L07a光与真空中光速 
                                                              陈理士

提要 本文通过分析，对“真空中光速守恒”提出改进意见。

Abstract this essay 　through analysis to raise the improving view to “the light velocity to be conservation in the vacuum” 

关键词 光速 相对论 波动论 微粒说

keywordsvilocity of light 　　　　 relativity 　　 wave theory 　　 corpuscular theory

　( English text see rear)

1 缘由

　　1881年迈克尔逊进行的那次著名的试验拟验证以太对地球的漂移，但仪器光路交换位置后干涉带不变。此结果出人意料之外，似乎表明“以太相对地球”不飘移。以太随地球运动吗？光在空间到底是如何传播的？这些都成为问题，当然，比这更大的问题是人们虽然假定“光由以太传播”，却并不能肯定“以太”存在，不能考虑到“以太”究竟是什么。针对此次实验洛伦兹提出了运动方向物体长度缩短的“洛伦兹变换”作为解释。

　　 在洛伦兹变换和麦克斯韦方程之后，《相对论》提出了“真空中光速不变”，这一解释由于有了物理.、数学的进一步补充而上升为“原理”。《相对论》从物理角度将光速同坐标值联系起来，分析不同参照系统间光速规律；时间视为一元，同三个坐标参数组成四元函数空间，推导了在四元“空间”性线变换的（数学）规则。用“真空中光速不变”对迈克尔逊试验作解释使当时人感到叹服。

　　经典物理学未意识到“光”具有速度，无意中置光速为无穷大，到上世纪初，光速的数值已越来越精确的被测出。把光速的影响加以接纳其重要性是明显的，在高速飞行中，如不考虑这一影响，如何正确判定客体位置以防碰撞？如何正确判断两个高速相对运动体系间的时间过程？

　　因此，《相对论》的功绩是巨大的，但是，经过100年知识积累，今天物理界有可能更加正确地作出分析，对前人认识进一步加以完善。

　　“光在真空中速度守恒”这一“原理”是正确的吗？对于迈克尔逊实验有没有更合理的解释？显然，三维空间以及更多维函数空间的数学规则并不直接涉及光速是否守恒，这里面临的主要是一个物理机理的分析。

　　从物理角度看，理论上，真空应当真实地“空”，不存在任何物质才算真空。但这种真空不能传播光，不能发出光，因此，真空与黑暗同义,真空中没有光，何来“光速”？如何还存在“光速守恒”？由此可见，用新观点重新分析是有益的，只有经过不同方面的反复质疑，理论方能正确可信，使不完全正确的理论趋于正确。

2 光

　　究竟什么是光？光是由何种媒质传播的？这使人联想到三百年来光的“波、粒”二说分庭抗礼和分道扬镳的现实。

　　这两个物理模型的不同之处显而易见，但它们却有两个共同特点即：“部分有理”与 “过度开拓”各自的涵盖范围。

　　三百年前的光，指的是可见光。今天，已经将“一系列”既有量别也有质别的物理事物“全部”纳入同一个“光”中。

　　波动论一方以电波模型涵盖“全部”，微粒论一方同样以量子模型涵盖“全部”，均含有“边界扩张”。所以，问题不在模型而在未能正确界定模型应用范围而欲使其“普适”。

　　从超低频电波到三棱镜折射出的紫外波具有波动、折射、干涉等性质，是应用波动模型的合适对象，作为波动模型，应当止于紫外波；将具有射线性质的紫外线，X射线等事物交由“微粒”模型处理。双方各守边界而不努力将对方勉强纳入己方领域是消解“波、粒”争议的根本措施。

　　因此，同时存在“波”和“粒”两个模型，可见光属于“波”一方，具有波的性质。狭义的光，就是可见光；广义的光，包含从三棱镜折射出的红外、紫外两段和可见光。不在“光”这一述语下包含射线和不在“射线”之中包含“光”是对客观现实的尊重，只有这样，对“光速”及其“守恒”与否的分析才比较合适。

　　光作为电场中的波动，其所具有的特性波动理论已经有了完整描述，麦克斯韦的微分方程对“电磁波”的描述，包含了准确的物理机理，但也要注意到，“磁波”只反应了波导内部的物理过程，空间，亚原子粒子中不存在“磁”现象，而只存在“作用力”。当然，这同方程并无龃龉，只需给导磁系数以相应数值即可。由上可见，本文对“光”的认识与以往不同的是，觉察到了“波、粒”分歧的实质。被称为“光”的“全部”物理事物中，共同之点是其“演员”只有一个：电子；不同之点是所扮演的角色：作为“介质”还是“载体”。至于频率，对双方来说，都只属于“量别”。并非由于不能寻求“波、粒”的统一才采取一分为二的做法，而是尊重实际，需要承认区别，因此用不同的物理模型，分工合作才能使“全部”属于“光”的物理事物，得到谐和的描述。

　　就是说，现在所说的“光”，事实上包含了电波和射线两种不同类型的物理事物，“波、粒”双方都只能于解释一部分现象，谁也没有“全面涵盖”的能力。

　　“二象性”理论的问题在于避开机理而将波、粒说成同一事物的不同表象，这种“调和”颇为勉强，在遇到如光折射、核分裂等事件时便难以说清，那里存在的只是“一象”。

　　 过度开拓引起的“部分失误”导致“光”理论的“波、粒”之争，但是，由于双方都“部分有理”，谁也不能压倒或取代对方。所以，若不从物理意义上分清“波、粒”双方，争议永不会停止。自身难保的“二象性”理论同样也陷入了“过度开拓”，企图将“二象性”推广到“有普遍意义”。

　　电波、电磁波、光波、阴极射线、X射线、伽玛射线、宇宙射线等物理事物它们之间既有相同、相似之处，又有不同之处，需要从实质上一一理清，不能仅仅满足于用“波、粒”模型一分为二，更不能“含糊其辞”地由一种模型“笼而统之”或用“二象性”理论调和之 。

　　在“光”这一名词之下，以恢复经典物理学的“涵盖范围”为佳，即“光”只代表引起“光感”的那一段电波，“紫外”也不是一个模型可以足够的，从三棱镜折射的是“紫外波”，具有穿透能力的是“紫外线”。

3 光速

　　 光速是否“在真空中不变”显然是重要理论问题，需要说明的不是简单的“是”或“不是”，而是其理何在，为此，要找出“光速”的物理实质。

　　光速属于波速。波速受介质种类和介质密度、均匀度影响，宇宙空间、大气、透明固体、透明液体都是“介质”，这些介质中起作用的是“电子矩阵”即介质中的电场。“真空”曾被认为是光介质，其实，是将充满电子矩阵——空间电场——的空间误认为“真空”，从理论上，空间不存在宏观真空，不能在光速同真空之间建立联系。“光在真空中的速度” 命题不能成立。

　　同“光速”有关联的是介质，介质中的电场乃是电子矩阵，影响光波传播的因素是电子密度和场电子的“自由”程度，这两个因素都对光速发生影响。宇宙空间的电子具有最高的自由度，空气中透明体中的电子离原子核较近，其自由程度相对较低，这是光速在不同介质中具有不同数值的原因。在相对平静的空间，离开恒星足够远处，空间电场可视为“均匀”，同“光速守恒”数值上并无很大的出入，但是，作为“原理”，不能不承认光速受电场“密度”影响，难以绝对守恒。亦即“理论上说，光速不能守恒”。有事实为据吗？证据便是光经过恒星附近的“引力弯曲”，“弯曲”是众所皆知的事实，“引力”作为弯曲原因只是一种分析，但此分析明显不正确。因为，引力乃是“最弱”的力，它对任何物理量的作用远小于电磁力、弱作用力和强作用力，迄今并未发现那“三种”比引力强得多的力对电波或光波的行径发生明显影响，因此，“引力弯曲”的分析难以置信。那么“弯曲”是怎样发生的呢？优先考虑的当然是介质方面的因素。显然，恒星附近电子密度远高于远离恒星的空间，因为恒星是电子辐射源，并且“梯度”很大。当光从远方行近恒星时，实际是进入逐渐“密”的介质，以“最近点”为界限，过此点后，又进入逐渐变“疏”的介质。由此便可看出，“光线”——实际为光波——由于介质密度的改变，先是速度逐渐变慢，过了最近点逐渐变快，在空间“走”出一条凸向恒星的曲线，“似乎”受到“恒星吸引”，对此，作出“引力弯曲”判断可以理解，但是，其物理机理却在于“空间介质的密度改变”，或是“折射率”的改变所引起的光速改变。反之，如果“光速守恒”，“弯曲”是不会发生的。介质密度改变引起光速改变是折射定律的核心，所以，在介质中，光速可变无足为怪。

　　“真空中光速”就是“宇宙空间光速”，是在空间电场中传播的电波波速，理论上宇宙空间电场强度虽然在远离恒星的区域，大致上“稳定”，但这一“稳定”，较之地球上人为创造的环境要略差一些，这显然就是空间测距精度比地面要低的物理背景，可见，宇宙空间光速大体上可以“比较恒定”，但是，若将这种事实上的“比较恒定”改变为理论上的、原理上的“恒定”，则有乖于事理，是不正确的。

4 光速守恒议

　　究竟怎样对“光速”的守恒与否进行结论呢？如上所述，需要的不是简单的肯定与否定而是对机理的明晰，因为，物理上不少理论上的守恒都不是严格的从机制上的守恒，例如虎克定律规定应力同应变之比守恒，实际上，即使经过严格工艺制造出的材料，“不守恒”的程度也达到10-3。为什么材料不能严格的“遵守” 虎克定律呢？回答是，是虎克定律假定了材料的性能为线性关系，实际上任何材料都不能完全达到“要求”。可以说，是理论存在偏高估计。因为，任何金属材料同理想的弹性体有一定差异，由原子之间所传递的应力决不能如设想的那样保持 应力/应变＝常数，充其量只在某一小段范围内近似常数而已。这一小段名为“在弹性限度内”。光在电场中传播具有某种程度的类似，所谓“光速守恒”分为三种情况，一是对于各种频率光――多色光――均表现守恒；二是对不同强度——亮度——的光波其波速守恒；三是在相对运动中光速的守恒。现分别讨论如下：

　1、已经提过，同光相联系的是各种介质，不同的“光介质”相同之处在于都存在一个光波可以传播的电场，亦可称为“电子矩阵”，不同之处为电子的密度以及它们自由的程度。广大宇宙空间除了“电子矩阵”外，还存在正在聚合中的“粒子”，它们有些已形成原子或物质，但密度很低，绝大多数电子相对地最为“自由”，因此，空间电场对于光波说，其性质接近理想，各种不同的波长均可具有相同速度。甚至，经过若干亿年的长距离传播，方才发生一定“红移”。但是，一般“透明体”就做不到，其“电子矩阵”成员相对地不那么自由，它们受到原子核的影响，这种影响对不同频率是不相同的，因此，光进入这类介质，不仅速度下降，而且不同频率的光波速度下降得不相等,出现“色散”。这使光学专家为此颇费心思地在透镜设计中消除色差影响。所以，宇宙空间理论上没有“色差”而透明体必定存在色差。宇宙空间各种频率光波速度相等，透明体反之。

　2、根据波动理论，波速与振幅无关，作为理论，这是正确的。为什么波速与振幅无关？因为按照波动理论，振动周期与振幅无关，为什么？因为振动物偏离平衡位置越大，所积蓄的势能越高，这一线性关系要求实际存在的空间电场得以提供，但一涉及实际，影响因素较多，绝对符合理论要求便难以做到。上面已提到，金属材料的弹性不符合理论的程度约为10－3，空间电场绝对符合理论是不切实的，试看，一颗遥远恒星的光，同附近恒星太阳相比，亮度相差了1012（10的12次方），在如此巨大的衰减之下，波速不能完全符合理论值，是可以理解的，若说振幅为1的波，其速度为c，当振幅衰减到10－12时，其波速“降低”了约46％，亦不足为奇。当今，有人因为这一“降低”而认为宇宙正在“膨胀”，进而认为空间存在大量“暗物质”、“暗能量”且远远多于可见物质。但是，人们能够举出哪怕是一项实际上绝对不变的物理事物吗？为什么单单光速能够做到这点呢？

　3、相对运动对光速有无影响？波动理论认为介质运动影响波速。其实，迈克尔逊实验的问题也在此，因为，在实验室条件下，空气作为介质不流动，仪器回转，其实不影响实际光程，设想中游离且飘移的“以太”在现场处并不存在。所以，不能见到干涉图形的变动；对此，洛伦兹提出“运动方向物体长度缩短”，《相对论》提出“光速守恒”。今天看，这两种判断均属误判。 “介质不动”乃是实验结果出现的原因，对此，有证据吗？有，1886年所做的那个斐索实验可以佐证，这个实验在光路中安排了水，当水体发生流动时，确实看到干涉带改变，可以证明介质运动影响光速。

　　因此，用“光速不变”解释迈克尔逊实验同用“运动方向物体长度改变”解释同样缺乏机理，是不正确的判断。为了慎重对待已有成果，理应恢复经典物理学波动理论取得的成果。仅当观察者处于静止、均匀介质中，波速方才不变，如果观察者同介质之间发生运动，或者空间介质场存在梯度，波速便会受影响。这里对于《相对论》所作的改进在实际应用中方向是一致的，因为《相对论》对光速的应用，主要体现在“四维时空”之中，是在高速运动中对待“信息失真”的措施。

　　“光速有限”已经产生了“信息延迟”，当从望远镜中观察到一颗星体的亮点时，它是那颗恒星在若干亿年前所发生的光波，它现在肯定已远离那个位置，也肯定不是原样了！

“光速有限”也使人认识到，两个高速相对运动的体系之间的“时间”会出现“失真，当相对速度接近光速时，失真的程度越来越大。经过线性变换，对于高速运动目标的位置可以作出修正，使所感知的坐标值修正为真实值，使所观测到目标上的时间过程成为真实“长度”。在这方面，相对论的贡献十分巨大。

　　至此，根据机理，对于“光速”的“守恒”与否已经有了更为准确的认识, 把光速看做一个普通的物理事物，不赋予它“速度守恒”等特殊性质。

L07

Light and light velocity in the vacuum

S. G. Chinese

Abstract 　　through analysis to raise the improving view to “the light velocity to be conservation in the vacuum” 

Key words light velocity　　 relativity 　　 wave theory 　　corpuscular theory 

　　　　 1 cause

　　The famous test by Michelson in 1881 it plan to prove the Ether’s migration relative to the earth, when after to exchange the position of light path of the instrument but find the interference fringe have no change, this result is unexpected. It seems to show the Ether was no migration relative to the earth. If the Ether was move follow the earth? Finally how did travel of the light in the space? These all become the problems, certainly, the problem large than this was although people suppose “the light is spread by Ether”, but can’t affirm Ether is exist, can’t to think what is the Ether actually? To aim at this test Lorentz to raise the “Lorentz changing” ： “the matter’s length get curtailing at movement direction”, use as the explaining.

　　 After Lorentz changing and Maxwell equation, 《Relativity》put up with “the light velocity is conservation in the vacuum”, because of this explanation have further supplementary by physical and mathematic so get go up become “principle”. 

《Relativity》 from the angle of physical and put the light velocity link with the coordinate value, to analyze the rule of light velocity between the different reference systems. The time be treat as one element, it make up the space of four-element function with three coordinate axes, and derive the mathematic rule for linear transform of four-element space. Use “the light velocity is conservation in the vacuum” to explain Michelson test and to make the contemporary people in admiration. Classics physics does not be aware of the “light” possess velocity, to place the velocity of light was infinity unconsciously, until next century begin, the value of light velocity does measured more and more precise. The importance of to admit the influence of light velocity is clearly, in the high velocity flying, if without regard to this influence, how to proper judge the position of object and lest should collide? how to proper judge the time process of two system when in high-velocity related movement? 

　　Therefore, the feat of 《Relativity》 was gigantic, but , the knowledge accumulate to go through 100 years, today it’s physical circles possible to do more right analysis, to make further perfect for ancestors recognizing. 

　　If the principle of “the light velocity is conservation in the vacuum” was correct? To have or haven’t more logical explanation for Michelson test? It is clearly, three-dimensional space and the mathematic rule of more dimensional function-space are not direct involve if the light velocity is conservation, here major face the mechanism analysis．

　　 From physical angle to see, in theory, the vacuum should be truly “empty”, do not exist any thing just the vacuum. But this vacuum cannot to spread light, cannot to send out light, therefore, the vacuum is synonymy with dark, none light in the vacuum, where come from the light-velocity? What way to exist the “light velocity is conservation”? From this can be seen, that is useful for use new viewpoint to re-analysis, only through over and over call into question, the theory’s correctness just credibility, the imperfectness theory able to go correct. 

　　　　 2 light

　　After all, what is light? What kind of medium does spread light? It to cause the associate to the reality of two theory of “wave and particle”, this two theory has been meet as equals and each going his own way over 300 years． 

　　The difference of this two physical model was clear, but they have two joint traits, namely：“part in the right”and “exceeding to open up”their cover range. 

The light before 300 years is point the visible light. Today, it has been prepared a series of both has nature different and quantity different physical things all bring into a same “light”. One side of wave theory use the model of electric wave to cover “whole”, other side of particle formalism and so use quantum model to cover “whole”, they are all contain “boundary expansion”. So that the problem not in the model but in not correctly definite the using field of model and wish it “general application”

　　From ultra-low frequency electric wave to the ultraviolet wave which refract out from triple prism possess the nature of wave motion、refraction、interfere etc. It is the suitable object of quote wave model, as for the wave model, the application should stop on the ultraviolet wave；

prepared which possess ray nature things of ultraviolet ray 、X-ray etc transfer to the quantum model to treat. Both sides each to guard border and not narrowly to get other side into it own side, this the basic arrangement for clear up the debate of “wave 、particle”． 

　　That is way, concurrence “wave” and “particle” two models, visible light belong to a side of “wave”, it possess the wave’s nature. The light of narrow sense just the visible light；the generalized light contain two section of infrared、ultraviolet which refract from triple prism and visible light. Not be under the term of “light” contain ray and not be under the noun of “ray” contain light is to respect the objective reality, so and so only, the analysis to the “light velocity” and “conservation” just rather suitable.

　　To regard the light as the wave in the electric field, the wave theory has been complete to describe its property, the describing to the electromagnet wave by Maxwell’s equation contain veracious physical mechanism, but also take notice for “magnet wave”, it only to reflect the inner physical process of the waveguide, does not exist “magnetic” phenomenon in the space and the particle of sub-atom, but exist force-line there. Certainly, it has not contradiction with equation, only need to give relevant value of coefficient of magnetic conductance. Above can saw, the difference of recognizing of this text is, has discover the substance of different of “wave、particle”. in the “whole” physical thing of go by name of “light”, the common point is the “performer” only one：electron； the distinct point is to act as “medium” or “carrier”. As to the frequency, all belong to the quantity-classify for both sides. 

　　Really isn’t due to it can’t find uniting just to take the way of “one divide into two”, but respect to the practice, need to admit the difference, therefore to use unlike physical model, only divide the work and to cooperate , thus just can to let “whole” thing of belong to the “light” get concordant describing.

　　That is to say, now what is said “light”, in fact contained tow kind of different physical things of “wave、particle”, both side only can explain a part of phenomenon, no one possess the ability of “total cover”, 

The problem of the theory of “dual property” rest with avoid mechanism but prepared “wave、particle” are the different apparent of the same thing, it is hard to clear when meet the event of as light refraction、nuclear fission etc, there exist only “one property”. 

　　Excessive open up to cause the “partly miss” and to bring about controversy of “wave、particle”, but, due to the both sides are all “share in the right”, one side cannot overpower or to replace other side. As a result, if does not distinguish both sides of “wave、particle”, the controversy will always not stop. The “dual property” theory hard to defend itself but also sink into excessive open up, look forward to mark more widespread to “have general meaning” for the “dual property”.

　　　　 3 light velocity 

　　If the light velocity does “constant in the vacuum” is the important problem of theory clearly, it does not simple “yes” or “no” need to explain, but wherein the reason, to this end, should find the physical substance of light velocity. 

　　The light velocity is belongs to the wave velocity. The wave velocity would to bear the influence of the kind of medium and the uniformity of medium, cosmic space、atmosphere、transparent solid、transparent liquid are all the “medium”, in these mediums, the living thing is “electron matrix” namely the electric field in the medium. It has been regarded the “vacuum” is light medium, in fact, that is miss think to the space ,which full of electric matrix ——space electric-field——but take it for vacuum, in theory, space not exist the macroscopic vacuum, it should no be set up the relation between light velocity and vacuum. The proposition of “light speed in the vacuum” is unable to establish．

　　To relate to the “light speed” is medium, the electric-field of medium to be the electron matrix, the factor which affect light wave spreading are the density of electron and freedom level of field electrons, this two factors are all to happen influence to the light-speed. The electron of cosmic space possess maximal freedom level, the electron of air、transparent body was nearer from atomic nucleus, their freedom level is lower relatively, this is the reason of the light possess different speed when in the different medium. In the relative placid space, to depart the star is far enough, may be treat the space electric-field is “even”, it is not big difference on the value with “light velocity is constant”, but, to regard it as the principle, have to admit the light velocity was influenced with “density” of electric-field, hard to absolute constant. 

　　Namely, “on the theory, the light velocity should not conservation”. If have the fact act as proof? The proof is the“attract-force bend” of light to pass from star nearby’, “bend” was the fact as is known to every one, “attractive” only a analysis to the reason of bend, but this analysis is incorrect clearly. Because of the attract force to be the weakest force of the “four kind of force”, it is less then electromagnetic force、weak acting force、strong acting force, until now did not find that tree kind of force have influence to the route of light wave even though they are more strong then the attract force, so the analysis of “attract-force bend” is incredible. Like that, how did the bend get to happen? Priority to think over certainly is on the factor of medium side. It is clear, the electron density of star nearby would far hyper to the space of removed star, because star is the radiation source of electrons, and the gradient was large there. When light from distant location travel close to a star, actually is into the medium of gradually “dense”, put the nearest act as the boundary, after to go over this point, into the medium of gradually change to “thin”. There out espy , the velocity of light line——actually is light wave——first was get gradually change to slower, to pass of the nearest, the velocity get gradually change to fast, to traveled out a curved shape convex to star, it seem suffer “star attracting”, withal, make up the deciding of “attract-force bend” is able to understanding, but the physical mechanism just “the density change of space medium”, or, that is the change of refraction rate to lead to the changing of light velocity. Conversely, if “light velocity does constant”, the “bend” be unable to happen. The changing of medium density cause the changing of light velocity is the core of “refractive law”, therefore, in the medium, it is not worth to be queer of the light velocity does variable. 

　　“the light velocity in the vacuum” just like “the light velocity in the space”, it is the velocity of electric wave which to spread in the space electric-field, In theory although electrical field strength roughly “stable” in the region of removed from star, but this “stable” would to lack compare artificial surroundings on the earth, clearly this just the physical background of which the precision of space-ranging would low-lying than in earth’s surface, it is clear, space light-velocity roughly may be “relatively stable”, but, if to use this actually “relatively stable” change to “stable on theory” or on the principle, then violate of logic and is don’t right.

　　　　 4 discuss to light velocity is conservation 

　　 After all how to do the conclusion for conservation or not of “light velocity”? As stated above, it is not need to simply sure or negate but to clear the mechanism, because of not a few physical conservation are all not strict conservation on the basic mechanism, such as Hooke’s law to set the stress divide strain is conservation, in fact, the material even if made up though strict technique, the level of no-conservation also to reach 10-3. why the material can not be strictly “comply with” Hooke’s law? The reply is, to be the Hooke’s law to assume linear relationship of the material, in fact any material cannot be complete to reach this “require”. As it were, just theory exist overrate. 

　　Owing to any metallic material have a certain difference with perfect elastomer, “the ratio of stress and strain is equal to the constant” is cannot to keep as imagine．At most only similar to the constant at a small range． This small range named “at inner of elastic limit”. It have partly similar with the spreading of light in the electric field, so called “light velocity is conservation” is divided to three situations, the first is, for every frequency of light——multi-color light——are all to show conservation, the second is, for different strength——illumination——of light, the wave velocity is conservation, third is, light velocity is conservation in the relative movement. Now with separate discuss as follows：

1、it has carried, to link with light is every kind of medium, the same side of the different light-medium is all exist a electric field in which the light wave may be spread, also to called as “electron matrix”, the different side is the electron density and their freedom level. 

In the vast cosmos space except for “electron matrix” still exist the “particle” in the process of polymerization, some of them already form the atom or matter, but the density is low, most of electron relatively are most “freedom”, for this reason, space electric-field toward light wave, it’s characteristic near ideal, every kind of light wave all possess same velocity. Even spread through long distance of a certain number of hundred million years, just now happen fixed “red shift”. But the general “transparent body” then can’t be done, its member of “electron matrix” not so free relatively, they suffer influence from nucleus, This influence was difference in different frequency, therefore, when light to enter these medium, not only the velocity get to drop, but also the drop was not equal. To cause the “chromatic dispersion”, to make optics expertise give a lot of care fore this and to eliminate the influence of chromatic dispersion in lens design. So on the theory the cosmic-space has not “chromatic dispersion” and the transparent body must be exists of chromatic dispersion. The every kind of light wave of different frequency would possess equal velocity in the cosmic space, and the transparent body does contrarily. 

2、 According to the wave theory, the wave velocity was unrelated to the amplitude, serve as theory, it is correct。 Why the wave velocity does unrelated with the amplitude? Because of according to the wave theory, the vibration period is unrelated with the amplitude, why? When the vibration matter more depart of balance position , its potential energy get more high, this linearity relation require to supply by actual existent space electric-field, but when touch upon reality, the influence factor is much, absolute in keeping with theory require is hardly arrived. Above has mentioned, the elasticity of metallic material was fall short of theory about 0.1%, it is not practical of space electric-field is absolute in keeping with theory require, try to take care of a remote star, its light compared with sun, the illumination was differ at 1012（10 to the power of -12）, under so large weaken, its wave velocity to reduce about 46 % is not at all surprising. Nowadays, for this “reduce”, some one to think of the cosmos in “expanding” now, and then to think of the space exist large quantity of dark matter、dark energy and more than enough to the visible matter. 

But, who is able adduce even if one physic thing of absolute unchanging? Why only the light velocity can doing to this? 

3、have the influence to the light velocity by relative movement? Wave theory to think the medium movement would influent to the wave velocity, in fact, the problem of Michelson just here, because of under the condition of laboratory, the air serve as medium was non flowing, when the instrument get turning, really is not influent to the actual optical length, the “ether” of dissociate and entrainment in the imaging but does not existing on the spot. Therefore, the changing of interference image is can’t in sight；to this, Lorentz to raise “ the length of movement body would to curtail”, Relativity to raise “light-velocity conservation”. 

To look at to day, these two kinds of deciding are all belong to error judging. “the medium does not move“ is the reason of the result of that experiment, have any proof to this? Yes, the Fizeau experiment in 1886 may be the evidence proof, this experiment to arrange the water in the light road, when the water is flow, indeed see the interference fringe get change. It able to proof the medium movement was influence to light velocity. 

　Therefore, to use “light-velocity conservation” to explain Michelson test and to use “the length of movement body would to curtail” are all out of mechanism, is the incorrect deciding. For prudent treat to the acquire result, ought to reinstate the obtain result of the wave theory from classical physics. Only observer located in still and homogeneous medium, the wave velocity just now in unchanging, if happen movement between observer and medium, or the space medium-field exist of grads, the wave velocity then suffer influence. Here the improving to the Relativity is consistent in practical application, because of the application of light velocity to the Relativity, major to be reflected in “four dimension of time-space”, is the arrangement for treat “information distortion” when under high speed. 

“light velocity is limited” already to cause the “message delay”, when observed a bright point of a star from telescope, it is the light wave by that star to send out before a certain number of hundred million years, the star surely already removed from that position and does not original shape! 

The “light velocity is limited” also to make convince of it would be arise the “time distortion” between two high-speed locomotive system, when the velocity of relative motion near light-velocity, also the level of distortion more and more large. 

　　Through linear alternate, towards the position of high-speed object may be turn to amend, to make the perceptive coordinate-figure become truth value. To make observed time course of the object become truth “time length”. In this respect, the contribution of “four-dimensional temporal and spatial” of Relativity is very huge.

　　Thus, according to the mechanism, towards “conservation” or not for the “light velocity” already haven more veracious recognizing, to hold light velocity as a general physical thing, don’t give it the special nature of “velocity conservation” etc. 

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