L09 正电子? Positron?

2019-1-7

                            L09 正电子? 



                               陈理士


摘    要 本文认为,“正电子”的存在迄今依然属于假设。

关键词 正电子 光子

 


(Eng.text see the rear)

  绝缘材料经摩擦后出现电荷的现象远古即已发现。二百多年前,人们规定,用玻璃棒摩擦毛皮,棒端所带电荷为“正电荷”,毛皮带“负电荷”,两种电荷“同性相斥、”“异性相吸”。近代物理学对此作出的解释是,“正电荷”源自“正电子”,“负电荷”源自“负电子”即电子。并且认为“相斥”与相吸是由于“同性”电子间存在斥力和“异性电子”间存在引力。

  电子,现已被认为是构成原子的基本粒子之一,电子间的斥力使它倾向于分散以致充满空间成为电场的“建材”;电子在导线中的流动以及在空间的发射大都可以被测定到,电子确乎向人们展示了它的客观存在。关于“正电子”,情况有所不同,有一些现象似乎可用“正电子”作为解释,但进一步验证却难以获得结果。

  以摩擦生电为例,当用玻璃棒同毛皮相摩擦时,按照规定,在玻璃棒端产生了“正电荷”,在毛皮上产生了负电荷。如果说,正电荷意味着那里存在“正电子”,负电荷意味着那里存在负电子,似乎“顺理”。但是进一步追问,两种材料(不论哪种化学成分),怎么会“摩”出“正电子”来呢?这一问题便难以应答。因为,任何原子中不含有“正电子”,“摩擦”乃是两种材料的外层发生“驱赶”,这一机械动作十分常见,若说这一摩擦动作会产生“正电子”,其理何在?它们原先藏身何处?当电荷消失后,它们又往何处而去?若说摩擦“制造”了“正电子”,其“原料”是什么?其机理何在?总之,在摩擦前,该处没有“正电子”,摩擦后果真有了“正电子”,从何而来?当然,“正电荷”是客观存在的,这里所质疑的是,正电荷是否来源于“正电子”?既然“正电子”没有来源,无法坚说正电荷源于“正电子”,剩下的问题是,对于正电荷这一物理现象找到合理解释,本文现在讨论此事。

  于此,首先需回答:在通常情况下原子为什么不显示电荷?其次是,“带电荷”对于原子是怎么回事?前一个问题即所谓“电中性”,每种元素的原子外层均被电子包围,原子对外呈中性意味着物质除了产生万有引力之外,不再显示其它作用力。对这一自然现象,应当理解为原子自身力线的封闭,原子核与外层电子间力线相互作用,只剩余少量力线外漏。摩擦乃是两物体外电子层相互“驱赶”,结果使受摩擦部位原子的外层电子分布发生“改变”,若是绝缘材料,这一“改变”难以在极短时间内复原。显然,“改变”有两种,一是电子密度偏稀;二是电子密度偏密。这样解释“摩擦生电”产生正负电荷显然通顺,与现行理论的差别在于缺少了“正电子”的参与。承认以上解释意味着从粒子家族删除了“正电子”。反之,认为“正电子”存在,便要为它的来源找到说法。

  在电子“增高密度”情况下,亦即带负电荷,其电力线的分析《静电学》已很清晰;带正电荷的物质意味着减少了部分电子。对于原先力线已经封闭得比较好的“中性原子”,外层失去部分电子的后果可以设想:原子核的部分引力线因不能密封而外漏,向外寻求作用对象,一当遇到力线便产生引力,这同电磁引力产生的物理机制类似,所以,正电荷同负电荷并不“对称”。对称思维不仅表现在正负电子理论方面,也扩展到几乎所有粒子与物质,在此不拟一一讨论,只提出一项观点:自然界既存在许多对称事物,也存在许多不对称事物。前者如作用力与反作用力;后者如物质的存在。任一物理事物是否属于对称或不对称,最终必须由实践中的“存在”所结论,决不能在取得确证前预先假设。即使依据对称思维,中子的“反粒子”是什么子?当今除了“正电荷”存在意味着正电子存在“这一假设外,还假设“正电子同电子的电荷、质量相等相反”。《量子力学》提出“正电子同电子相集合转变成一对光子,质量、电荷均相抵成为零;正电荷同负电荷的相吸代表正电子同电子相吸,此吸力使电子绕原子核旋转而不能逸去”。

  以上理论不能解释为什么质子轻于中子,似可说明为什么不能给出光子质量,为什么原子含有电子外层等问题。但以上理论是否正确需要审慎对待,因为,其中有“假设”成分需要取得确证,否则,有可能重复前人“地心说”的故事。学术上关于宇宙星群的运动,最早是“地心说”,很长时间作为优势理论。以后,哥白尼发现了地球绕日运行,提出了“日心说”,上世纪,发现银河系是太阳系的中心,能否说成是“银心说”呢?不久前,有人提出“黑洞中心说”,人们似乎难以摆脱对“中心”的寻求,所寻求的是一个巨大质量的天体。但是,在一个星体随机分布的太空和以万有引力作为动力的宇宙中,宇宙真的存在一个诸如此类的中心吗?目前关于“正电子”的理论中存在以下假设:

1、粒子、物质的质量可以取正值也可以取负值;

2、粒子质量可以取零值;

3、摩擦中产生;

  附带,还存在一个问题:正电子同负电子之间出现相吸(异性相吸),但正电子同正电子之间,相吸还是相斥?所列这些假设若有一项被否定,便可能动摇“正电子”的存在,因此,需要认真讨论。

1a、物理量值的正负具有相对性,相对于一个人为规定的参考坐标,因此,正与负,难以绝对地说。但是,对于物质的“存在”而言,参考坐标只能是零点,“有”,才可以计量质量是多少。“无”即为零或真空,所谓“负质量”不是客观存在,仅仅是虚构,不属于物理范畴。因此,“正电子”质量取负值这一假定,从理论上难以成立。

2a、粒子质量可以取零吗?这里实指的是“光子”质量。对于“光”,不但经典物理未能形成妥善理论,现代《量子力学》也只从形式上给出了薛定谔方程。《量子力学》将光定为“光量子”且规定质量为零具有假定性质,能解释部分问题,但也受到明显的质疑,例如,“折射”这一物理现象只能用波动理论解释方才合适,光的干涉也难以采用“光量子”理论,“可见光”应理解为电(子)场中传播的特定频率的波动,电子是波的介质,因此,光波并非同粒子(电子)无涉,但光波本身只是波,能量由波运载,具有一定频率,能量并非来自“光量子”,更同“正电子”无关。可见,光量子理论只能选择性地用以解释某些物理现象,而非“光”的完善理论,依然未能摆脱“波粒”二论各说其是、分庭抗礼的局限。 “质量为零”便是真空,物质和真空不能划等号是理论上的重要原则,我们是否要放弃它?

3a、基本粒子可变吗?迄今物理界似乎倾向于肯定这点,但肯定基本粒子可变的正确性如何?可变与不可变,截然不同,可变,意味着自然界的物质类似神话中的物质,变幻莫测,这至少同电子迄今所显示的性质不同,作为基本粒子之一,它除了在《量子力学》中被认为可以变为“光子”——已论证过,此说不实——之外,它一直保持着不变,不可分的特色。

其它“基本粒子”如何?现代粒子理论在处理基本粒子时或许将问题复杂化了,按说,“不可再分”应当是基本粒子必须满足的条件之一。组成原子有质子、中子、电子三种“粒子”,原子核中只有质子与中子。现代粒子理论有一种列出十二种基本粒子(除电子,分为三组)。试问,若说每个质子、中子由三组中各出一枚粒子组成,怎样方能保证质子质量一致性达到10-5?这里所面临的是一种难以置信的理论,因为通常由少数“组份”合成多数“品种”,例如,100余种化学元素和数百种同位素只由三种“粒子”组成,中子,质子由这么多“基本粒子”组成,不是显得难以理解吗?问题是,如何阅读轰击质子得出许许多多种不同电子伏“粒子”这类自然信息。

  在现有测量方法下,“电子伏”所指示的是能量即含有质量m和运动速度v两个因数;同时,目前不能分辨被测“粒子”是一粒“单身粒子”还是一个“组合”,因而,真正粒子(即一粒)的质量同“电子伏”之间无必然关系。

  质子受到轰击分裂是一种客观现象,在分裂产生的“粒子”中它们其实是“组合”的概率是很大的,因为,事实表明,受轰击后并未形成“彻底分散”局面。为什么这样呢?因为在太阳等恒星核反应辐射出的粒子中的成员与中子、质子受轰击产生的辐射有较大不同,这说明中子质子并未达到彻底分散。在现有除电子外的11种“基本粒子”中,只有电中微子可能是真正的一粒,果真是,假设它以光速运行,质量约为<1.2×10-36克,其它的更可能是呈“组合状”的组群。当这些组群在轰击下“蜕变”为更小的“粒子”时,人们作出的判断应当时认为它们“转变”成为一种“粒子”呢?还是被解析为较小的组群呢?

说中子、质子、介子、顶夸克、τ子等“基本粒子”可变看来有一定误会,原因已如上述,不妨相信,真正的“基本粒子”是一粒不会再“细分”的粒子,它不会转变为其它粒子。当电炉丝由升温而逐渐发出可见光时,说是“电子与正电子合成了光量子”是可信的吗?可信的是,电阻材料在电流激发下外层电子转速加快,以致激起空间电场的波动。

4a、摩擦可产生正电子吗?这恐怕是一道回答不出机理的难题。最后一个问题是,如果存在“正电子”,其同类之间是相吸还是相斥?按“同性”理解,自然应当相斥。但是,在原子核内质子之间却牢牢相吸!

  以上讨论均对正电子的“存在”不利,如果不能否定这些“理由”而坚持“正电子”存在,恐怕于理不合。迄今似乎并未出现单纯的“正电子”或“正电流”,而是以“正电荷”、“正离子流”代替,前已说过,此间含有假设的成分,二者不能划等号。有人提出“正电子寿命极短”,这一理论可以解释不能发现正电子或正电流的原因,但同正电荷可以长时间存在有出入,更同质子在原子内稳定地保持正电荷相乖。因而,“正电子”的存在是假设的结果,属于虚构。本文已经做到了不假设存在“正电子”,照样可以解释有关自然现象。

这相当于从理论分析中否定“正电子”的存在。

  在此,应当分析一下1932年C.D.安德森(Carl David Anderson, 1905-1991)“发现了正电子”一事。安德森采用一个带有非常强磁铁的威尔逊云室来研究宇宙射线。他让宇宙射线中的粒子通过室内的强磁场,并快速拍下粒子径迹的照片,然后根据径迹长度、方向和曲率半径等数据来推断粒子的性质。1932年8月2日,安德森在照片中发现一条奇特的径迹,这条径迹和负电子有同样的偏转度,却又具相反的方向(右图),显示“这是某种带正电的粒子” 由此他果断地得出结论,这是带正电的电子。

“正电子”从此走进了“现代粒子”目录。不仅如此,这还为粒子的“对称”理论提供了支撑。

  现在看来,在这里,可靠的乃是,确实是一条“粒子”迹线,在“斥力场”中显示其偏离方向同电子的相反。电子在直流电激励的磁场中受到斥力,此斥力产生的机理是:斥力线与斥力线相互作用形成斥力F2(参见《L11 b力线力学概要 》),若说这是“形成‘同电子所形成的力方向相反’的粒子”是实事求是的说法。但是,若说它是“正电子”则于理不足。

  如:放射性元素镭发出α 、β 、γ 三种射线,说 α 粒子“带正电”是合适的,说它就是“正电子”或包含“正电子”则不可以,理由在上述“摩擦生电”的分析中已叙述过。

  存在“带正电”而质量又近于电子的粒子吗?其实,“带正电”的物理实质乃是“发出引力线”,宇宙间只有两种基本粒子:引力子、斥力子,前者发出引力线,后者发出斥力线, 所以,安德森发现的“粒子”必定是发出引力线的同电子质量相同的基本粒子,至于是引力子还是斥力子,不妨通过具体设施的力分布情况加以判断。人们需要透过“成千上万种粒子”这一谜团,所有粒子与“粒子”(它不是一粒而是粒子组群)从发出力线角度看,只有“发出引力线”与“发出斥力线”两种。粒子与物质间形成的力,也只有引力与斥力两种。

   

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L09

Positron?


(S. G. Chinese)



Abstract until now that still belong to the conjecture for the existing of positron 

Key words   positron   photon


  The phenomenon of through friction to appear charge of insulate material has find at remote antiquity. Before more than two hundred years, people to fix, when rub the fur with glass bar, the charge which carry out at the top of bar is “positive charge”, the fur carry negative charge, this two kind of charge are “ draw each other with homosexual” and “repel each other with opposite sex”.

To this the explanation of modern physics is, the “positive charge” is from “positron”, “negative charge” from “negative electron” namely electron. 

  And to consider “repel each other” is due to the repel force that exist among homosexual electrons and “draw each other” is due to draw force that exist among “electrons of opposite sex”.

  Electron, now it has been deemed was one of basic (elemental) particles which does to form the atom, the repel force between electrons to make they be inclined to scatter and up to full of space to become the construction material;it is general can be survey of electron flow in the lead and to shoot to space, electron really open up its objective existing. About “positron”, the situation to be different, some phenomenon to seem may be got explanation with “positron”, but to further inspect and verify was hardly got real result yet.

  For example of the friction to cause electricity, when the glass bar rub with fur, according to the provision, which is to cause “positive charge” on the top of glass bar and the negative charge on the fur. It seems follow with reason if to say the “positive charge” mean exist positron there and negative charge mean exist electron. But when give the further probing, how can out of positron from friction of two kind of material (no matter of any kind of chemical component)? This problem is hardly to answer. Because of any atom does not contain “positron”, “friction” is the outer layer of two kind of material to happen “drive” each other, this mechanical action was very often to see, if to say this friction action can to produce “positron”, what is the reason? Where hide they former? When the charge fade away, where does they gone? If to say that is the friction which does made “positron”, what’s the “raw material”? What’s the reason? 

  In a word, before the friction there have not “positron”, if after friction there have “positron”, where did they come? Of cause, the “positive charge” was objective reality, here call into question is, does “positron” come from “positron”? since “positron” have not the source, unable firmly to say the “positive charge” is born of “positron”, the remaining problem is, find out the reasonable excuse for positive charge, now to discuss to this.

 First, need to reply::why the atom do not appear charge under normal condition? Second, what’s going on about “carry charge”? the first problem namely so called “electrical neutrality”, the atom layer of every elementary are all under siege with electrons, the atom appear neutrality external mean besides gravity it no longer appear other acting force. 

  To this natural phenomenon, ought to understand it is the “well seal” of the force line of atom it self, the force line get reciprocity among atomic nucleus and outer layer electrons, only remain a few force line leak out——this few leak force line be able to through acting each other to form gravity.

 How can to reach “well seal”? this need the outer layer electrons get “even distribution” , electrons are incessant whirl on the outer layer of atom, it means the whirl orbit is “random”, if once in order, then cannot be in even distributing. Generally, among electron is remove each other,

The even distribution can be natural form, and then, the atoms are all show neutral. This is the reason of the materials are not carry charge generally. 

  The friction is “drive” each other of outer layer electron of two kind of object, the result of “drive” is the distribution of outer layer electrons to happen “changing”, if it is insulate material, this “changing” was hardly heal in the short time. Clearly, it has two kind of “changing”, the first is, the density of electron does lean sparse;the second is, it does lean dense. Such to explain the “friction to be born electricity” is clear and coherent, the different with in force theory is lack of participation of “positron”. To admit above explanation is equal to deleted “positron” from particle clan. Conversely, to think “positron” been existing, it should be find statement for its source.

  Under the circumstances of “raise density” of electron, namely carry negative charge, its distribution of electricity line is very clear in the《static-logy》;the matter if carry positive charge namely been lessened part electrons. To the “neutral atom” of the force line has get rather well seal former, the aftermath of to loss part electrons from outer layer is may imagine:the part attracting force-line would leak to outside, to seek acting object, when to meet the force line from other matter and then to cause attracting force, this is similar with the physical mechanism of born the electromagnetic attracting force. So the positive charge is not “symmetry” with negative charge. The symmetrical thought not only to show at theory side of positive electron and negative electron, but also extend almost all “particle” and matter, here would not plan to discuss one by one, only to raise a viewpoint :nature both exist much symmetry things and much not symmetry things. 

  The former such as the acting force is equal to anti-acting force;the rear such as above electron and charge. Any physical thing if belong to symmetry or not symmetry, the conclusion should be follow the existing of practice, in no way to suppose before get corroboration. Even if according symmetry thought, what is the antiparticle of neutron? 

 Today, besides suppose the positive charge means“exist positron”, also suppose “the quality and charge of positron are equal and opposite with electron”. 《quantum mechanics》to raise “positron gather with electron turn into a pair of photons, the quality and charge are all balance out become zero;positive charge attract with negative charge is delegate attracting of electron and positron, this attracting force make electron whirl around nucleus and cannot escape”. 

   Although above theory cannot be to explain why neutron does light then proton, but seem may explain why cannot have quality of photon and the difficult problem of why atom possess electron layer etc. but if it was correct need prudence treatment, because among this it has “suppose” ingredient need to get corroboration, if not, it’s possible to repeat the ancestors story of “geocentric theory”. 

   Academic theory about stars movement, at the earliest is “geocentric theory”, for very long time to regard as superior theory. Later, Copernicus find the earth was go around the sun, to raise “sun centre theory”, previous century, find milky way galaxy is the center of solar system, if can to say it is “center theory of milky way”? not long ago, someone to raise “center theory of black hole”, people seem hard to break away to seek for“center”,to seek a celestial huge quality. But, in the outer space the stars are random to distribute and gravity act as power, is really exist such center of cosmos? currently among “positron” theory exist below conjecture:

1、the quality of particle or matter may be to take positive value also to take negative value

2、the quality of particle may be to take zero value 

3、the basic particle is variable, electron may be change into photon

4、positron may be born from mechanical friction

That is why these theory belong to “mix of correct、incorrect ”, the mistake is it was establish on the transience base of “the quality variable”.

Incidentally, still to be a problem:positron been draw with electron (heterosexual is draw each other), but among positron, repel each other still draw each other? How to explain the behavior of protons in the atom? If but one item of above conjectures get negative, so might waver the existing of “positron”, need to serious treating, now handle discuss:

  1a the physical measure vale possess relative nature, it is relate to a stated reference coordinate by people, there fore, hardly absolute to say positive and negative.But to the “existing” of matter, the reference coordinate should be to take “positive” only,”none"namely zero or vacuum, so called the “negative quality” is not the objective existing but is imaginary, it does not belong to the physical category.Therefore, the assuming of positron possess negative quality is hardly to establish from the theory.

2a is the quality of particle may be to get zero? Here real to point the quality of “photon”.To the “light” , not only classics physics cannot to form the proper theory, modern but just give the “Schrodinger equation”.《quantum mechanics》prepared “light” be decided to be the “photons” and to sit the quality to be zero, it has the hypothesis property and can to explain the part problem only, but also suffer palpable question, such as, the physical phenomenon of “refraction” only just proper to get explanation with wave theory, the interference of light also hard to use “photons” theory, “visible light” ought to be interpreted as the wave of special frequency which is spread in the space electric-field, 

electrons was the medium of the wave, the energy been carried by the wave, possess a certain of frequency, the energy does not come from “photons”, and more unrelated with “positron”.It is clear, the photon theory only with selectivity when to explain some physical phenomenon, and does not the perfect theory for the “light”, it still can not break away from the confine of to say self’s right and meet as equals of two theory of “wave、grain”.“the quality to be zero” be the vacuum, matter cannot be equal to vacuum is theoretic major principle, if we would give up with it? 

3a are the basic particle variable? Until now physical field seem be inclined to sure this, but how about the correctness of to sure the basic particle is variable? Variable be entirely different with invariable, variable mean natural matter is similar with mythic matter, 

and changing does not get former reckoned, this at least was unlike with electron until now appeared nature, accomplish the one of basic particle, besides it be deemed to change into “photon” in the《quantum mechanics》, it always to keep the characteristic of unchanging and undivided. 

  How about other “basic particle”? ordinarily, “undivided” ought the one of to have to pleased condition of basic particle.there are three kind of “particle” of proton、neutron、electron make up the atom, only proton and neutron in the atomic nucleus.

  There have a theory from modern particles theory it lists 12 kinds of the basic particle(in addition of electron, divided to three group). we ;;;should ;;;like ;;;to ;;;ask, if to say a proton or neutron is made of three particles which out from every group, how can to guarantee the quality consistency of protons reach to 10-5?Here faced the theory of incredible, because generally from a few “component” compound to many “variety”, such as, with hundreds of more than 100 kinds of chemical elements and isotopes only consists of three kinds of "particles". If neutrons and protons is composed of so many "elementary particles", is not difficult to understand? The problem is, how to read the natural information of bombardment proton draw many kinds of different electron volts "particles" . 

  Under modern survey method, “electron volt” is point out energy namely contain two factor of quality m and velocity v;at the present time it was cannot to distinguish the surveyed particle is one “bachelordom particle“ or a “colony assemble”, thus, the quality of the true particle (namely one only) does not certain relation with “electron volt”.

  Proton happen fission when suffer bombard is the objective phenomenon, among the “particle” which born from fission, the probability was prodigious of they really was “assemble”, because of in fact after suffer bombard proton does not got “complete scatter” phase.Why so? The reason is, the member of radiation from star of sun rank is comparatively large unlike then proton、neutron born after bombard, this to explain proton、neutron does not got complete scatter.   Among currently existing 11 kind of basic particle, besides electron, only electric neutrino may be true one grain, the other more probable was “group”, when these “group” “metamorphosis” to become more small “particle” under bombard, the judge of people ought to think are they “transform” to some more small “particles” or analyzed to less groups? 

  It seems have some misunderstanding to say variable of the basic particle of neutron、proton、meson、six kind of quark、τ-neutrino etc. the reason as above-mentioned. Might as well to accept the true basic particle is a can not again divided one and do not be change to other particle.When the heating wire from heating up and gradually to send out light, if to persuade that is “electron is compounded photon with positron” , does it is credible? The credit is, the outer-layer electrons of resistance material get faster rotate speed under the current exciting, down to excite the wave of space electric-field.

4a may positron born from friction? It perhaps is a difficult problem of none reason for reply.

  Moreover, if exist “positron”, if draw each other or repel each other between the same type? According to “homosexual” to understand, naturally ought to repel each other.but, in the atomic nucleus the protons firm draw one another yet!

  Above discussing are all harmful to the existing of positron, if cannot negative these reasons but to persist the existing of positron, perhaps not accord with mechanism.Until now it seems do not appear pure “positron” or “positive current”, but to use “positive charge” or “plus-ion current” to replace, above has persuade, here contain conjecture ingredient, it cannot put equal sign between these two side.Someone to raise a theory of “ the live of positron was very short”, this theory able to explain the reason of cannot find positron and positive current, but is discrepancy with positive charge may be exist for long time, more removed from proton stably keep positive charge in the atom.Thus the “existing” of “positron” is the result of conjecture, belong to the imaginary.This text has been live up to explain relation natural phenomenon as usual when does not suppose existing “positron”.

  This equal to negative the existing of “positron” in the theory analysis.

  Here, should to analyze the event of Carl David Anderson ( 1905-1991) find “positron”. he use  ;;;Wilson cloud chamber with a very strong magnet to investigate cosmic rays, he make the cosmic particles through indoor strong magnetic field, and quickly snapped pictures of particle track, and according to track’s length, direction, and the radius of curvature and so on data to conclude that the nature of the particles. 1932.8.2 , he found in the photo a unique track, this track have same  ;;;degree of polarization with electron but the direction just the opposite, shows it is the particle of carry positive charge, thus he decisively concluded, this is the electron of carry positive charge.

“positron” from then on into the "modern particle" directory. Not one that, it also support of the particle’s symmetry theory. 

It now seems, here, the reliable thing is, indeed a "particle" trace, in "repulsion field" shows the deviation direction with electronic instead. the electron’s repulsion force-line act with magnetic force-lines to form the force (see also in 《L11b the summary of the force-line mechanics》) , if to say” this is the particle of carry positive charge” is the view of seeking truth from facts. But, if we say it is "positron" is insufficient.

Such as, radioactive uranium from α、β、γ rays, to say particle α carry positive charge is suitable, it can’t be to say it is “positron” or contains “positron”, the reason has been in above “ friction to cause electricity”.

Whether exist the particle of “carry positive charge” and the quality near electron? In fact, the physical substance of “carry positive charge” is “issue attracting force-line ” , so, the particle of Anderson find should be the basic particle of its quality is the same with electron and issured attrctingfoce-line, as to whether it is graviton or repulton, might as well to judged through analyze the distribution of the force of the specific facilities, people need through the "tens of thousands of kinds of particle" this mystery, all particle and “particle”(it dose not a grain and is the group of particle), from angle of issue force-line to see, only two kinds of particle of “issue attracting force-line” and “issue repulsion force-line”. As the force between particles with matter, also only two kinds of attracting force and repulsion force.