L05 E=MC2 方程能量何来 where come fr

2019-1-7

                                           L05 E=MC2 方程能量何来  

 

                                                       陈理士


(the text in English see the rear) 

提   要    经过分析发现,E=MC2(MC平方) 方程的能量E来自中子、质子形成时基本粒子转变运动方式使动能蕴含于内部,在中子、质子解体时方从新显示出来

关键词   E=MC2 能量方程



  E=MC2方程(以下称“方程”)是现代物理中广为人知的方程。它出自《相对论》,一般解释为“物质转变为能量”。如果是这样,就必须回答“物质如何转变为能量”。《相对论》中是这样说的:“质量与能量实质上是相像的,它们只是同一事物的不同表示”,如此一说,似乎就不需回答上述问题。因为人们当时对“质量是是什么”并不存在疑惑(当今已成为物理难题)。但不论怎么说,质量与能量之间,不能划等号,这是经典物理规定了的,若要改变,需要理由,需要证实。原来能量定量地等于1/2mv2,定性地可用mv 作为代表。这一描述适用于所有种类的能量,“不同”能量的共同点是全都存在mv,不同点在于速度v的不同以及具有速度v的是质量m的全部还是其中的一部分,所以,能量不能游离与质量之外,没有质量就没有能量。

  《相对论》提出“质量随能量改变”指的是在加速器中带电粒子达不到光速。认为这一事例表明质量随速度增大,开列了洛伦兹变换方程,用这组形式优美的方程协助描述“速度达不到光速”。但是,方程是为机理服务的。在加速器中并不存在质量变化的机理;粒子速度加大后,质量如何“变大”?是粒子增多,比重增大还是体积扩大?变大是什么机理?实际上,当分析加速器工作原理时可以看出,粒子所以“加速”是由于受到电流驱动,导线中电流速度为光速,故被驱动粒子只能比光速略低。电流与被加速粒子的关系如风与帆的关系,“风帆效验”使粒子达不到光速而不是质量变大所致。既然加速器原理中确存在“风帆”关系,不论粒子质量“变”与“不变”,均不能达到光速,既然迄今找不到质量可变的机理,依靠洛伦兹方程只能令人感到问题已经解决而放弃追寻机。

  质量还表现似乎可以“湮灭”,在原子试验中,“湮灭”作为一个述语已庶几不容置疑。但既然涉及质量“可灭”,就需要仔细审察这里是否面临了质量真正“可灭”或“可变”的实例。上面已分析过,此前的质量在加速中“可变”属于误会。“质湮”是在各种“示踪”仪器中观察到的,粒子的迹线有时呈现“中断”,被认为粒子的质量在此处发生“湮灭”。但是,并非每一粒子都可在仪器中显示踪迹,在同时穿入仪器的许多粒子中,为什么只有少数粒子方能显示迹线呢?显然,粒子“能态在某一范围内”是被示踪的条件,这自然就暗含了,某些粒子在开始示踪时能量在阈值之内,但离下限很近,在示踪途中,动能减少,其能量已达到阈值下限之外,于是,迹线表现为中断,此后,该粒子已成为那些不能被示踪的粒子中的一员。如果将迹线中断判断为“质量湮灭”,怎样看待那些数量众多的根本不能被显示踪迹的粒子呢?否认它们客观存在是不客观的。

  核爆炸是否表明质量毁灭转化为能量?恒星的核反应不断向空间输送基本粒子,放射性物质不断向空间辐射粒子,核爆炸也同样向空间辐射出大量粒子。正是这些接近光速的粒子它们以其动能表现了“核能”。如果说,1公斤物质,它们分解为以光速飞出的粒子,这些粒子总能量的量级显然是Mc2,还用得着“质量毁灭”吗?可以看出,如果先搁置描述所采用的方程,将注意力全部转向机理分析,在回答“核能从何而来”这个问题时,原可以不离开“质量不灭”基本规律,既找到核能的真正来源而又不至陷入“质量、能量可变”的尴尬境地。但是,由于忽略了追寻机理,核能何来便归于“质量转变”。再强调一下,上面说过,如果能使1公斤物质分解成粒子且以光速飞去,这本身就产生了Mc2 量级的能量,此能量既不游离于物质之外,也不是“质量转变”而来,恰恰相反,这一机制不要求其中哪怕一粒粒子作何种转变。亦即,在核反应中,“质量不灭”规律依然得到遵守。对于“方程”中的能量何来的回答是:从核反应中产生。进一步的提问是:核反应为何能使物质生成Mc2 量级的能量?如果我们确信能量和质量不灭,就只能回答:“核能原本就在原子之中,只是在一般情况下蕴含于核内而不向外显示”。近代粒子理论已认定的“基本粒子”有十多种,从基本力只有两种看,真正的基本粒子只有两种,其中一种发出引力线;另一种发出斥力线。力线相互作用形成力。力线的三种组合为:

 (1) 引力线与引力线,生成引力;

 (2) 斥力线与斥力线,生成斥力;

 (3) 引力线与斥力线,生成引力,此力较(1)小。

只需说明(3),理由是:电子处于原子外层且较易离开。所以,基本粒子只有斥力子与引力子两种,显然,斥力子就是电子,引力子是谁?现在难以肯定。可以肯定的是:它是质量最小的原始引力线的发出者,它不能进一步蜕变;能吸引电子,故被称为“带正电”;恒星核反应向空间辐射大量高速基本粒子,它们在空间若近距(小于埃的量级)相遇,引力子与引力子便可能相互吸引而不再分离,这一转变“能量守恒”,它们原先的相对速度近乎光速c,相互吸住后转变为相互回转,原先的直线运动速度转变为回转运动的切线速度。

  这里描述的粒子聚合已经看出了质子蕴含巨大核能的来源,可以推测,中子、质子是上述聚合继续发展的结果。于是,中子、质子并非“一粒”或“夸克、介子、中微子”所组成,他们是为数众多的以近乎光速相对回转的基本粒子的“微涡旋星系”,引力子间产生的强大引力,使它们稳定地对外不表现出“具有能量”,一旦受到激发,回转速度加快,离心力胜过引力,“核反应”立即发生,它们以近乎光速四散离去,“发出”原子能。核能的理论值显然应按经典力学方程计算,即E=1/2mv2 式中v2是粒子回转切线速度的均方值,问题在于,V值虽然大体上接近光速c,实际上并未测定过,理论上不应该认为v2=c2。不妨认为v的值可能略小于或略大于光速。因此,方程近似地反映了原子蕴含巨大核能,从定性角度评估,作为能量方程,应当含有常数因子“1/2”;从定量说,由于至今不能测定“v”值,在可以预见的未来,要精确实测每个基本粒子的速度也很难做到,只能依靠“热量计法”,即较精确地测定每克物质核反应放出的总能量,然后反推“v2”值。在此情况下,既然现在提不出更精确的方程,理应继续应用方程直到更精确的“v”值出现为止。

  即使将来做到了这一点,即使今天认识到了“方程”的能量并非来自“质量转变为能量”,“方程”的价值和贡献不容低估。根据原子实践中人们经常使用“方程”作为能量计算式并未发现重大怀疑判断,“方程”的误差估计小于1个数量级。扣除因子“1/2”的影响,可以估计在中子、质子内部,基本粒子的切线速度在“光速附近”。

  至此,对于“方程”的能量来源,已作出了分析,简言之,物质的核能是在原子生成之时就蕴含在中子、质子内部的,是“先天”存在的。本文着重的是,核能并非来自“质量变能量”迄今并未真正出现质量转变为能量的自然现象或“人造质量”,所以,违反质量守恒或物质不灭的理论缺乏依据。质量能量相互转变方面的理论,迄今已走得很远,例如:“宇宙大爆炸前,所有物质均压缩在一个奇点之内”;“正、负质子高速对撞,可发出世界最大水电站工作十小时的能量”;“五维空间中存在我们的宇宙和另外一个隐宇宙……这两个宇宙相撞的能量生成了我们宇宙中的物质和能量”;“宇宙中现存物质占总量4%,暗物质占23%,暗能量占73%”;“宇宙通过隧道效验诞生,刚诞生时直径由10-34厘米”等等。

  在此试问,如果不能率先证明质量可以变能量,如果不能证明能量可以游离出质量之外,这类理论还有可靠支持点吗?

2019.3.20加注: 本文2008/6/3 登上本网站原先架构,2019.1月现在的新架构投入使用后未设计“加入时间、阅读次数”,故加注以说明原貌。


 

                                   L05                   Where come from the energy of equation E=mc2 ?

                                                                              S. G. Chinese



Abstract     through analysis can be find, the energy E of E=mc2 of mathematical equation is come from when the basic particle change the mode of movement to form neutron and proton, so the kinetic energy been included to the inner, it would reshow at the time of they get disassembly

Key words   E=mc2 the mathematical equation of energy


  Mathematical equation (use “equation” in rear) E=mc2 is the famous equation of modern physics. It out of Relativity, generally, the explanation is “the mass change to the energy”. Like this, it should be reply how could the mass change to the energy? Such in the Relativity:“the mass is like with energy, they are the different showing of the same thing”, 

So it seems should not to reply above-mentioned problem. But however it can not be equal between mass and energy, this is the rule of classics physics, if would change, need reason and confirm. The energy is equal to 1/2MV2 on the fixed amount and may delegate by MV on the fixed nature. This describing be same with hole kind of energy, the common ground of the “different” energy is they are all have MV, the differentia consist in velocity V and if the hole mass M possess V or only the portion mass was, so the energy can not dissociate from mass, none mass then none energy. The quality possess basic dimension of M, the momentum’s is differ a function with LT-1. from principle to see, use the electron volt act as the measure unit is relative, moreover also suppose hole “particle” was truly “one” inadvertently and all particle’s are same, it has been proofed in《The modern opinion of particle》,between thousands upon thousands “particles”, the particle of truly one only tow kind of basic particle:graviton and repudiatron. Other “particle” are all “plural” and not bachelordom. Moreover, only the particle which liberate from proton may regard possess same velocity, so even though the different of electron volt is can not equal to the mass difference. 

  《relativity》raise “the mass dose not constant” is point of which electrification particle can not reach light velocity in the accelerator. To consider this example make clear of the mass is augmenting to follow the velocity’s augment, to use the pretty Lawrence changing-equation for added describe “can not reach light velocity”. But the equation is served to the mechanism, it dose not exist the mechanism of the mass changing in the accelerator;after the particle get added velocity, how change to large to its mass? If the particle get increase or the proportion get augment and the volume get expand? What is the mechanism? In practice, when analyze to the principle of accelerator, it can see, the particle get acceleration is due to the drive of electric current, the current velocity to be the light velocity, so the driven particle’s velocity rather low with light velocity. The relation of the current and the driven particle is like wind and sail, “wind-sail efficacy” let the particle can not reach light velocity and did not be caused by the mass change to large. Sine the “wind-sail efficacy” exist in the principle of accelerator, no matter the mass of particle is “changing” or “don’t changing”, all can’t reach light velocity;since until to now it find not the mechanism of mass variable, depend on the Lawrence equation, men can feeling the problem have got resolve and to give up for to seek the mechanism but. 

  The mass still show it seem may get “annihilation”, among the atom test, to act as a speech, “annihilation” seem is not allow doubt, but since involve mass’s “annihilation”, then need careful to examine if here have faced the example of the truly mass “annihilation” or “variable”. Above have analyzed, the former “mass variable” in the accelerator is belong to misunderstanding. 

“mass annihilation” is observed in every kind of trace method, sometimes the particle’s trace present to break off, be deemed the particle’s mass was happen “annihilation” here. 

  But not each particle all to show the trace, among the particle which into test region at same time, why only the few can show their trace? It is clearly, the particle’s energy state if in a certain range is the factor of show, this imply naturally, the certain particle’s energy is in the threshold at begin trace, but near lower limit, en route of trace, the kinetic energy get to lower, its energy has to reach beside of lower limit of threshold, upon that, the trace shows break off, after this, this particle has been become one of that cannot be traced particles. If take trace break off to be the “mass annihilation”, how look upon that numerous particle they does not been to show the trace? It is impersonal if to deny their objective existing. 

  If the nuclear blast does indicate the mass is annihilation and change to the energy? The nuclear reaction is uninterrupted transport basic (elementary) particle to the space, nuclear burst are also radiation numerous particles to space. Just these particles nearly light velocity and with their kinetic energy to show the “nuclear energy”. Therefore, the nuclear burst is both not indicate the mass get perish and not indicate the mass change to energy. In case of 1 Kg mass is break down to the fly-out particle with light velocity, the total energy of them is with the order of magnitude of Mc2 clearly, need not to use “mass perish and change to energy” act as explanation, it can see, if set aside the mathematic describing at first, with hole attention to the mechanism analyzing, when to reply the problem of “where come from the nuclear energy”, the former it may be not to apart of the basic law of “the mass conservation”, both find the true source of nuclear energy and not sink into the awkward place of “mass、energy variable”. But, because of neglect to find mechanism, the source of nuclear energy thus accredit “mass changing”. Again to stress once, above-mentioned, if it can be let 1kg mass break down become the particles and fly out with light velocity, it is to produce the energy of order of magnitude of mc2 in itself, this energy both apart with mass and does not come from “mass changing”, just the other way, this mechanism is not require any one particle to do any changing. Namely, in the nuclear reaction, the rule of “mass conservation” is get respect as before. To the where come the energy of equation, the reply is, it is generated from nuclear reaction. The farther quiz is:why the nuclear reaction can generate of the energy of order of magnitude of mc2? If confident of mass and energy would not to extinguish, the reply is not having any other choice:“the nuclear energy is in the atom originally, but generally inclusion in nucleus and not showing to external ”. modern particle theory is firmly believe there are many kinds of basic particle, but from it only tow kind of basic force can see, the true basic particle only two kinds, the one to send out gravitation-line;the other one to send out repulsion force-line. the force line act each other to form the force. The three assembling of force-line is:

  (1) gravitation-line with gravitation-line to generate the gravitation;

  (2) repulsion force-line with repulsion force-line to generate repulsion force;

  (3) gravitation-line with repulsion force-line to repulsion force-line also, but this force is less then (1)

  Why (3) < (1)? The foundation is:the electron is located at outer layer of the atom and easy to leave. So only have two kind of basic particle, clearly, the repulton just the electron;who is the graviton? 

To it now is difficult to be sure, but may be affirm it is the particle of primitive sender of gravitation force-line and with least quality, it cannot be further transform or fission,may attract to the electron, so it is called “carry positive charge”;the star’s nuclear reaction radiate large quantity of basic particle of high velocity, if they get met with small distance(less then angstrom),the graviton may be attract with each other and no longer to separate, this changing in “energy conservation”, their former velocity at about light velocity c, after attracting each other dose change to the turning each other, the former velocity of lining movement change to the tangential velocity of circularity movement.

   From the describing of particle’s initial polymerization is already to see the source of the proton inclusion huge nuclear energy, may be surmise, neutron and proton are the result of continue developing of above polymerization. And then, neutron and proton are not “one grain” or “component from quark、 meson、neutrino”, they are the “micro vortex galaxy” of numerous basic particle and turning with light velocity, 

there have the strong gravitation between gravitons, so they got stable and don’t appear “possess energy”, once bear the exciting, the turning velocity get to speed up, the centrifugal force excel the gravitation, to happen the nuclear reaction immediately, the basic particles got circumfusion and go out with light velocity, to send out ——it is appearing in fact——the nuclear energy.       Clearly, the theory value of nuclear energy should to compute with the formula of classics mechanics, namely E=1/2mv2, v2 is the mean-square value of particle’s turning speed, the problem is, although the v is light velocity in the main, but does not been determination in fact, it should not to feel v=c, might to feel the value of v possess the order of magnitude of light velocity, that is hardly to determinate the speed of each basic particle, rely on calorimeter to measure the total energy then calculate the value of v , modern might as well to think the formula E=mc2 is an approximate formula. 

  Thus, toward the source of energy has been made out the analysis, in the simple, the nuclear energy was inculcated in the neutron and proton when the atom get to be produced, it is exist of innateness. This text put emphasis on which the energy dose not be come from “quality changing to energy”, until now it did not arise the natural phenomenon of mass changing to energy or “manmade mass” truly, thus, if to violate the theory of mass conservation would lack the foundation. To day the theory of the side of the mass and the energy changing each other already to walk very far, for example: “before the big bang, all mass are compressed in a point”;“the collision of positive proton and negative proton may issue the huge energy of working 10 hours of the biggest hydropower station of the world ”;“there is exist a hidden cosmos and our cosmos in the 5 dimension space……the energy of this two cosmos’s collision been generate the mass and energy in our cosmos”;“in the cosmos, the present mass is divine 4% of the total ,the dark mass is divine 23%,the dark energy is divine 73%”;“the cosmos was to be born through tunnel efficacy, when just born ,its diameter from 10-34CM……”etc.

  Here may ask, if at first may not prove the mass can be change to the energy, if may not prove the energy can be apart with mass, if have the reliable support-point of these theories?