种，它们同两种基本作用力相关联。

　　 两种基本粒子及其作用力是：

1、 引力子：它向空间发出引力线，引力线遇到引力线相互作用，生成引力(F1)，因此，引力子趋于“聚合”，这是物质聚合的基本“动力”。

2、 斥力子：向空间发出斥力线，斥力线遇到斥力线相互作用，生成斥力(F2)，因此，斥力子趋于离散，由此形成空间电场（斥力子场）。

{b}3、{/b} 引力线遇到斥力线，相互作用，生成引力(F3)，F3＜F1，根据是，电子处于原子外层。显然，斥力子就是电子，但是，电子的真正质量只有10-36克即10的负36次方克而不是现在认为的10-28克（10的负28次方克），其理由见《L04物质演变》，

引力子是“谁”？它是发出引力线的最小的一种粒子，因此，有可能是“电中微子”，也可能比“电中微子”更小，可以肯定的是，它应该是“一粒”，不能再“分裂”“蜕变”，是真正的基本粒子。

　　空间的引力子、斥力子从何而来？来处有二，一是恒星，恒星心部核反应使原子解体成为基本粒子飞入太空；二是“超新星爆发”，当恒星继续“发福”，随着体积进一步增大，其核反应区域也相应扩展，到达一定极限，整个星体急剧膨胀，彻底转变为微粒急速四散离去，该恒星“化整为零”散入太空，演变成为“彻底离散”而从宇宙空间消失，其机理见《L27 超新星爆发》。

　　于是，宇宙空间不断飞驰着大量粒子，电子飞入空间后受到空间电场的制动，将逐渐减速，最终淹没于电场之中，成为空间电场的普通成员；引力子进入太空后受不到任何斥力，因而不会减速。高速飞驰着的引力子若在＜“埃”的近距离内，遇到另一枚引力子，结果如何？

　　随着距离减小二者间形成强大引力，足以将其相互“拴住”，不再分离，这便是“聚合”。

视原先二者速度矢量夹角的不同，可形成两种不同的聚合方式。

　{b]（1）{/b}夹角≈(3.14159...) ，若距离缩小到引力可将二者“拴住”，此时，双方的动量mv依然存在，这类似于“双星”,它两形成一对相互回旋的“小组”,离心力被引力平衡。假设引力子的质量m相同,运动速度v相同，所形成的“微双星”的“群速”为零，它“停留”在空间，原先双方的动能已转变为回转能量而不对外作用，回转运动的线速依然为v，这种聚合可名为“蓄能聚合”。

　　聚合后二粒子不再作为高速直线运动粒子而是在当地回旋。以上对夹角使用了特殊值 ，若不恰好为 ，情况略有改变，“微双星”的“群速”不为零，回旋运动所“蓄”的能量依然不变。

　　此后，仅当“聚合”解体，引力子方能从“聚合”状态中解脱，重新逸入空间作直线飞行。

{b}　（2）{/b}“夹角”≈零，两枚引力子间逐渐增大的引力可使“夹角”更小，最终二粒子“携手”共同前进。这种方向调整是在不消耗能量的基础上进行的，因此，聚合后的小组具有的动能等于二粒子原先动能相加，“小组质量”同样等于二粒子质量之和，这类聚合可名为“代数聚合”。

对于“蓄能聚合”，由于聚合后的“微双星”中的引力子依然有一半引力线伸向空间，所以“一生二”之后“二生三”“三生多”不可避免；

“代数聚合”情况类似，小组成员同样会继续增加。

　　上述两种不同的聚合方式使空间存在由不同数量引力子聚合成的“群体”。这两种“群体”性质不同，“蓄能聚合”的成长是由“微双星”到具有一定“群速”的“微涡旋星系”。聚合的上限是达到质子、中子规模，其机理参见L04文叙述，此处从略。剩余引力线使中子、质子向原子和宏观物质方向演变。

　　与本文有关的是“代数聚合”，当增加成员数量时，每增加一枚引力子便使“群体”的质量和动能增加一份，它的群速一直不变，结果使我们误以为：“宇宙射线粒子有许多种”，因为，现今的测量方法和仪器不能分辨进入仪器的“粒子”到底是真正的一粒还是若干粒的聚合群体，只是测定它的“电子伏”，电子伏不同的粒子便认为是不同的粒子。电子伏是能量，能量不同乃是一种“量别”，“不同粒子”应当具有“质别”。否则，判定为“不同”就难以真正不同。至今已宣布宇宙射线中有600种以上“不同粒子”，果真如此吗？ “代数聚合”的结果便是产生宇宙射线“粒子”。

如上所述，它们并非有那么多“种”而只是“聚合度”的不同。

宇宙射线“粒子”带什么电荷？两种基本粒子的力线只形成“引、斥”两种力，并不存在其它“种”力。

　　但是对称观点和性别观点的引入使得误解发生，认为电磁力是另外一种力。

电磁力也表现为引力与斥力，不过此力的产生是原子电子层失去正常状态核内引力线与外电子层“作用力线”分配改变所致。

　　规定电子的“电荷”为“负”并无不可，与之相吸的是“正电荷”。

　　但客观的看，只是引力与斥力并非专门有什么电力或磁力。从力线出发分析便不需假设“正电荷”来自“正电子”，根本不需要这个“子”。宇宙射线“粒子”由引力子聚合而来，它同电子当然“相吸”（形成F3力），所以，可说成“带正电荷”，但这一描述不应带来“存在正电子“的误会。

　　“聚合机理”使我们不但回答了“宇宙射线从何而来”的问题，而且，轻而易举的解释了为何所有“宇宙射线粒子”都“带正电荷”。由此可见，根据规律，据理推测在此情况下是必要的。

　　宇宙射线粒子形成之后，它将去向何处？

　（1） 漫游太空：如果有一粒宇宙射线“粒子”已经达到了宇宙“边缘”，它会逸散入无际空间吗？当“粒子”在星际空间（即物质宇宙的内部）飞行时，它伸向四面八方的力线同周遭远方众多恒星相互作用，形成各向近乎均匀的引力，结果是相互抵消，使它成为自由的似乎不受力的惯性飞行者。一当穿出宇宙边缘，情况有所不同，引力只来自“物质宇宙”，这枚“粒子”受到将它拉回来的引力亦即负加速度。这一机制使它产生往复运动，永远不会“散”入无际空间。

　（2） 同行星、星际物质相撞，留在物质之中

（3）同恒星相撞，留在恒星内部，在其后的核反应中再次被分散为基本粒子显然（1）是暂时的，其后去向是（2）或（3），但（2）的最终结果也是（3），亦即，空间不停的进行着物质聚合与分散的“循环”。

聚合的动力在引力，聚合到一定程度(恒星规模)又引起“分散”发生，由部分分散最终使星体彻底分散，由此完成“聚散循环”，其机理已在L04文中予以阐述。

　　基本粒子在从恒星中飞散后分为两条主要循环路线，一条是形成中子、质子、原子、行星，最终成为恒星；另一条是成为宇宙射线粒子，高速穿越空间，沿第一条路线演变的粒子是大多数，因为沿第二条路线演变的粒子最终也要加入第一条路线。

　　可见，宇宙射线也是宇宙中物质演变的主角，它将不断地存在于时空之中。

从能量法测出，宇宙射线“粒子”的能量差异可达1012，相当于质子与“电中微子”电子伏的差距，这是否意味着能量最小的宇宙射线粒子相当于1粒基本粒子而能量最大的宇宙射线粒子相当于质子规模的粒子呢？在“蓄能聚合”方式中，实践确实表明，粒子聚合的极限是中子、质子规模，这是由力的精确平衡决定的，栓住空间高速飞过的粒子，需要密度较高的引力线。聚合组群增大之后，绝大多数力线形成内部作用力，这一“聚合机制”致使聚合体越大，对外引力线密度越小。

　　宇宙射线“粒子”是否也以质子规模为最大呢？作为聚合群体，这样考虑是合适的。不排除达到质子规模的宇宙射线“粒子”吸引相对速度较小的引力子的可能，虽然引力子在离开质子、中子时恢复了它们以往的光速量级的线速度，此线速度在空间不会降低，因此，达到质子规模的宇宙射线“粒子”似乎难以进一步增加“成员”，但是，在“代数聚合”中，引力子“遭遇”时的相对速度不大，因此，宇宙射线中的“粒子”也有可能质量比质子稍大，质量增大的同时，它的“内聚力”便有所下降，这样的粒子使之分裂，要比使质子分裂容易。

显然，宇宙射线“粒子”的动能也是1/2mv2 (平方) ，它们的直线运动方式使此能量可以向外显示出来。

　　于是，所有质量m都具有相同的能量（1/2mv2）, 这是物质“天然”具有的动能，不应误解为“质量可变”或“质量变能量”。

　　宇宙射线粒子的速度是多大？现有理论认为是光速c, 如果是，它的能量应当是1/2mc2 (平方)。有报道说E=mc2 方程已获得精确验证，若精确度达到 1%，速度v便是1.414c 而不是c, 对此，留待进一步修正。

　　在以上对宇宙射线“去向”的讨论中述及，它不可能永远遨游太空，在一定时间之后，依然要进入恒星，完成一次“聚散循环”，所以，发展成为“质子星”是不可能的。

此外，当它比质子大到一定程度，最外部所吸附的引力子已“不牢靠”(由于聚合效应)，容易分裂减小，难以进一步“长大”。

　　至此可以看出，宇宙射线“粒子”为何具有“高能量”和“许多种不同的粒子”。这首先是由于“高速度”的缘故，这些粒子离开恒星时的速度很高，在空间没有使其“减速”的机制，高速度意味着高动能即“很大电子伏”。同“蓄能聚合”的“粒子”相比，后者将动能蕴藏起来不外露，其实从它们的能量来说，两种聚合的粒子并没有大小之分，所不同的只是，前者的能量为直线运动的动能，后者为回旋运动的动能，形式不同，如此而已；其次，如上已述，宇宙射线“粒子”的质量变动范围很大，最小为1枚引力子，最大为1012（一万亿）枚，迄今，人们认为它们都是“一枚”粒子。

　　可见，关于宇宙射线的问题之所以难以解释，根源在于基础理论：基本粒子究竟有多少种？基本粒子能不能变？为什么？基本粒子的能量是何种能量？从何而来？基本粒子具有哪些状态？质量与能量能不能相互转变？机理何在？质子、中子是何结构？如果质子、中子由“三组”“基本粒子”“各出”一个“组员”构成，其质量为何一致？究竟什么是“光”？等等。

　　现有基础理论很难顺利回答这些问题；本文 作出的上述叙述，乃是立足于新的基础理论——陈理士物理——之上。在以《L01》——《L04》为中心的这一基础理论系统中，现有许多难题包括宇宙射线的有关问题在内，不再令人百思不解。

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                        L13a   Cosmic rays

                                 S. G. Chinese

Abstract this text treatise where come from the cosmic rays ? why it has much different particles etc.

Key words cosmic rays basic particle graviton repulton

　“particle” of cosmic rays which possess mass m and velocity v it is clear belong to quantum domain, up to now it seems still cover a layer veil, not to show its true．Such as, where come from the “particle” of cosmic rays? Why did it have that much “kind” of “particle”? where will be going to for cosmic particles ? are they will or will not merge into vast outer space? If “particles” of cosmic rays in changing? How will the changing? These problems due to difficult to directly “take evidence” and that needs analytical reasoning, the foundation of analytical reasoning lie in correct basic theory． 

　 Now because of existing part of “not proper” in basic theory, then lead to “chaos” happened, but wherein the “chaos” seems does not clear, theory directly involved with this text is theory of matter developing． 

　Now current theory is proton and neutron be make up by 12 kinds of “basic particle”, every “particle” has “mirror particle” again．Moreover, play an important role in doing for neutron and proton still have “zero mass particles” as gluon Higgson boson etc．Make up every neutron does not all “come on the scene” of 12 kind of “basic particle”, it is every out one or two trunk from therein 6 kinds of quark and 6 kinds of lepton．This combination of the mode of get Chinese medicine is difficult to “theory”, it seems explains, neutron is unlike other neutron, because of to called neutron in same, they may be constitute by different “quark” and “lepton”! every known “quark” and “lepton” does not same in mass, but already measured quality of neutron is 1.6749×10-24 gram(10 the power of -24)，its error less then 10-5(10 to the power of -5)．May I ask, what method to use by nature it take few from that much “quarks” and “leptons” thus combined neutron and proton of mass in high same? It is clear, present theory does not proper, need to “mend” the base of theory．

　To look from other angle, since basic particle related to acting force, the another thinking is：only tow kind of basic particles, they related with tow kind of acting force．

Two kinds of basic particle and their acting force are:

　 1、graviton：it issue attracting force-ling to space, when attracting force-ling meet attracting force-ling would act each other, create attracting force(F1),there fore, graviton tend “polymerization”, this is the basic “power” of matter polymerization.

　 2、repulton：it issue repulsion force-ling to space, when repulsion force-ling meet repulsion force-ling would act each other, create repulsion force(F2), therefore, repulton tend “scatter”, thus form space electric fields (field of repultons).

　 3、when attracting force-ling meet repulsion force-ling would create attracting force (F3) also, but F3<F1, reason is, electrons was lie on outer of atom. Clearly, repulton exactly is electron, but, the true quality of it only 10-36(10 to the power of -36) gram, the reason see 《L04 matter evolution 》.

Who is graviton? It is a least particle which issue attracting force-ling, therefore, it more likely was “electron neutrino”, also may little then “electron neutrino”, can affirmative is, it ought to “a grain of” particle, and cannot still “fission” “decay”,it is a true basic particle of be worthy of the name . 

　Where come from space graviton and reoulton? It has two whence, the first is star, the nuclear reaction of star to make atom break up become basic particle fly in outer space；the second is “supernova”, when star does continue “gather flesh”, following the volume more magnify, its region of nuclear reaction also corresponding expand, reach to fixed limit, whole aster rapid expend, thoroughly turn into particulate and burst away off, this star “break up the whole in to parts” come loose into outer space, develop to “thorough scatter” and disappear from space, the mechanism see 《L27a Supernova explosion》。

　 Upon that, comic space constantly speed along a large number of particle, after electrons fly into space it suffer the brake from space electric-field, they would gradually slow down, flooding in the electric-field in the end, become the rank and file of space electric-field；after graviton fly into space, does not suffer any repulsion force, thus would not reduce the speed．Graviton of flying in the high speed if meet other graviton when the distance is less then 10-8(10 to the power of -8) CM, how does the result? Follow the distance get decrease, form the strong attracting force between this two particle, it enough to “tie down” they and no longer separate, this is “polymerization”． 

　According to the different of included angle of both velocity vector, it may be form two kinds of polymerization mode：

　　(1)the included angle≈ , if the distance reduce to make the attracting force can be “tie down” both, now both momentum m•;;;;;v still exist, it be akin to the“ double star”, this two form “a group” of whirl each other, the centrifugal force get balance by attracting force．Suppose velocity v of gravitons are all in same, “group velocity” of the formed “micro double star” be the zero, it “stop” in space, both original momentum already translate to the whirl energy and does not act external, the linear speed of gyratory motion is v as before, this polymerization may be named “storing-energy polymerization”．

After polymerization, this two particle no longer motion in high speed and liner but whirl at local．Above to use the included angle with particular value ，if it is not just been ，the condition has little change, “group velocity” of “micro double star” does not zero, but the storing-energy of gyratory motion still unchanged． 

After this, only “polymerization” got KD, gravitons can be get liberation from the condition of polymerization, again enter space flying with liner． 

　　（2）“included angle”≈zero, the attractive force of two gravitons gradually increasing may make “include angle” more small, and final two particles “hand in hand” together march．This direction adjust is ongoing on the basis of not dissipation energy, therefore, after polymerization this group possess kinetic energy is equal to the sum of original two particles kinetic energy , “group mass” is equal to the sum of original two particle’s in the same way, this polymerization may named “algebra polymerization”．

Fore “storing-energy polymerization”, due to after polymerization the gravitons of “micro double star” still have half attracting force-line run out to space, so after “one change to two” “two change to three” and “three change to more” is ineluctability；

The condition of “algebra polymerization” is likeness, the group members would continue increase likely．

Above two kind of polymerization mode to make the “groups” which polymerized of different quantity of gravitons exist in the space．These two kind of “groups” possess not alike proper, growth of “storing-energy polymerization” is from “micro double star” to “micro vortex galaxy” of have fixed “group velocity”．Upper limit of polymerization is reach to the scale of neutron and proton, its mechanism see 《L04 Development of matter》，here be omitted．Residual attracting fore-line to make neutron and proton develop towards the direction of atom and macroscopic matter． 

Involved to this text is “algebra polymerization”, every graviton add in to make the mass and kinetic energy increase a part, its group velocity all the time no changing, at last we in mistake for：”there are much kind of particle of cosmic rays”, because of, now measure method and instrument cannot distinguish that particles of enter into instrument at all was one or a group of some particles together, only measure their “electron volt”, different electron volt is considered to be different particle, if turned out to be true? The result of “algebra polymerization” is generate “particle” of cosmic rays．

　As stated above, they does not have that much kinds but that only different of “polymerization degree”．

Which “electric charge” carried for “particles” of cosmic rays? Two kind of basic particle only form two kind of force of attracting and repulsion, it did not exist any other kind of force．

　But lead in viewpoint of symmetrical and sexuality cause misunderstanding happened, consider electromagnetic force is one another kind of force．

electromagnetic force also show attracting force and repulsion force, merely this force be caused by atom’s electronic shell lose order and change distribution for attracting force-line of nucleus inner and acting force-line of out shell．

　Set the “charge” of electron to be “negative” be without not allowed, draw to it just the “positive charge”． 

But impersonal to look, simply have attracting force and repulsion force, really have not special electric force or magnetic force.．start off from force-line then never need suppose “positive charge” to come from “positron”, need it not at all．“particle” of cosmic rays to come from the polymerization of gravitons, it certainly “draw each other” with electron (to from force F3)，so may be to say “carry positive charge”, but this description ought not bring about the misunderstanding of “exist positive electron”．

　 Polymerization mechanism not only to make we answered the problem of “where come from cosmic rays”, but also easy to do the explanation of why all particle of cosmic rays are “carry positive charge”．From this, under this condition , supposed according mechanism is necessary．

After particle of cosmic rays get forming, where will they going?

　(1) roam in outer space：if any particle of cosmic rays has reach to the Edge of the Universe, can it loss into boundless space? 

　（2）in collusion with planet、interstellar matter, to stay in the matter

　（3）in collusion with star, to stay in the inner of star, in thereafter react of nuclear would once again scattered to do basic particle

Obviously, (1) is provisory, thenceforth trace to (2) or (3), but the final end of (2) also (3), namely, never endless matter “looping” of polymerization and scattering being in the space．

　 The power of polymerization is attracting force, polymerization to fixed level again to lead to happen “scattering”, there out accomplish “polymerization-scattering looping”, its mechanism had expounded in the text of《L04》．

　after basic particles fly out from matter divided to two looping route, the one is to form neutron、proton、atom、planet and at last to become star；the other is to become particles of cosmic rays, traversing space with high speed, to develop along the fist route is majority, because of if developing along the second route would it also to join in the first route ultimately．

　 It is clear, cosmic rays also the leading role of matter development in the cosmos, it will exist in the space-time endlessly． 

To measured out by method of energy, energy difference of cosmic particle may be reach to 10-12 (10 to the power of -12) tantamount the difference of proton and Electron neutrino, if it means particle of cosmic rays of lowest energy is tantamount one basic particle and particle of cosmic rays of maximal energy is tantamount proton? 

　In the mode of “polymerization, the practice actually to show, the limited of particle polymerization is scale of neutron, it is decided by force precisely balance, to tie graviton of fly in space needs the attracting force-line of higher density．After polymerization class group get magnify, most of attracting force-line form inner acting force, this “polymerization mechanism” cause more large the polymer, more small the external density of attracting force-line ．

　If “particle” of cosmic rays also with maximum scale of proton? serve as polymerization group, such set about is appropriate．It not get rid of the possibility of when cosmic rays “particle” reach to proton scale still to attract graviton of smaller relative velocity, through when graviton leave neutron、proton does recover their ago linear velocity of order of magnitude of light velocity, this linear velocity will not reduce in the space, therefore, if cosmic “particle” reach to the scale of proton seems difficultly add “member”, but in the “algebra polymerization” when graviton get meeting the relative velocity does not large, so the quality of particle of cosmic rays also may be slightly large with proton, ay the same time of 

quality increscent, its “cohesion” then descent some what, to make cleavage of such “particle” would easy then to make cleavage of proton． 

　Clearly, the energy of cosmic particle is 1/2mv2 (square) yet, the mod of their rectilinear motion to make this energy may show external．

And then, all quality m possess energy 1/2mv2, this is matter naturally possessed kinetic energy, not ought misunderstand that is “quality variable” or “quality change to energy”．

　 How high about “velocity” of cosmic rays particle? the existing theory is considered to be the light velocity c, if it does, its energy ought 1/2mc2．

Have seen in report, the equation E=mc 2 (square) already got accurate verification, if the precision reach to 1%, “velocity” been 1.414c and not c, withal, wait until more revise．

　In above discuss for “trace” of cosmic particle had state, it cannot ever roam in the firmament, after a fixed time, it still enter into star, accomplish “loop of polymerization and dissemination” once．So, it cannot be develop to “proton star”．

　Moreover, when it get big then proton reach to a certain degree, externalist adsorbed graviton then “not firm” (cause by polymerization effect)，hard to further “grow up”．

　Thus may make out, why “particle” of cosmic rays possess “high energy” and “much kind of unlike particle”．

　the first reason is “high speed”, these “particles” have vary high speed when to depart star, space have not mechanism of reduce speed to them, high speed means high kinetic energy namely “vary large electron volt”．

　Compared to “particle” of “storing-energy polymerization”, the kinetic energy of the latter does store up and not to show outside, in fact, to say from total energy, particle of two kind of polymerization to not be the differentiating of size, the different only the energy of the former to be the kinetic energy of straight-line motion, the latter is the kinetic energy of whirl motion, different on the form, only in this way that’s all；

The next is, as above to state, the change range of the “particle” of cosmic rays is vary large, the least is one graviton, the largest is 1012 (one trillion), until now, people to think they are “one” particle．

　It is clear, whey the problem of cosmic rays is hardly to explain, the root rest with basic theory：after all, how many kind of basic particles? Does basic particle can change or not? Why? What kind of energy of basic particle? where come from of it? How many which states of basic particles? Can or cannot change each other of quality? What is the mechanism? What is the structure of proton and neutron? If neutron and proton was make up of every group out one member from “three groups” of “basic particle”, why its quality been in line? How it is light? etc．

　Existing basic theory hardly answer these questions；this text make above relate to be established in the new——Chinese physics—— basic theory．In this basic theory system the text 《L01》——《L04》at the core, and many current questions include related problem of cosmic rays no more make one cannot understand after repeated thinking．