L06 夸克 Quark

陈理士

( text in Englishsee the rear)

摘要 对于夸克的认识存在失误，夸克的“可变”、“可分”都证明它们乃是“复数粒子”,正确认识方能使夸克变得不难理解

关键词 夸克 

　　如今周知的是，夸克是“基本粒子”，并且已有六种之多，与它们同是基本粒子的，至少还有六种之多。现理论还认为，十二种“基本粒子”除去电子分为三组，每组各出一枚组成中子、质子。该理论存在一个明显的问题：将十一种不同质量的粒子分三组，从每组中各取一粒，怎样才能保证所组成的质子、中子的质量如实测那样高度一致呢？至少，首先用数学方程或计算机显示这种可能。重要环节如不扎实，理论何以敢信？

一枚粒子，如果真是基本粒子，至少应符合以下条件：

（1）是一粒，不可分，不可变，不能成为 “碎片”

（2）质量最小，但必须有

（3）能机理明确地聚合成为所有其他各种“粒子”和物质

（4）其行为符合基本物理规律

　　夸克虽已“成名”，但却不能全部符合以上条件，甚至难以完全符合其中一条。如发现某种“粒子”可分裂，很自然地会设想分析：“分裂的物理意义荷实际情况是什么”？这里有两种估计：

　　一是，一粒“粒子”一分为二或一分为多。分的结果是成为比原来小的粒子呢还是一些“碎片”呢？如果说分成了“小粒子”，这就意味着粒子会“变形”，大自然当然不会这种魔术，因为没有这种变的机理；如果分的结果是“碎片”，那么，粒子、质子、中子、原子无不面临粒子和“碎片”的混合，宇宙中“碰撞”不断发生，“碎片”越来越多，在距离“此前”无限时间后的今天，还会有“完整”的粒子吗？

　　二是，“能分裂的粒子”不是真正的“一粒”而是“复数粒子”。它们被强大引力“胶”住，碰撞使它们“散伙”或“部分散伙”。

　　如果后者是粒子“分裂”的真像，“碎片”问题便不会出现。

　　当年，同时有两人提出比质子、中子小的基本粒子，分别命名为“夸克”和“爱斯”，都没有赋以具体的物理性质，如果夸克真是基本粒子，不应存在以上问题。

　　从一开始，“夸克”的概念就含糊，现在则添加了难以理解：它“发展”成为包含六种大小不同、可转变的“夸克”组群。近代粒子理论提出，质子由一种夸克、一种中微子、一种介子三合一聚成，使夸克成为三组“基本粒子”中的一组。今后，如按同样思路，“基本粒子”的队伍很可能还要“扩大”，那时，夸克将更加难以理解。

　　可以看出，“粒子能变”是不现实的，“二”相对可信。

　　根据以上（1）判断，“六种夸克”全部不是基本粒子而是“复数粒子”。 这里，只要证明基本粒子不可变这一判据。问题涉及物质究竟能不能变？经典物理总结了质量不灭、能量不灭两条规律，沿用了几百年。一百年前，《相对论》提出“质量可变”后，因为解答了几道难题，特别是方程E=MC2似乎定量地解答了核能来源而令人钦佩。这不但使两个“不灭”规律遭搁置，而且也使人们有失严谨，忽视了任何物理变化必定存在机理而并不追问“质量变化”的机理。

加速器不能将粒子加到光速的原因何在？分析加速原理可知，加速电流和被加速粒子的关系类似风与帆，帆速总要略低于风速，因此，是“风帆效应”起了作用而不是被加速粒子“质量变大”，若说粒子“质量变大”是怎么个大法？粒子的体积、密度、数量哪一项能变大？变的机理何在？

　　粒子在雾室中或感光胶片上出现迹线中段能说明那里发生了“质量湮灭”吗？否，因为能显示踪迹的只是少部分粒子，“显示”显然有一定条件，显示也必然损失粒子能量，这就会使，个别粒子在开始时达到显示条件，走了一程后降到阈值，变为不能显示，因而迹线中断。如说那是“质湮”，需要找到机理，没有机理，务实地说，只是迹湮而非“质湮”。

上述能量方程能否证明“质量变能量”呢？由于没能意识到中子、质子乃是众多基本粒子聚成的“微涡旋星系”（见《L04 物质演变》），涡旋速度极高，其动能即为原子能，如果质子、中子解体，基本粒子飞出便能显示并得到原子能（mc2），这是能量方程合用的物理背景。能量方程可以用来描述质子、中子含有巨大能量，但不能代替机理。

可见，支持“质量可变”的“实例”幷不扎实，现在，质量可变已找不到可靠的实例支撑与机理支撑。

　　基本粒子不可变是经典物理“质量不灭”的合理而又自然的延伸，是宏观质量不变的基础。一百年前，为了回答难题，不意中犯下了原则性的失误，在缺乏机理情况下接受、相信了“质量可变”观点，甚至误以为是自然规律，中国有句熟语：“有理走遍天下”，缺了机理的“理论”难以成为正确理论。数学界的严谨值得借鉴，未切实验证之前，任何学说只能是“猜想”，不能作为理论应用。“哥德巴赫猜想”尽管已经证明到了相当程度，依然只视为“猜想”。

　　既然夸克可变，可以肯定它们不是基本粒子，究竟“谁”是基本粒子？基本粒子有多少种？这需要从力线、作用力的角度分析入手。力的大小决定于作用力线数量多少，与“性质”无关；力的“引、斥”属于性质区别，应为分类依据。

　　于是，自然界的力可分为引力与斥力两类；力线分为引力线与斥力线两种。合理的推测是，基本粒子也只有两种：引粒子与斥力子。它们分别发出引力线和斥力线，斥力线同斥力线相互作用产生斥力，记为F2，斥力子与斥力子间形成的力当然是斥力，不难分析出，斥力子就是电子，正因为F2，电子之间互斥，所以它们散布于空间，形成空间电场，但是，电子的质量比现在认定的9.1×10－28克小得多，此数是氢原子外部的电子质量总数，假设氢原子外围只是“一枚电子”则于理不足，设想，如果质子外围只有一枚电子，它怎么能够使得氢原子的空间得到良好密封从而具有电、磁中性？

　　引力子之间形成的力是引力，记为F1，此力使质子、中子成为“微涡旋星系”难以分散，即使极高速度的冲击，也不能彻底分散，而是形成一些不同的“小组”，这些“小组”却被认为是不同的“粒子”，于是命名了许多不同的“粒子”，区分的依据是“电子伏”亦即动能，它们是否真正一粒却被忽略，这是有了六种夸克的原因。根据（2），同样可以判断夸克不是基本粒子。在目前的认识方法下，还可能“发现”“新夸克”和其他新“基本粒子”。

　　可见，夸克之所以难理解，在于认识和理解的不足，六种夸克，没有一种是“一粒”，因此,它们都不是基本粒子，至于“可转变”，更表明不是基本粒子。有了这样的问题，夸克和相关理论自然难以理解。

夸克乃是现代物理基础理论中的重要“成员”，它是否扎实对于基础理论有重大影响，摆在夸克理论面前的问题不少， 需要明确，它们到底是不是“一枚”，需要回答，质子、中子为什么质量能够高度一致、原子能究竟从何而来、它们的“可分”与“可变”的物理真像何在等等。

　　六种夸克既然都不是基本粒子，质子、中子又是怎么构成的呢？夸克同质子有何关联？上面提到的《L04 物质演变》一文的回答是，质子是空间具有光速的引力子相互“引住”进行“回旋”的“微涡旋双星”逐渐发展起来的大约1012（万亿）枚引力子聚合一起的“微涡旋星系”，受“聚合效应”制约，聚合只能达到质子规模，因此，六种夸克和三种中微子、介子、200多种重子等等都是规模尚未达到质子的“微涡旋星系”或者是质子受到冲击“分裂”形成的“粒子”，关键的问题是，至今未能觉察到那些形形色色的“粒子”其实并非“一粒”而是“微涡旋星系”，这一认识上的不足使粒子理论重大失误，误以为基本粒子可分、可“变”，“变”得毫无机理，以至，“什么是物质”成了现代物理学不能回答的头道难题。

　　通过测量得到的电子伏，再考虑“粒子”的单数、复数，可以作出以下估计：

六种夸克都是引力子的“微涡旋星系”，其中，上、下、粲、奇、顶、底 六种夸克所包含的基本粒子数量分别约为：3×106（兆）、4×109（吉）、1.×109（吉）、100×109（吉）、200×109（吉）50×109（吉）枚。

　　从这个意义上说，除了上面提到的“粒子”，今后还可能发现许许多多“新粒子”，它们其实都不是真正的“一枚”而是“复数粒子”，如果不从“真实”的角度理解事情的意义，其中有一些很可能要被命名为新的夸克。

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Quark

（ S. G. Chinese ）

Abstract this text has analysis the open question of the subject area and to raise some Improvement

Key word quark 

　　　It is publicity now, “the quark is the basic (elementary) particle”, more over it has 6 kinds, together with them to do the basic particle least 6 kinds. The present theory still to consider, the 12 kinds basic particles divide to 3 group, each go out 1 to make up neutron、proton。There is a problem of this theory clearly：from each group each to choose one, how can prove the quality of every neutron、proton get very identical? At least, first should use the mathematic equation or computer to show this probable. If the major link does not sturdy, how dare to believe this theory?

　　At least, if a particle is a truly basic particle, it should be to agree with following condition：

（1）Just one, may not to dividing or changing, can not to become fragment

(2) The quality is least but should be have

(3) Can be polymerized to whole other “particle” with clear mechanism

(4) Its activity is to be in line with basic physical discipline 

Although the quark has been become famous, but it can not whole agree with above condition, even can not whole agree with in one condition. If find some kind of particle may be divide, it would to analyze naturally：“what is the physical mechanism and the practical situation of the dividing”? Here has two kind of estimate.

　　The first is, the particle is one divides into two or more, how about the result of the dividing? Is it become some less then former or but some splinter? If to say divide to some “little particle”, this mean the particle be able to be out of shape, nature of cause be unable to this magic, because it have not the mechanism of this changing；if the result of dividing is “splinter”, like that, particle、proton、neutron、atom are all face the mixing of “splinter” and particle, the colliding is continues happen in the cosmos, the “splinter” would more and more, today, it is to be apart to the fore for unlimited time, have the complete particle else? The second is, the particle of dividable is not true “one particle” but a “plural particle”.They “pasted” in by large gravitation, the collision cause them disband or partly disband.

If the rear is the true of the “particle fission”, thus the “splinter” would not the problem.

　　 In those years, at same time there are tow men to raise the basic particle which less then proton and neutron, separately called “quark” and “as”, they are all not give specific physical appearance, if the quark is true basic particle, it does not exist this problem. From beginning , the idea of quark only obscurity, now it has added with indigestion：it been developed into six kind of changeable group. Modern times the particle theory has raising, the proton、neutron are three in one polymerized by one kind of quark one kind of neutrino and one kind of meson, so let quark become a group of three. From now on, if according to the same thought, the ranks of basic particle may be still to “expand”, at that time, the quark will more above one’s head.

　 It can see, “particle variable” is un-practical, The “second” is credibility relatively. Basis on above deciding (1), “the six kind of particle” are all not basic particle but the “plural particle”. Here so long as to prove the criterion of the basic particle cannot be change. The problem is touch upon if the mass can or cannot changeable after all? The two summaries of classics physics are law of conservation of matter and law of conservation of energy, it dose continue to use for some century. A hundred years ago, after the relativity raise “mass variable”, because of it has answer some difficult problems, especially the equation E=mc2 seems had replied the source of nuclear energy and cause someone to admire. This not only let the laws of “two conservation” turn to shelve, but also let people had loss preciseness, neglect of any physic changing should be exists mechanism and not to ask the mechanism of the mass changing.

　 Wherein the reason of the accelerator cannot accelerate the particle to light velocity? To analyze accelerating principle may know, the relation between accelerating electric current and accelerated electrons is like the wind and the sail, the sail speed always rather be lower then the wind speed, therefore, just the “wind-sail effect” was the action and not the mass of accelerated particles got change to large, if to say “mass change to large”, what is the method of large? Among volume 、density and quantity, which item able to change? What is the mechanism of this changing? 

　　When to appear the trace-line break off from fog room or the photographic film, if to explain there is to happen the “mass annihilate”? no, because of only the few particle can to show the trace, “showing” should with fixed factor clearly, “showing” also would be loss the energy of particle, this may be let respective particle. It can dose to reach appearing factor when it begin to enter experiment region, after been away some distance was drop to threshold so change into disappear, thus the trace line get break off. If to say it is “mass annihilation”, it need to find the mechanism of annihilation, if not, it only trace-annihilation and not mass annihilation.

　　If the above energy equation can be prove the mass is variable? Due to it does cannot be aware of the proton、neutron is the “micro vortex galaxy ” of polymerization of numerous basic particles 

(see《L04 Development of matter》)，the velocity of vortex is top high, its kinetic energy just the nuclear energy, if proton、neutron get disassemble, the basic particles fly put then to show and to get nuclear energy (mc2), this just the physical back ground of usage of energy equation. The energy equation may be use to describe the proton、neutron are contain huge energy, but cannot instead of mechanism.

　 It is visible, it does not firm of those examples of to support mass variable, now the “mass variable” cannot be find the supporting of reliable example or mechanism.

　　The basic particle may not be changing is reasonable and natural extending of “mass conservation” of classic physics, is the basic of macroscopic mass-conservation. A century ago, for reply to the difficult problem, had to offend the principle miss unconsciously, under shortage mechanism circumstances, to accept and believe the point of “mass variable”, even wrongly consider that is natural law, China has a idiom：“in the right, can walk through the all land”, if the theory lack of mechanism it is hardly to become proper theory. 

　 It is worth use as a source of reference of preciseness of mathematic circles, before practical inspecting and verifying, any theory be the “suspect” only, should not be use as theory。The ”Goldbach conjecture” although has been prove arrived fairly level, but still treat as “conjecture”. 

Since the quake is variable, it may be sure they are not the basic particle, actually who is the basic particle? How many kind of basic particle? it need begin from the analysis of the angle of force line and the acting force. The magnitude of the force was decide to the quantity of acting force line, it has not relation to the nature of force；the “leading、reproving” is belong to the difference of nature.

　　Upon that, the force of nature may divide into two kind of gravitation and repulsion force. The logical surmise is, the basic particle also have two kinds only：graviton and repudiatron. They separately to issue the attractive-line and the repulsion force-line, the repulsion force-line act with the repulsion force-line to cause repulsion force, to mark it with F2, the force between the repudiatron is the repulsion force certainly, may be to analyzed, the repudiatron. Is even the electron, just because of F2, the electron would repel each other, therefore they disseminate into space, to form the space electric-field, but, the quality of the electron was far less than modern maintained 9.1*10-28gram, this is the total outer mass of electron of hydrogen atom, (2009.4.29)

　 It is lacking on the logic if to conjecture only one electron lay on the outer of hydrogen atom, if one only, how could the hydrogen atom get well honeybee sealing of its outer space and possess neutral of electromagnetic? 

　 The gravitation is formed between gravitons, mark it use F1, this force cause proton、neutron

become the “micro vortex galaxy” and hardly to scatter, even if bear the attack of utmost velocity, nor could complete scatter, but to form some different “group”, these “group” be deemed to the different “particle”, upon that, it have named many different “particle”, to differentiate they with “electron volt” namely kinetic energy, but forget if they are truly “one”, this is the reason of “it has six kinds of quarks”. According to (2), also may be decided the quark does not the basic particle. Under the knowing of passing method, still may be “find” “new quark” and “new basic particle”.

　 It is clear, the reason of difficult understanding of the quark was the lacking of recognizing and understanding, it has not one kind of quark from six kinds of quarks is the true “one”, therefore, they are all not the basic particle, as to the “changeable”, even more to make clear they are not the basic particle. To have these problems, the quark and relative theory would hard to got understand. 

　 Quark is the major “member” of the basic theory of modern physics, if it does firm would have great influence to the basic theory, not a few of problems to place in front of the theory of quark, it need to clear, finally they is or isn’t “single”, need to reply why could get high unanimous of mass of proton and neutron , after all where come from the nuclear energy? What is the physical true for the changing of quark’s “variable” and “dividable” etc.

Since the six kind of quark are all not the basic particle, how to make the proton and neutron?

　　What is the relation of quark and proton? Above mentioned the reply of 《L04 Development of matter》is, the proton is from the “micro double star” of gravitons with light velocity they attract each other and to do whirl and then gradually to develop to the “micro vortex galaxy ” of about 1012 polymerized gravitons, to bear the condition of polymerization effect, the polymerization can arrive proton scale only, there fore, six kind of quark, three kind of neutrino, meson, more then 200 kind of baryon etc. are all the “micro vortex galaxy ” of not arrive proton scale yet or the proton was bear attack so “break up” to form the “particle”, the pivotal problem is, until now it not discover those great variety and diversity of “particle” really does not “one” but “micro vortex stars”, this lacking on the recognizing let particle theory great lapse, to error consider the basic particle “variable” and “dividable”, the “changing” be least of mechanism, down to “what is mass” become the fist difficult problem of modern physics.

　 Through the been knowing “electric volt”, and to consider the odd number or plural number of particle, may make with the reckon as following：

The six kind of quark are all the “micro vortex galaxy ” of graviton, the six kind of “up、down、charm、strange、top、bottom” quarks separately contain members about ：3×106、4×109、1.×109、100×109、200×10、、50×109。

　 From this meaning to say, besides above mentioned “particle”, from now on also may be find a lot of “new particle”, they are all not truly “one” but the “plural particle”, it doesn’t from true angle to understand the meaning of matter, some of them in all probability be named“newquarks”.