L12a    关于物质不灭与能量不灭规律 

                                                          陈理士

(this in English see the rear)

提要 现代物理学自1905年开始离开了“两个不灭”规律，虽然回答了几道难题，但也基础使理论陷入误域，于是出现了新的难题，当今，亟宜在尊重自然规律和认真分析的基础上“重归正道”，恢复这两条自然规律的应有地位。

关键词 物质不灭 　　能量不灭　　　物理学

　　　　　1 对于质量可变的检查讨论

　　在1756年罗蒙诺索夫证明存在物质守恒规律前不久，物理界曾发现“物质运动守恒”这实际上就是能量守恒。物质与能量守恒两项规律既成为指导准则也成为检验标准。直到1905年《狭义相对论》发表前，这两项规律并未受到过有分量的质疑。今天看来，任何已经被认知的“能量”，都可以归结为“物质运动”的动能，因此，物质与能量的守恒同物质与能量的“不灭”同义。

近代物理始于一百年前的量子理论与《相对论》，从理论上对两个“不灭”规律进行更改是由于当时发现了一些似乎不能遵循这两项规律的现象，如：

　1、带电粒子在加速器中其速度不随加速电压成比例提高，不论电压多高，粒子也达不到光速，似乎与“声障”相似，出现了“光障”。

　2、放射性物质不断放射出巨大能量，此能量来自何处？

　3、粒子运动轨迹有时在示踪过程中中断，这似乎属于“质湮”。

以上现象令当时人感到困惑。《相对论》从理论上作出的解释是：

　1a、物质的质量“不是不变而是随能量改变而改变”，定量地遵循洛伦兹给出的方程。

此方程为m=　(注：此方程因故暂不能显示出） 　　　， m0是“静止质量”，m 是速度为v 时的质量，用方程（v=0时，m 为无穷大）来解释为什么加速器不能将粒子加速到光速。

　2a、质量同能量是同一事物的不同表示，以方程E=mc2（平方）描述质量m的能量E，c为光速。

可以看出《相对论》对质量、能量的解释，既站在全新角度，大胆地提出了“质量不是不可变”，也有一定分寸。质量不能随意变，同近代学者们说的“在大爆炸前夕，现有宇宙的所有物质都压缩在一个奇点之中”的那种不受任何限制的魔术式的“变”有原则不同。

　　《相对论》对质量改变的前提是能量改变，而且，能量与质量是不能分开的，“它们是同一事物的不同表示”。今天看来，《相对论》的解释是十分卓越睿智的。至于是否正确，将在后面评说。

　　自那时以来，《相对论》一直受到人们钦佩。对它的功绩，无论怎么说也不为过，但是，物理学是一门不断探索前进、不断改进的尚理学科。

客观地说，解释1a、2a需要机理作为支持与补充，方程可以使机理简明、量化，但不能代替机理，如果没有机理，方程好像无本之木。

　　在“质量为什么随能量改变”“如何随能量改变”“为什么质量可表示出巨大能量”等方面均需明确一个“理”，不但《相对论》未能叙出此理，一百年来，也未有人能给出这一方面的机理。

　　如果宇宙间客观地存在一种变化，必定存在变化之理，物理所研究的，正是这样的理，要是没有物质变能量的机理存在，物质能否真的改变便成为问题。因为，只要能够说明在1－3所列事件中不存在物质变能量或物质可变的机理，经典物理学的重要规律就只能继承而不能更改。通过以下叙述可见，现在恰恰能够做到这一点：

　　1b、粒子加速器利用电子间的力，驱动带电粒子加速，运动电子的驱动能力优于静止电子，运动电子和被加速粒子间的作用类似风与帆，由于线路中的电流速度为光速，被加速带电粒子的速度总要略小于光速。被加速带电粒子受到“风帆效应”的制约，速度达不到更不能超过光速。在这里，不存在任何使质量发生变化的机理，用“质量发生改变”作为粒子速度不随加速电压上升的解释在当年虽然是既大胆而又超群,但在发觉了“风帆效应”之后，理当作出修改，因为后者机理明显，易于置信，而“质量可变”则面临两个问题：一是速度快了质量为什么会变；任何速度都是相对的，某物体相对于空间许多物质可能有许多不同速度，连“静止”也是相对的，又如何标定它的“静止质量”？二是“变”的表现如何？是多少之变，轻重之变还是综合之变？是绝对地变了还是相对地改变？这种多少的改变、密度的改变或其它任何改变的机理何在？任何没有机理的改变是难以置信的。至此不禁涉及到粒子试验中的许多蜕变、裂变。

　　一枚某种“粒子”可以裂变或蜕变为其它“粒子”和射线。在此，实验所观察到的那些“迹线”，计算所得的能量是不必质疑的，但人们对实验结果的分析理解以及所使用的理论却值得反思。

　　“一枚”介子可以离析为其它“粒子”和“射线”，这其实表明，介子并不因为它被称为“子”而一定是“一粒”，只有不能“细分”的粒子才是真正的“一枚粒子”，对此，下面还要在讨论中子、质子时述及。

　　2b、物质的原子能来自何处？以镭为例，它不断向空间放射出α、β、γ三种射线，这些能量的来源使当时人感到困惑，因此，在“质量不是不变”以及方程E=mc2提出后，不但使人信服，更加令人钦佩。但在景仰之余，忽略了一个问题，即进一步追问，能量mc2到底是如何来的？据《相对论》，质量同能量是同一事物的不同表示，那么，在什么情况下，质量会表示出mc2的能量？机理何在？其后，学者们已越出了“质量与能量是同一事物”的约定，直接的宣称质量“转变”为能量，即质量消灭不再存在，转变成了mc2那么大的能量。这一理论虽然回答了“能量从何而来”，但并不符合《相对论》，而且派生了新的难题：（1）质量与能量能否相游离？（2）什么机制使物质毁灭转变为能量？

　　仍以镭为例，已知α、β、γ三种射线都是粒子射线，粒子具有质量m及速度v，当然有能量(动能)1/2mv2（平方）存在。其实，正是这个1/2mv2（平方）形成了温度、放射性等能量。离开了放射性物质所“放”出的粒子质量m和它的速度v，谈不上它的“放射能”。

原子核反应情况类似，原子解体使中子、质子、电子纷纷离去，一般认为，这些粒子的逸出速度具有光速c的量级，因此，核能可以用mc2估计。这一式子估计恒星是比较接近的，因为，那里中子、质子已彻底“解体”，所有基本粒子高速飞散，但对于原子爆炸未免偏高，在原子爆炸中，有不少中子、质子并不解体，其速度远小于C。

　　以上讨论了核反应所放能量的实质。进一步问，中子、质子的核能何来？这里首先需要循名责实，中子、质子是一粒实体粒子吗？如果是，它的能量何来？如果不是，它就不是“一粒”，其结构如何？

　　质子可以在冲击之下“分裂”为“夸克”等“粒子”，并逐渐形成了比质子小的夸克等“粒子”的“家族”三个，有的理论认为它们（十二种）“是基本粒子”，由每个族中各派出一枚粒子组成质子或中子。这个理论可以解释为什么从质子中可“撞”出那么多种“基本粒子”，但存在的问题也很明显，例如，由三个族中质量各不相同的“粒子”组成的质子或中子怎么会具有同样的质量呢？已知质子、中子的质量是相当一致的，包括测量误差在内，其不划一程度也不超过10－5（十万分之一）。又如，这三个族中的有些“基本粒子”，依然是可以分裂的，这还算是基本粒子吗？

暂且搁置现行基本粒子理论，重新考虑到底基本粒子有多少种，这是为了得到一种不存在上述问题的理论和机理明确地解释核能来源的需要，但显然，现理论的合理成分应予采纳。鉴于任何演变离不开力，从力入手考虑基本粒子更为合理。以下引用《L01粒子今论》一文的部分内容。

　　基本粒子是力线的原始发出者，作用力的形成说明，有两种力线：一是引力线，二是斥力线。单独的力线并不形成力，由两物质发出的力线相互作用生成力。

　　由此看，基本粒子只有两种，一种是发出引力线的，可名为引力子；一种是发出斥力线的，可名为斥力子。两种基本粒子发出两种力线，组合为三种情况：

　（1）引力线与引力线相互作用生成引力，记为F1

　（2）斥力线与斥力线相互作用生成斥力，记为F2 

　（3）斥力线与引力线相互作用也生成引力，记为F3, F3 <F1

　　显然，斥力子就是电子因为它们倾向于自相排斥，易于显示其存在。但是，“此电子非彼电子”，它的质量只有10的负36 次方（克）,参见L01 文。

　　引力子是谁？由于倾向于吸引，很难观察到它单独存在，因此，用“不能细分”、“质量最小”等条件加以界定就有必要。目前，只有“电中微子”有可能是引力子，其它“基本粒子”都不符合“质量最小”条件或者可以在轰击下裂变。而电中微子也有可能是更小的引力子的聚合体，但在证据缺如的情况下，不妨暂行假定它是引力子。

需要从宇宙演变的角度看待空间不断飞过的粒子。恒星上的核反应使原子解体成为基本粒子飞入太空。斥力子进入太空后，受到空间电场中原有电子的“抵制”，其动能逐渐减少最终失去速度而融入这个场。今人测到的“太空背景辐射”以为是“宇宙大爆炸”的遗迹，但如果真的发生过“大爆炸”，电波速度大于物质运动的速度，空间众星将远远落后于以光速前进的电波，不可能有这样的电波从太空“反射”回来。现在测到的微波辐射其来源可能有二方面，一是众恒星的辐射，二是由上述电子减速所给出的动能。

　　引力子进入太空则保持高速前进，没有任何力对其施以制动。

如果在它附近也有一粒引力子出现且最小距离达到“埃”的尺寸，情况将如何？答案是，双方之间产生强大引力，以至将它两“拴住”成为“小组”不能分离。如果双方的速度矢量夹角很小，“栓”的结果是合二而一，它俩聚合成为质量与能量比原来大一倍的“粒子”，这一“代数聚合”过程的继续，可产生“质量更大”、能量更大的高速、高能“粒子”，显然，它们就是宇宙射线“粒子”，它们都是“复数粒子”。

　　另一种情况就是，在“拴住”之前，双发速度矢量夹角≈ ，在相互“拴住”的同时，原先的动量mv依然存在而V≈C，因此，它两聚合之后，只能相互回旋，回旋的切线速度≈C，离心力被引力克服，小组的群速相对很小，这个聚合小组将双方的动能转化为回旋运动的相应能量，此能量已不再对外作用——除非聚合解散，因此，这种聚合可称为“蓄能聚合”。

　　至此，已经可以回答两个问题：“宇宙射线从何而来”、“原子能从何来”？答案是，宇宙射线来自“代数聚合”，原子能来自“蓄能聚合”。聚合的上限是中子、质子，这是因为“聚合效应”，聚合的引力子越多，聚合组群对外的引力线密度越小（参见L04《物质演变》一文），小到一定程度则不能继续吸住其它从身边飞过的引力子。所以，中子、质子的大小是引力平衡的结果，有此原因，它们的质量必然会整齐划一而不致大幅度参差。

　　在引力子聚合动量“合并”过程中,“群速”较小但不为零，因为它们飞离恒星时附带了恒星的速度，这使引力子的速度不能绝对相等，中子质子大约具有恒星的“宇宙速度”。质子、中子在空间相互吸引而聚合的情况与“蓄能聚合”类似，存在相互回旋运动，直到F3力使电子成为“包装”，原子便告形成。由此，在原子中，没有静止的“粒子”，质子、中子是基本粒子的“微涡旋星系”，原子则是质子中子的“涡旋星系”。

　　原子的核能存在于质子、中子内部，原子生成时已“先天”蓄入，中子、质子蓄有基本粒子的动能，外层电子高速回旋也具有相应动能。总之，核能的蓄藏、释放，都有一定转变机制，都遵守质量不灭与能量不灭两项基本规律，不涉及也不需要求助于“质量变能量”。

3b、如何看待在威尔逊云室、感光乳胶片等处出现的“轨迹中断”？迄今，此类中断被称为“质湮”，它似乎被用以证明粒子在轨迹中断处质量发生了“湮灭”，果真湮灭了吗？

　　这里有一个反问，是否进入威尔逊云室或乳胶片的每粒粒子都能毫不遗漏地显示出它们的踪迹呢？如果是，踪迹中断方可考虑为质量湮灭，但实际上，只有部分粒子被显示踪迹，所以，能否显示，并不代表质量的有无，多半只是能量的不同。既如此，不能将“迹湮”称作“质湮”，如果质量可以湮灭，如果质量湮灭会转变出mc2（平方）能量，总会在“湮没”处产生一点蛛丝马迹。对迹湮的判断，应倾向于粒子在运动中动能减少，在该点已达显示阈值，由可显现转变为不可显现，如此而已。在今天，我们已看出，当年对于质量可变的观点属于误会，近来物理理论中的漫无边际的“变”更是难以置信，例如，“在宇宙大爆炸之前，现有宇宙中全部质量压缩在奇点之内”，这里所涉及的体积变化范围达到1060以上。在大自然的实验室里，物质并未表现出可以大幅度压缩，以地心为例，3600亿帕的压强并未能使物质显著压缩，千万大气压量级的压强亦未能使太阳芯部物质戏剧性的缩小尺寸，试问，如何证明“宇宙间所有物质可压缩成一个奇点”呢？这种1060（10的60 次方）的体积压缩诚然属于戏剧性的，设想，“孙悟空拔出一把毫毛吹变成一群猴子”，其体积的变化仅为1015（10的15次方）！

　　　　　2 对于“质量不可变”否定之否定

　　可见，说《相对论》关于“质量可变”的理论“睿智”，是指它对上述难题提出了当时人全都提不出的“解答”，而且使人信服。

　　但是，今天看来，并不正确。因为背离了基础物理规律，找不到机理和事实的支持，而理论一旦离开客观规律，自然步入误域。

　　这一失误弱化了人们对于物理规律的严肃态度，造成了严重后果。于是离奇迭出：时间居然可以倒流，空间居然可以超过三维，物质可以神奇压缩等等。这些都是无视客观规律，没有了是非标准，任意驰骋想象的结果。根据什么可以相信它们是正确的呢？

以往，两个不灭作为物理学的重要规律曾经受到应有尊重，今天，如果不恢复这种尊重，继续相信质量可以变来变去，如何能够避免它不为神话结伴？

　　物质可变理论原先是为了解决难题和困惑而提出来的，如果合于自然真实，在难题解决之后，不致发生新的难题与困惑。但事实正好相反，物质可变是在误会基础上产生的观点， 至今并未见到真正显示物质可变的事例，同时，也未真正解决难题，”物质可变”不但使我们丢失了判断理论正误的重要准则，而且还模糊了这方面的理论，试看：“什么是物质”现在居然已经成为物理学的最大难题之一，这不充分说明当前关于物质的理论存在问题吗？

沿用“质量可变”和“质量变能量”等理论虽然可以做出多彩的文章，但客观规律毕竟不能背离。违背了这两则规律的理论，被证明为不正确理论只是时间问题。

　　在离开这两项基本规律的道路上已经走得很远了，还要再走多远？也已经走了很长——100年——时间了，还要经过多长时间才能觉察到这种重大失误？

　　对于自然规律的尊重与否，不是胆识大小的问题而是认识正确与否的问题，在经典物理学年代，两个(物质与能量)不灭作为物理学的重要规律曾经受到应有尊重。

今天，应当立即恢复这种尊重。对此，需要果断地来一次“否定之否定”，将弃置一百年的重要基础规律——质量不灭、能量不灭——请回来，给予承认与尊重，作为判断正误的依据，用以清理“物理空间”。

　　物理规律乃是自然界客观存在的法则， 物质的存在与时间无关，“物质不灭”当然也与时间无关，因此，这两项自然规律“永存”而不以时间、地点为转移，无所谓“过时”之类的问题。

质量不灭的基点是基本粒子不可灭、不可变，由此也自然导致能量不灭。

经过一百年来的检验，既然并未真正能触动“物质不灭”和“能量不灭”两则基本物理规律，将它们恢复到物理规律的位置理所当然。

经过100年来的检验，既然不能动摇“质量不灭”与“能量不灭”两项基本基本物理规律，虽然用“质量可变”和“质量变能量”可以写出多彩的文章，但归根结底客观规律不能违背。

　　有经典物理学的基础理论参考，有对于所有“质量可变”和“质量变能量”“例证”的上述分析，在物理学领域内否定“质量可变”、确信质量不可变、恢复对于两项基础规律——物质不灭与能量不灭——的尊重在理论上应当“轻而易举”。但是， 在“质量可变”取得了主导地位100年之后，人们从初等物理开始，就接受到了“质量可变”的灌输，一直相信“质量可变”，现在通过分析从理论上作出改变虽然可能 ，而克服感性上的惯性并不容易，许多以质量可变为支撑的“理论”在相当时间内还会不断出现。此类理论的特点是“缺理”和违反规律，以机理和物理规律衡量物理理论，才能分清正误、判断是非。

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L l2a    about the law of conservation of matter and law of energy conservation

                                         S. G. Chinese

Abstract since 1905 modern physics began leave the law of “two indestructibility”, though it can be reply seem puzzle, but let basic theory sink into error region yet, hence arise new puzzle, now urgently base on respect to natural law and serious analysis “return to the right way”, to recover proper position of these two natural laws．

Key words conservation of matter　　conservation ofenergy　　physics　　 

　　　　1 inspecting and discussing to mass variable 

Not long before 1756 at Lomonosov prove law of matter indestructibility, physical society ever discover “matter-movement conservation”, it is energy indestructibility in practice．Two law of indestructibility of matter and energy as guide rule also become acceptance standard．Until 1905《special relativity》got publish, these two laws have not suffer carry authority query．Today to see, any had cognized energy are all come down to kinetic of “matter’s movement”, there fore, indestructibility of matter and energy is synonymy with “immortalization” of matter and energy． 

Modern physics begin with quantum theory and《relativity》before centenary, to alter law of two “indestructibility” lie in at that time find some phenomenon seem cannot keep to this two law, as：

1、charged particle does not follow accelerating voltage pro rata raise speed in the accelerator, no matter how raise the voltage, particle cannot reach light velocity yet, as if like “sound barrier”, there it is “light barrier”．

2、radio activity matter constantly radiate huge energy, where come from this energy?

3、sometimes motion trail of particle does break off in spike process, this seems belong to “quality annihilating” 

Above phenomenon cause people at fault in that time． 

《relativity》explain in theory is：

1a、mass of matter “does not unchanging but is changing follow energy changing”，quant. keep to equation which Lorenz given．

This equation was m= ,(for reason this equation cannot be show temporarily ) m0 is rest mass, m is the mass when in speed v, to use the equation ( when v=0, m act as infinity) to explain why the accelerator cannot accelerate particle to velocity of light． 

2a、mass and energy are the different expression of the same thing, with equation E=mc2 (square) describe energy of mass m , c is light velocity．

Can mage out explain of《relativity》for mass and energy, since stand on new angle, daringly raise “mass does not cannot changing”, will be also to have fixed proper limits．Mass cannot changing at will, have principle’s unlike with that magic change which explain from modern times scholars：“at eve of big bang, whole matter of existing are all compress in a singular point”．

To the mass changing, premise of《relativity》is energy changing, moreover, energy cannot divided with mass, “they are different expression of the same thing”．By this token, the explanation of《relativity》was very outstanding and sagacious．Go so far as to if it is right will remark rear． 

Since then,《relativity》suffer folk admire all the time, fore its feat, no matter what they say as well no overly, but, physics is a branch of learning of continuous explore、advance、improve and to honor mechanism, objectively to say, the explanation 1a、2a needs mechanism act as support and supplement． 

Equation may cause mechanism get simple and clear and quantification, but can’t in stead of mechanism, without mechanism, the equation be like a tree without roots．

At the side of “why mass can change follow energy changing”、“how to change follow energy changing”、“why mass can put up huge energy” etc are all need clearing a “reason”, not only 《relativity》can not talk out this reason, but also cannot do this in a hundred years．If there is exist a changing in cosmos objectively, it should be exist a reason of this changing, research of physics just for this reason, if none of reason for mass change to energy, it would become a problem for whether mass can truly change, owing to if only can explain it does not exist mechanism in that event 1-3, important law of classical physics can but inherit and cannot alter．Through below narrate can see, now just can to do this： 

1b、particle accelerator use force between electrons drive electrified particle get acceleration, driving ability of motion electron should be inferior to static electron, the action between motion electron and accelerated electron was similar to wind and sail, due to the CT velocity in circuit is velocity of light, velocity of accelerated charged particle after all rather less then velocity of light．Accelerated particle suffer conditioning of “wind-sail effect”, velocity fail of light speed even not exceed light speed．Here, does not exist any mechanism of mass changing, in those years to use “mass happen changing” serve as explanation for velocity of charged particle does not follow voltage build up was as well as bold also preeminent, but after find “wind-sail effect”, should to make altering, for the latter has clear mechanization, easy believe, and “mass variable” then face two problems：

The first is, after velocity get raise, why mass should change? Any velocity was relatively, some matter relate to other space matters there may be abound many different velocity, even “static” is relative too, and how to demarcate its “static mass”?

The second is：what is the expression of changing? Is the changing of much and few、 weight and light、or synthesize changing? 

Is it absolutely change still relatively change? what is the mechanism of this changing of number、density or other any changing? Any changing if have not mechanization in incredible．

By now cant help come down to many disintegration、fission in particle test。

a certain kind of “particle” may fission or disintegration and become other “particle” and “ray”．Here, those observed “trace” in the test and its energy from computation is need not query, buy people’s analysis and understanding and theory of useful but be worth self-examination．

“a” meson may to separate to other “particle” and “ray”, it really make clear, meson does not true “a”, only a particle cannot scatter just true “a particle”, for this, still relate in discuss neutron and proton．

2b、where come from atomic energy? For example of radium, it ceaseless radiate three kind of ray of α、β、γto space, the source of these energy cause people at fault, therefore, to raise “mass does not invariant” and equation E=mc2 (square) not only make conviction, but also still more make admire．But more than respect and admire, lose sight of a problem of further to probing, where come from energy of mc2 (square) at all? According to《relativity》, mass and energy is the different express of “ same thing” , what circumstances to make mass can be indicate energy mc2? How is the mechanism? Thereafter, scholars then go out of appoint of “same thing”, directly assert mass “change” to energy, 

Namely mass die out, does not exist, and transform to that large energy of mc2．This theory though replied “where come from the energy”, but not accord with《relativity》,and derived new puzzle：(1) if mass and energy can dissociate each other? (2) what does the mechanism to make mass change into energy? 

Still for example of radium, known three kind of rays of α、β、γare all radial of particle, particle possess mass m and velocity v, surely exist energy ( kinetic energy ) 1/2mv2．In fact, the very same become energy of temperature、radioactivity etc．depart from mass m and its velocity v of “released” particle is far from its “radioactivity”．

Situation of atomic nuclear reaction is likeness, atom disassemble to make neutron、proton、electron off wards one after another, it is stated that particle’s velocity possess order of magnitude of light-velocity c, therefore, nuclear energy may be reckon with mc2．This formula estimate star is rather oncoming, because there neutron and proton had thoroughly “KD”, all basic particles are fly off in high speed, but to atomic blast rather on the high side, in atomic blast, there have not a few of neutrons、protons do not disassemble, the velocity is far less light-velocity c．

Above had talk over the substance of energy which give out from nuclear reaction．More to ask：Where come from nuclear energy of neutron and proton? The first needs expect the reality to correspond to the name, is a entity particle for neutron and proton? If yes, where come from his energy? If no, it does not “one particle”, what about its structure? 

Under shock proton may “fission” to “particle” as “quark” and so on, current theory grow up 3 “house hold” of “particle” of less than proton, think of they (12 kinds) are “basic particle”，from every “house hold” to send one for make up proton or neutron．

This current theory may explain why can “collide” out such many kind of “basic particle” from proton, but exit problem also clearly, such as, how can possess same quality of proton or neutron when they integral from 12 kinds different particle of 3 household? Known quality of proton and neutron are match coincident, include measure error, lever of don’t uniform was less than 10-5．Also as, some “basic particle” from these 3 household still may be divide, can they are “basic particle” at last? 

For the present lay up current theory of basic particle, reconsider to the end how many kinds of basic particle, it is the needs for make clear the souse of nuclear and don’t exist above problem, but clearly, the reasonable composition should be accept． 

In view of any develop can’t do without force, consider basic particle start with force even more reasonable．Here quote partial content from the text 《L01 modern opinion about particle》。

Basic particle is the original sender of force line, the formation of act force explain, there have two kind of force line：first is attracting force-line, second is repulsion force-line．thus to see, only have two kind of basic particle, the one is send out of attracting force-line, may be named graviton；the another is send out repulsion force-line, may be named repulton．Two kind of basic particle send out two kind of force line, constitute three kind of situation： 

2b.1 attracting force-line act each other with attracting force-line generate attracting force, mark it as F1

2b.2 repulsion force-line act each other with repulsion force-line generate repulsion force, make it with F2

2b.3 repulsion force-line act each other with attracting force-line also generate attracting force, make it with F3, F3<FI

Clearly, repulton is electron exactly, due to they tend to repel each other, easily to show its existing．But, “this electron is not that electron”, its quality only 10-36 gram, see also in text L01. Who is graviton? Due to it be inclined to attract, hardly to observed it alone existing, there fore, need definition use condition of “can’t fractionize”、“mass does least” etc．currently, only “electron neutrino” possible was graviton, other “basic particle” are inconformity to the condition of “mass does least” or may be fission under bombardment．Moreover electron neutrino also possible polymer of graviton, but under the condition of lack proof, might as well provisional suppose it is graviton． 

Needs from the angle of cosmic developing to see particles which fly uninterrupted through space．Star’s nuclear reaction to make atom KD become basic particle and fly into space．After repulton to enter space, suffer “boycott” from inhere electrons of space electric-field, its kinetic energy would gradually to lessen and final blend into this field．Now had measured “space background radiation” and consider it is the trace of the “big bang”, but, if truly had to happen “big bang”, the velocity of electric wave should greater than the velocity of matter kinetic, space stars will far lag with electric wave which to go forward with light speed, impossible has such electric wave “reflex” from space．The source of now measured might to be two side, the one is the radiation of many stars；the other is the kinetic energy send out from above electron’s speed-down．

Graviton to into space then to go forward keep high speed, none any force can apply the brake to it． 

If a other graviton show up nearby moreover the minimum distance reach to the size of , how does the condition? The answer is, among both generate strong attracting force, so that “tie down” them become “a group” and can’t leave．If the included angle of both velocity vector very small, the result of “tie” was united as one, they get together to a “particle” of mass and energy big one times, continuous the process of this “algebra polymerization”, may produce high speed、high energy “particle” of “mass even bigger” and “energy even bigger”, clearly, they are all “plural particle”． 

The another condition is, before “tie up”, the included angle of both velocity vector ≈ , at the same time of “tie up each other”, the former kinetic energy still exist while V≈C，therefore, after get together, can but circle round each other, the tangential velocity of whirl ≈C，centrifugal force get over by attracting force, group velocity of the group relatively very small, this together group take both kinetic energy change to corresponding energy of cyclotron motion, this energy already on more external action——unless together suffer dismiss, therefore, this together may call “storing-energy polymerization”．

Thus already able to reply two problems：“where come from cosmic rays?” 、 “where come from nuclear energy?” answer is, the cosmic rays does come from “algebra polymerization” and nuclear energy does come from “storing-energy polymerization”．The upper limit of polymerization is proton and neutron, it is owing to “polymerizing effect”, the more of graviton of polymerizing, the few of the density of external attract force-ling of polymerizing group (see also in text《L04 Development of matter》)，few to a certain level then cannot continue to attract other flying graviton at its side．So the size of proton、neutron is the result of balance of attracting force, to be this reason, their mass should be uniformity and not vast scale irregular． 

In the process of graviton polymerizing and momentum “merging”, “velocity of group” is less but not zero, proton and neutron process about star’s “cosmic velocity”, the condition of they attract each other in the space to be like “storing-energy polymerization”, exist the movement of whirl each other, until force F3 to make electrons become “package”, atom thus to form． 

There out , it have not resting particle in atom, proton 、neutron are the “micro vortex galaxy” of basic particle, then atom is “vortex galaxy” of proton 、neutron． 

Atom’s nuclear energy be exist the inner of proton、neutron, when atom create it already “innateness” store up, they store up kinetic energy of basic particle, outer electrons whirl in high speed also possess corresponding kinetic energy．In brief, store or release nuclear energy are all have certain changing mechanism, all observe to two law of mass conservation and energy conservation, not relate to and with no need for seek help to “mass change to energy”

3b how look on the “path break off” of photo plate and Wilson chamber etc? until now, this kind of break off went by the name of “mss annihilate”, it seem get use to prove mass of particle happen “annihilate” at the place of “path break off”, is it true? 

Here have a ask in reply, if all particles inter Wilson chamber or photo plate all can be show their path and not omit? 

If it is, the path break off may regard act as mss annihilate, but in reality, only partial particle got showed path, so can or can’t to show, does not delegate have or have not mass, mostly only different of energy．As in this way, can’t to use “path annihilate” go by the name of “mass annihilate”, if mass can be annihilate, if mass annihilate be able change to energy mc2, always produce some spider in the locate of “annihilate”．The judging for path annihilate, ought tend to particle’s kinetic energy get reduce in movement, at this point already reach to showing threshold value, from showing able change to can’t showing, just think about it．

Today, we can see, the viewpoint of mass variable in those years belong to misunderstand , the boundless changing in lately physical theory even more beyond belief, such as, “before big bang, hole mass of existing cosmos are compressed in a singularity”, here relate to the scope of volume changing reach over 10 to the power of 60．In the lab of nature, matter does not put up may be compressed by a wide margin, for example of the earth’s core, pressure of 36×10 to the power of 10 pa does not to make matter happen marked compressing, pressure of 10 to the power of 7 atmospheric pressure also cannot the make dramatic under size of matter of sun core ,may ask, how to prove “hole matter of cosmos can compressed in a singularity”? this volume compression of 1060(10 to the power of 60) indeed belong to dramatic, to imagine,“monkey king extract some hairs blow changing to a group of monkeys”, its volume changing only 1015(10 to the power of 15)! 

　　　　　2 negation of negation for“mass un-modifiable”

So far can see, to say《relativity》does wise and farsighted was point it had replied above puzzle which have not answer by people in that time, and the reply make people’s conviction．

But today apparently, it does not correct, because of it depart from basic physical law, cannot find mechanism and support of fact, weakening people’s serious manner for natural law．

If theory depart from objective law, it natural step into error region．Thereupon weirdness continuous：time go so far as to flow backwards, space go so far as to exceed 3 dimensions, matter may be miracle pressed etc．these are all because of be gone the standard of right and wrong, and is the result of wantonly gallop fancy．What is the basis of believe there is correct　In the period of classic physics, two (matter and energy) indestructibility act as physics important law have ever get proper respect．Today, if not give back this respect, continue believe in mass can be changing matches ones wishes, how can avoid theory can’t go with myth?(12.31) 

Theory of matter variable original bring up was for solve problems, if it is in accordance with objective true, after problems get solved, would not happen new problems and puzzle．But fact just the reverse, matter variable is the viewpoint base on the misunderstanding, up to now not lay eyes on the example to show matter truly variable, at the same time, also not truly solve problems, “matter variable” not only let we lose important standard for judge right and wrong of theory, but also dim theory of this side, try to see, “what is matter?” now actually become one of maximum physics problems, does it speak volume for current physics theory exist problems?

To use theory of “matter variable” and “matter change to energy” etc though can be to issue polychrome article, but after all the objective law must not depart from．If theory go against this two law, proved be the wrong theory it’s only a matter of time． 　 

It is far away along the road of leave this two basic laws, how far would still go? Either be gone very long——100 years——time, how long time goby can sensible of this great mistake?

Respect or not to the natural law does not the problem of large or small of courage and insight, in the time of classical physics, two (matter and energy) imperishability act as important physical law have ever get proper respect．

To day, ought to promptly give back this respect．To this, need decidedly take “negation of negation” once, ask back the important basic law——matter imperishability and energy imperishability ——which had throw aside 100 years, give admission and respect, act as judging by for judge right and wrong, in order to clear “physical space”．

Physical law to be objective existing rule of natural world, matter existing does not have relation to the time, “matter imperishability” certainly also have not relation to the time, therefore, these two natural laws are “lasting forever” and not shift with the time or place, not to matter of the problem of “old-fashioned” etc． 

The base point of matter indestructibility is basic particle indestructibility and should not changing, there out, naturally also lead to energy indestructibility．

The examining through 100 years, since did not truly touch two base physical law of “matter indestructibility” and “energy indestructibility”, To use theory of “matter variable” and “mass change to energy” though can be to issue many polychrome article, but after all the objective law can not be violate． 

Have the reference of basic theory of classical physics, have above analysis to all examples of “mass variable” and “mass change to energy”, in physics domain negate “mass variable”、certitude mass immutable、give back respect for two basic rule——matter imperishability and energy imperishability —— was “something easy done in theory．But, after “mass variable” gain predominance 100 years, people from primary begin accept instill of “mass variable”, all the time believe in “mass variable”, now through analysis make a move is possible, but surmount sensibility inertia does not easy, many “theory” which supporting by mass variable still be able to appear．The trait of these theory is “be short of mechanism” and contrary to rule, only physical theory measure with mechanism and physical rule can be distinguish or judge right and wrong．