L10 关于热寂的辩论

陈理士

提    要 本文通过机理分析，认为宇宙间不会发生“热寂”。

关键词 热寂

 (this text in English see the rear )

“热寂”的提出已久，其依据是热力学第二定律，物理界对此持正、反两种不同意见亦属正常。但至今，正方所依据的定律并未显示不妥，反方则迄未从理论上作出有力辩论，若要使己方意见成立，理不可缺，从机理角度予以论证实为必要。

其实，正方论证“热寂”不仅可应用热力学第二定律，此定律从名词上看当然较为气派，使论证增加权威性。还可以从其它方面辅助论证。因为“热寂”涉及的是任何物体的温度必定由高向低这一规律性的现象。这是一种不对称的单方向进行的自然现象。热量的流动从高温传向低温，在热量转移的三种不同方式中，“温差”是最重要的因素，定量计算的方程业已确立。根据这三种（即辐射、对流、传导）方式热量迁移的后果自然是使“温差”逐渐减少最终消失。迄今反方并未指出上述依据有何问题，不同意“热寂”观点似乎成为一种坚定的信念，但提出的理由则显疲软。如某教科书称：“热力学第二定律是从在地球上有限时间内的观察研究总结出来的，将热力学第二定律无限的推广到无论就时间或空间来说都是无限的整个宇宙上去，其错误是给予物理定律以绝对的意义，忘了物理定律的局限性与近似性。”

可以看出，反方的理由中包含了两种可能性而不是明确地提出不会发生热寂的理由或机制，同时，也未指出正方的“推广”其不当之处何在。看来，反方可以说是“理”的分量暂显不足。可是，水力资源的再生不绝颇有启发性，为什么没有人担心水力资源会枯竭呢？水不是不停地由高处向低处流动吗？如果没有一个“由低向高”的机制存在，地球上的水早就全部流入大海，没有任何高度差了！事情的要害正在这里，自然界还存在让水变汽升上高空的机制，这使新的“高度差”不断产生，所以不必担心水力资源枯竭。

如果设想，宇宙间是否也有一种机制使温度“由低向高”呢？这是否空想呢？从逻辑思维角度看，“如果”没有这样一种机制，宇宙“早就”热寂了！换句话说，“如果”热寂是自然界的必然趋势。“热寂”早就发生了。

要证明这一说法并不难。宇宙间温度不同的各种物质，不论采取何种降温方式，不论初始温度多高，使温度下降到平均温度附近所需要的时间相对说并不长，计算这一时间的方程已比较成熟，计算的相对误差也不算太大。

这里还要引入宇宙“无限期存在”的概念，虽然，宇宙间的物体，从原子到星体，都处于不断变化之中，但组成物质的基本粒子却“永存不变”。只要一一仔细分析那几则似乎表明“质量不是不变”的实例就可发现，在那里，质量不变、不灭乃是实质，可变、可灭属于误会，已有专文进行过叙述，此处不另重复。

此前，“不灭”、“不变”是公认的物理学“基本规律”，在解释“原子的核能”、“加速粒子达不到光速”、“试验室中粒子踪线出现中断”等困惑当时人的实例时，“质量不是不变”说法深得人心。但人们却轻易地放弃了基本规律，经过仔细分析，那几则实例均有其特定机理，并非质量改变或质、能转变。所以，质量与能量不变的自然规律并未真正受到挑战。这就是说，物质不灭和能量不灭作为物理学的“基本规律”并未出现例外事件，将其依然置于基本规律位置不是理所当然吗？基本粒子不可变，它的“寿命”便无限而永存，相对于永存，任何时间间隔都是无限小。宇宙永存便基于基本粒子永存。相对于永存，“此前”作为时间间隔也是无限小。太阳、地球的“年龄、寿命”无法与之比较，更不用说任一个高温星体的冷却过程。

根据以上论证，可以认为，宇宙中“如果”存在发生某种自然现象的机制，那么，这种现象必定“早已”发生了。正因为这样，并未通过对各种物体冷却过程的计算分析，便作出了宇宙间根本不可能出现“热寂”的判断。那么，具体说，宇宙间存在什么发生“升温”作用的自然现象？升温的机制何在？

在实验室里这种“升温”的现象比较多，如机械摩擦或碰撞，电阻发热或化学作用致热，可以举出不少，但是，所涉及的热量较小，难以就宇宙的范围来说明问题。在空间，行星转变为恒星以及恒星转变为超新星爆发是具有代表性的发热、升温的实例，这涉及宇宙演变理论。且看宇宙中每年被观察和记录到成千上万次“超新星爆发”，就是说，“如果”没有新的恒星产生，宇宙中的恒星“早已”寥寥无几甚至一颗也不存在了！此外，“超新星”可算长年不断地发生，这表明它是星体演变中的必然事件而非特异情况；“超新星”的质量均比恒星大说明质量大小同它有一定相关性，同时还说明，恒星在空间质量会进一步增加。为什么？答案显然是牛顿力！万有引力的存在，使空间所有物体之间存在引力，两运动物体之间的引力若超过“离去力”，后果便是“聚合”，若两物体质量相差悬殊，我们便称小者被大者吸引，或小者成为大者的陨物。

星际空间有相当数量的小行星、陨石、块状物、粒状物和尘埃，它们便是恒星质量增多的“原料”。太阳每年向空间辐射出大量物质和热能，“如果”没有物质的补充和温度由低升高的机制，它“早已”冷却下来了。

本文不拟进一步论证恒星生成和超新星爆发的物理机制，这在《物质演变》里已经阐述过，重要的是，对于恒星“点燃”机制的推敲，发现宇宙间确实存在温度由低升高的现象，这种现象是物质演变中自然出现的，行星必定会“长大”，大到一定程度会温度由低到高转变为恒星，再由恒星发展到“超新星”，这种演变不断持续循环。就是说，宇宙间不仅存在温度由高到低的物理机制，同时还存在与此相反的温度由低到高的另外一种物理机制，这两种机制并行不悖，同样起作用，这是“至今”宇宙没有发生“热寂”而且今后也不会发生“热寂”的物理背景。如果我们只看到其中一种，作出的判断自然难以切实。

宇宙的现况是这两种机制共同作用的结果，应用上面提过的“如果、早就”方法说：“如果”宇宙间不存在温度由低到高的机制，‘热寂’“早就”发生了。

至此，已经对“宇宙会发生热寂吗”这一命题通过分析作出了否定性回答。我们是否也同不担心水力资源会一旦枯竭那样也不必再担心宇宙会发生“热寂”呢？

最后，有必要考察一下热力学第二定律在此是否实用，原定律是针对热力机械效率的规律，并不是普适定律，但反方说是“忘了物理定律的局限性”也不全对。其实，物理规律有普适和非普适两类，对后者开拓应用领域需要稳妥，这是需要的，但在本例中，失误并非是用“第二定律”判断热寂失误，相反，即使用热力学其他定理或方程也会作出同样判断。问题在于，当时没有发现“点燃”恒星的机制，只看到了事情的一面，才使“热寂”概念得以发生并长期存在。

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L10 debate about heat death 

S. G. Chinese

Abstract through mechanism analysis can know the cosmos can’t happen heat death

Key word heat death 

Heat death had been raise long time, its foundation is second law of thermodynamics, to this Physical Society to hold two kind of different of positive and negative opinions, it to belong to ordinary．

But until now, not at all to show no proper for the law of positive side according to； negative side has not make powerful debate in theory as yet, if demand view of one’s own side set up, may not lack of reason, to proof from angle mechanism is necessary．

In fact, positive side prove “heat death” not only can use second law of thermodynamics——this law has good manner from the noun, it make the prove add authority, can also to assist the proof from other side．Because heat death refer to the regularity phenomenon of temperature should be from high to low of any matter．　　　　　　　　 

　This is natural phenomenon of one-way and unsymmetrical．The heat moving is from high temperature to low temperature, in the calculating of three kind of different mode of heat transforming, “difference in temperature” is top-drawer factor, the calculative equation has been established．According to these three kind of mode (namely radiation 、convection、conduction), the aftermath of heat transforming naturally is the “difference in temperature” drop off and disappear in the end．Until now the negative side was in no sense of to point out any problem in above according, the viewpoint of disagree “heat death” seem to become a attic faith, the raised reason then to show weaken．As a textbook has raise： “second law of thermodynamics was sum up from observational study limited time on the earth, to get second law of thermodynamics popularize to the hole cosmos of unlimited time and space, the mistake was to give physical law with absolute meaning, dose forget the limitations and proximity of physical law． 

Can see, in the reason of negative side does contain two kind of probability and not to raise the reason or mechanism of the “heat death” will not to happen, at the same time, also did not to point out where is unsuitable in the “popularize” of positive side． 

It seems, the negative side may be to say the reason’s weight been temporarily prominent lacking．However, it quite to have enlightening of regeneration and without cease of the water power resource, why nobody to worry the water power resource be possible dry up? Dose not the water on and on from height flow to lower? If no-one mechanism of “from lower to height” existing, the water of the earth ,ages ago all flow into ocean and hasn’t any diff H ! the matter’s key just here, the Nature yet exist the mechanism of water transform to steam and to raise to high altitude, this make new “diff H” constantly to cause, so need not worry the water power resource can dry up．

If imagine, the cosmos yet to have a mechanism of to make temperature “from lower to height”, is this or isn’t a fantasy? From the angle of logical thinking to see,“ if ”none of this mechanism, the cosmos “ages ago” got heat death! In other words, “if” heat death is inexorable trend of the Nature, “heat death” should cause ages ago．

If this “if．．．．ages ago” reasoning mode is correct, be sure to be capable find the reason or mechanism, in order to explain “the cosmos will not to happen heat death”, through repeatedly to look for, in this example, really find this mechanism． 

The process of this reasoning mode is ：

Every kind of matter of different temperature, no matter carry out what kind of mode of temperature reduction, and no matter how high of current temperature, the needed time of let the temperature to fall to the cosmos’s average temperature is not very long, the equation of to calculate this time has been quite mature, the relative inaccuracy yet does not large, namely, if believe, need to explain “why by this time the cosmos does not happen heat death yet”? an visible example was, it has to pass several billions years, why the sun’s temperature still so high? The temperature of the sun face is less than ten thousand degree, if it has not the “mechanism of raise temperature” in the core, through radiation to reduce temperature to 0 degree (c), yet need several hundred million years? After exploding, been the temperature of supernova to high or low? Clearly, the temperature is get raise, what is the reason? 

Here still to draw into the idea of “the cosmos exit of unlimited time”, though the matters among the cosmos from atom to celestial are all located in constant changing, but basic particle of make up mass however “existing forever and does not changing”, not difficult to prove this, if only one by one carefully to analyze 

which whole examples of seems to show “mass does not unchanging” then may find, therein, mass conservation、immortalization is the substance, variable and able to extinguish belong to misunderstanding, it has been written the article to relate, here do not to repeat．

Before, “immortalization”、“unchanging” are the proverbial physical “basic law”, when to explain those examples of “atom’s nuclear energy”、“particle’s velocity can not reach light-velocity”、“the trace way of particle arise interrupt” etc which ever confuse people in that day, fore this, the statement of “mass does not unchanging” is enjoy popular support．But people nevertheless easily to give up the basic law, to leave the truth, though carefully analysis can know, those “examples” all have specific mechanism, does not truly “mass changing” or “mass-energy transforming”．

So the law of conservation of mass and energy does not really suffer challenge．This is to say, mass conservation and energy conservation accomplish two basic law of physics did not to arise exceptional case, If it is only right and proper of let they still place on the position of basic law ? 

Basic particle cannot be changing, then its life does unlimited and perpetuation, relative to the perpetuation, any space of time are all infinitesimal．Cosmos perpetuation is basic on the basic particle perpetuation, according to above concept, “before” act as space of time was infinity also．The “life and age” of sun、earth compare to those but infinitesimal, say nothing of the cooling procedure of a high-temperature aster． 

According to above proof, may to consider, “if” to exist the mechanism of to happen some kind of natural phenomenon of the cosmos, in that way, the phenomenon should be “long ago” happened．Just because of this, not through the computational analysis of the cooling procedure of every kind object, then work out the judgment ：that is out of the question of to arise heat death of the cosmos．

In that way, specifically, what natural phenomenon of the cosmos may cause heating up? What are the reasons of this heating up? Only according to the reasoning, the persuasion seem not to be enough, needs to find such specific mechanism． 

In the laboratory, this phenomenon of “heating up” is quite much, as mechanical friction or colliding, resistance heating or heating of chemistry, more may adduce, but, involve the heat does less, hardly to explain the problem to the cosmic range．In the space, planet translate to star and star translate to supernova are the representational example of calorific and heating up, this refer to the theory of cosmic evolution． 

To take care of every year been observed and recorded thousands upon thousands “supernova”, every “supernova” was “disappear a star exactly, namely, “if” haven’t new star born, among the cosmos, star would few even all inexistence “long ago”! 

Moreover, “supernova” able to happen all the year constantly, so make clear it is the certain event of star transmutation and does not special situation；the mass of “supernova” to be large than star, it to explain the mass magnitude has relevance to this, at the same time also to explain, the mass of star would further get raise．Why? The answer was Newtonian force clearly! Existing of gravitation makes existing attracting-force for all matter of space, among two matters, if attracting-force to exceed of “go out force”, the consequence is “polymerization”, if two matter’s mass is six to one, such called the little is attracted by the bigger, or the little become the fall matter of the bigger．

There are a great deal of asteroid、aerolite、block、particulate and dust in the interstellar space, they are the “raw material” of mass raising of star．The sun radiant large quantities of matter and heat to space every year, “if” not the matter supplement and the mechanism of temperature from lower to higher, it “long ago” little by little to reduce and got cool down．

The mechanism of planet transform to star has been tell in the text of《L04a Development of matter》and《L27 Supernova outburst——unscramble to SN1987A》etc. this mechanism was find through analysis, at the same time of to explain the problem of “how star does ignite?” also to showed the potential of this inference method of “if”．．．．“long ago”．Because of all this isn’t something easily done, only to believe mechanism should be existing, so can to focus intelligence and to search, final to find it．

Here not plan further to introduce had find mechanism of star born and supernova, above text has been expound, it is important to believe among nature really exist natural phenomenon of ignite star and let its temperature from lower up to higher, this phenomenon to appear long ago and be able to constant carry on, this is the physical background of the cosmos hasn’t to happen heat death and from now on also would not to happen heat death．　　　　

　 Plant be able to attract the matter of all ground and gradually become large, to the certain degree be sure to transform become star, star are same gradually become large, final be trending towards “supernova”, this is the normal link in the cosmic developing, therefore, it is normal condition for now we faced real cosmos． 

The mechanism of planet transform to star has been tell in the text of《L04a Development of matter》and《L27 Supernova outburst——unscramble to SN1987A》etc. this mechanism was find through analysis, at the same time of to explain the problem of “how star does ignite?” also to showed the potential of this inference method of “if”．．．．“long ago”．Because of all this isn’t something easily done, only to believe mechanism should be existing, so can to focus intelligence and to search, final to find it．

Here not plan further to introduce had find mechanism of star born and supernova, above text has been expound, it is important to believe among nature really exist natural phenomenon of ignite star and let its temperature from lower up to higher, this phenomenon to appear long ago and be able to constant carry on, this is the physical background of the cosmos hasn’t to happen heat death and from now on also would not to happen heat death．　　　　

　 Plant be able to attract the matter of all ground and gradually become large, to the certain degree be sure to transform become star, star are same gradually become large, final be trending towards “supernova”, this is the normal link in the cosmic developing, therefore, it is the normal condition of now we faced real cosmos． 

Some matters ——the quantity to divine the overwhelming majority——their temperature does go down, some matters ——the quality to divine the overwhelming majority——their temperature does lie on the process of from lower to higher or volatility under the condition of high temperature, both are homeostasis, for this reason, as a whole, the cosmos will not merely heating up, also will not merely temperature reduction and tend to heat death．

Thus, it has been to do the negative answer for the proposition of “does the cosmos be able to raise heat death?” from theoretically, whether we to do the same like not worry one day the water power resources can dry up so also not worry one day the cosmos can to raise “heat death”?