L04a  物质演变matter's evolution

                                                                    陈理士

提   要   从基本粒子到恒星，物质在空间的演变存在基本动力和倾向，本文讨论这种动力和演变, 找出了演变机理，根据聚合效应、聚合实质回答了原子能的来源、宇称到底守不守恒、恒星是如何点燃的、为什么不可能发生宇宙大爆炸等等问题）

关键词　宇宙　 宇宙规模　行星　恒星　超新星爆发　物质演变　 核能　力线　力　引力线　斥力　斥力线　引力子　斥力子　剩余力线　 代数聚合　 蓄能聚合　聚合效应　 微涡旋星系　一级聚合　二级聚合　三级聚合　 聚散循环 “H”法

（the text in English see the rear） 

一　　力线　　 力 　引力子　斥力子　　

　　宇宙中物质演变的总趋势是什么？是什么机制点燃了恒星的核反应之火？类此问题希望得到解答，但为此，也需要暂且搁置成见，据理论证。亦即，根据现有理论难以致答。

　　首先需要暂搁的是关于基本粒子的理论。按理，有两种基本粒子就“充分且必要”了，这便是：引力子和斥力子，因为，按“性质”，力只有“引力与斥力”两种。

　　斥力子便是电子，但同现在的质量为10-28克的电子相比十分微小。理由是，如果氢原子外层只有一枚电子，氢不可能具有电、磁中性且进行布朗运动。因此，必须是“一份”而不是一枚。这一份是多少？应当足够多，“千而八佰”难以良好的屏蔽氢原子的外层空间，本文说的便是这样的电子；

引力子是发出引力线的基本粒子，它可能是“电中微子”也可能更小。稍后，将估计出它们的质量约为10-36（-36次方）克。

　　斥力子是发出斥力线的基本粒子。自然，一方的力线不能形成力，力线相互作用方能形成力，这是在电磁感应中已反复证实了的。引力线与引力线作用形成的当然是引力，记为F1，它是原子核难以分开和物体间存在引力的原因。对此的误会是，既未能理解质子相“吸”的机理，又囿于人性化的“同性相斥”，认为有一枚“胶子”起了作用，而在粒子轰击质子产生的“碎片”中，却发现不了这枚粒子。如果离开人性化的“阴阳、正负”，只关注质子“带正电”的实质是它发出引力线，原子核中的质子相吸而不是相斥就理所当然。

斥力线与斥力线作用产生斥力，记为F2，证据是电子与电子互斥。引力线与斥力线作用结果如何？从原子结构可知，产生的是比F1稍小的引力，记为F3，即F1>F3。

　　宇宙间的一切演变由力驱动，因此，对于力的正确认识显然重要。从种类看，力只有两种，即引力与斥力；从力线作用角度，引力有两种产生方式（F1与F3），斥力只能由斥力线相互作用生成。至于力的大小，仅在作用力线的多少，属于“量”的不同。力的理论需要改变“力分为四种”的见解以贴合实际。

　　未能从力线相互作用形成力而意图通过方程推导说明问题很可能是爱因斯坦未能在“统一牛顿力与电磁力”方面达到目的的主要原因。

　　物质在引力作用下演变从基本粒子开始，两种基本粒子何来？来源有二：恒星核反应和超新星爆发以下简称“新星”，这两种反应都是“分散”反应，使原子、分子、质子、中子彻底分散，引力子、电子解脱离去。

恒星何来？恒星由巨型行星被“点燃”而形成（机理见后）。行星何来？一是在“新星”之后，由高温气团凝聚而成，二是由基本粒子逐渐聚合形成，基本粒子是如何聚合的呢？

　　离开恒星心部和“新星”的基本粒子有上述两种，根据E=MC2方程大体合用判断，引力子的速度为光速量级；电子速度从光波频率估计出为亚光速。

　　引力子在空间以光速飞行，它发出引力线，只能生成F1、F2两种力，受不到排斥力，于是在宇宙之内其速度得以保持。它们是否会飞出宇宙之外呢？如果离开了物质宇宙，引力恰恰使之反向。于是，物质空间充满不同方向的以光速飞行的引力子但是不会散入无际空间，原因在于它们发出力线、生成作用力。

　　可以看出，本文的“引力子”与以往的“引力子”相比有一定新意，它发出引力线，形成引力（不是“介力”），是两种基本粒子之一。应当用 “attracton"一词，但考虑继承性，可以依然使用“graviton”.

二　　物质聚合　　宇宙射线　　原子能　　物体　　代数聚合　　蓄能聚合　　聚合效应　　微涡旋星系　　质子、 中子 

　　从方式上看，引力子出现两种聚合：

　　第一种是“代数聚合”，如果两枚方向相同或相近的引力子之间的距离小于“埃”，二者的引力线形成引力，势必成为一个“小组”，这个小组保持原来的速度和方向，继续前进。但是，现有技术不能分辨出它们是两枚而不是一枚，相反，在这种情况下，通常以为这是一枚质量比引力子大一倍的“新粒子”。

　　这种聚合方式可称为“代数聚合”，相当于1+1=2 。可以设想，并不局限于1+1 ，1+2、1+3 … 1+N 均有可能。

　　“代数聚合”的结果就是“宇宙射线”，它由1~N枚引力子“聚合”一起，速度约为光速。因为分辨不出这种“粒子”是多少粒且认为它是一粒，根据“电子伏”便得出了“宇宙射线中有600种以上粒子”的认知。

若N可以无限增大，宇宙便要引、斥分离，斥力子散入空间，所有引力子紧密的聚为一个超高密度的球。基于后面将要述及的“聚合效应”，实测显示，引力子最大只能聚合到质子规模，总质量约为10-24克，根据测到的宇宙射线能量”跨距”（实为质量跨距）为1012（12次方）估计，引力子的质量<10-36克。这里用“<”而不用“=”是因为迄今测到的“最小值”也许并非最小。（附带，两种基本粒子之间发生的力F3是引力而并未发现引力子绕电子回旋，估计斥力子——电子——的质量与引力子相近）。宇宙射线粒子不断生成，这是“产”，去向是，闯入物质的原子，将动能传递给原子核，使核内质子、中子加速，形成同位素和、不稳定“放射性同位素”，这是“销”。 

　　第二种聚合是，在空间相遇时，两枚引力子方向相反而距离<“埃”，在此瞬间，双方引力线形成的引力将双方拴住不能分离，但动能仍在，结果必然是，形成一个“回旋小组”，回旋的切线速度等于原先直线运动的速度，“小组”的“群速”近于零（但不等于零，见后），不再高速飞驰显示其动能，它们的动能MC2已成为“回旋”的内能，只要小组不解体，此能量不对外显示，M表示引力子的质量，C表示其切线速度，已经述过，约等于光速。

　　这一聚合方式可名为“蓄能聚合”，聚合前粒子动能随时向受撞击者显示，聚合后能量蕴含于“小组”内部。

　　“二粒小组”只是聚合的开始，在同样的机理下，成员会逐渐增加，在此有一个“聚合效应”的问题，从磁力线和电力线图得到的启示是：一枚单独的引力子向空间均匀地发出引力线，设总量为1，两枚引力子相对时，双方各有1/2引力线参加作用，1/2剩余力线伸向空间。设有字母H，将这两枚引力子分别置于H 的两个横竖线交点处，两条竖线内的各1/2引力线为作用力线，竖线外侧双方的1/2力线为剩余力线，依然伸向空间（这一描述符合电磁学的磁极力线分布图）。区分“作用、剩余”力线的这一H字母法以下称为“H”法或“H”。若有三枚引力子A、B、C 成三角形分布，对AB、BC、CA 分别“H”三次，结果是，每枚引力子的剩余力线为1/3；当引力子数量改变为4、5、6…N时，((结果))便是1/4、1/5、1/6……1/N,对于每一枚引力子，聚合使剩余引力线的比例减少而“组群”对外的引力线总量保持为1。 

　　这意味着，“组群”越大，对外的引力线密度越低，这便是“聚合效应”。于是，随着聚合度增大，其“吸引能力”减少，少到一定“程度”，就不能再吸引从身边飞过的引力子，此时，这个“组群”就稳定下来。当前，由于缺少基础数据，不能用方程描述这个“程度”，但实验积累了大量可信数据，说明了此“程度”乃是质子规模。质子是力平衡的结果， 质量不能更大也不能更小，质子对外发出的引力线约等于一枚引力子的力线总量，就是说，质子这个”微涡旋星系”，它对外的力线密度是单枚引力子的10-12 (万亿分之一),它发出的力线是引力线，这是事情的本质。当称它为“带正电荷”时，需要对质子与质子互吸有所理解而不为“同性相斥”的成见所囿。

　　这里的“聚合效应”揭露了“强作用力”如何渐渐变小直至成为“电磁”量级的力的实质，可见，它们只是数量改变而不是“两种”力，由此也可见，对外力线的密度同物质聚合度成反比，所以，认为自然界的力按“强弱不同”（乃是数量之差）分为“四种”乃是误会。

　　根据规定，原子缺失部分外围电子称为“带正电荷”，实质是核内引力线外洩；“带负电荷”乃是原子外层电子偏多，对外放出斥力线，因此，比原子小的“组群”按理不存在“负电荷”的问题，存在的是它或“它们”(组群)发出何种力线的问题。

　　这里所以有“它们”一词，是因为除了基本粒子外，所有其它“粒子”其实都不是一粒而是“复数”。只是现有手段不能分辨，认为它们是一粒。这种认识上的不到位，使理论陷于尴尬，例如，迄今解释不了原子能蕴含和释放的机理而归之于“质量变能量”。任何“变”均有机理，试问质量变能量是何机理？又如，轰击质子、中子得到许多“粒子”，如果质子、中子不是“复数粒子”，它的“碎片”怎么会碎的那么规格化呢？质子的质量为1.67248×10-24克，这一数字6位有效，验证了质子大小是由力线密度确定的推理，就是说，有严格的力平衡机制，否则，其质量的一致性为何能达到6位有效数字。

　　上述聚合可称为“一级聚合”，质子是力平衡的结果，它的情况是：

　　（1）不是“一粒”而是大约一万亿粒引力子高速回旋的“微涡旋星系”，对外依然放出一定密度的引力线，这使我们认为他“带正电荷”

　　（2）内部引力子被强大引力栓住，不需要任何“胶子”作为“介力粒子”，通常既不会放出引力子也不会容易增加成员，因此它是稳定的，作为一个“小团体”对外，使人认为它是“一粒”，根据力线密度分析，此“一粒子”的“机械强度”要比任何已知材料大的多

　　（3）在强烈核冲击下，可能成为一些更小的组群，它们是规模小于质子的“微涡旋星系”，引力线密度更大，因此，“分裂”后立即处于聚合“增大（其实是增多）”过程之中，人们也认为它们都是“粒子”，迄今，已命名了许许多多不同名称的“粒子”，也“发现”它们都是“寿命很短”，毫无例外地都“带正电荷”（实质是发出引力线）

　　（4）质子和那些“粒子”的能量是动能1/2mv2,（平方）m为质量，v为速度，因为“涡旋”速度v具有光速量级，因此此能量E约为mc2, c为光速，可见，能量方程的秘密在于质子本身就具有那么大的动能，“质量变能量”乃是一种误会，物质自身蕴含“原子能”，只是，通常不外露而已。

　　空间既有两种基本粒子，恒星附近有高速电子，力F3又是引力，在上述两种聚合过程中，不能排除电子的加入。但电子加入有一定份额，为什么？因为F2使它们自相排斥。在电子加入之后，这枚“质子”已有所改变，它不再吸引电子，在电场中表现出中性，于是被命名为“中子”，由于多了电子，其质量比质子略大。

　　以上描述了两种典型聚合方式，如果两枚引力子的方向不同于以上角度，只要距离够小，同样可以聚合，但方式不外乎以上两者。

　　中子除了对电子不具吸引力外，它的剩余力线依然是引力线，它同质子以及中子之间形成的力都是引力；质子之间的力当然是引力，同样不用另外有一种“胶子”起胶合作用。那么，会不会形成“中子星”或者“质子星”呢？这同对于原子核的理解有关，也同“聚合效应”有关。当今，已在不意中假设质子、中子在原子核里紧紧贴靠一起，果然如此，“中子星、质子星”比原子更容易形成，哪能再有行星、恒星！

　　为什么说质子、中子在原子内不会贴在一起呢？它们是“蓄能聚合”形成的，聚合时从各方向飞来的基本粒子速度矢量难以绝对相等，因为发出它们的恒星在空间并非静止，所以对引力子的速度——“光速”——概率性地施加了一个“恒星速度”——宇宙速度——的影响，这使质子、中子不会静止于空间而是具有一定速度，估计在若干百公里每秒,略小于恒星的宇宙速度。当质子、中子在空间相遇时，情况同引力子在空间相遇类似，此时是以“微涡旋星系”（质子、中子）为单元，形成了“涡旋星系”（原子核），直到“引来”电子将它们“包围”起来，形成原子。本文称为二级聚合。于是，在原子内部并不静止，若原子、质子、中子受到外来粒子冲击，情况完全不同于打台球，在这一物理背景下，“宇称”当然不能守恒。

　　若问：“宇称守恒定律”和“宇称不守恒”哪一个正确？这里不是一个割裂的物理问题或是一个数学方程推导的问题，只有清晰地理解了基本粒子如何形成质子、中子、原子和任何规模的物质对外都有一定密度的力线，才能据理正确估计基本粒子、质子、中子、原子、物体受到不同规模物质冲击可能出现的后果，以及在某种情况下“守恒”与“不守恒”的实质。在“粒子”的冲击实验中，需要明确，只有两种基本粒子才是真正的粒子，名目繁多的其它“粒子”有“微涡旋星系”与“宇宙射线粒子”两种，不能期望“微涡旋星系”在 冲击下会遵守“宇称守恒”，以上同时回答了方程E=mc2的能量来源，使我们不需违反物质不灭和能量不灭两条基础规律去相信“质量可变”、“质量变能量”等不正确理论。

　　原子的剩余力线依然是引力线，因此，原子趋于聚合而不是分散。但是，靠得太近时外层电子斥力线相互作用形成斥力。引与斥的平衡使“强度”得以发生，要使物质的原子间相对位移必须施加外力。由于剩余引力线的存在，物质基本演变趋势仍然是“聚合”，使已聚合组群“规模”不断扩大，于是，随着时间延续，空间形成原子群落、宇宙尘、颗粒物、块状物以至大大小小的物体。本文称为三级聚合。

　　从力线密度看，两个原子之间的距离远远大于中子半径，“H”不再适用，物质趋大使“聚合效验”的作用趋小，在两个物体之间生成的力取决于它俩的作用力线数量，两者之间的距离显然对此也有重要影响。于是，宏观领域，牛顿方程令人佩服地合用。今天，我们在尊敬这位科学泰斗的同时，也需要从机理角度认识这个方程的物理意义，弄清它代表了自然规律呢还是近似描述。

　　“引力质量”和“惯性质量”的差异约为10-3，这说明“聚合效应”的影响在“牛顿力”范围内依然存在，但已大大减小，因为，引力取决于作用力线数量，惯性力只取决于质量。

　　因此，在利用牛顿方程的同时，也需意识到“聚合效应”的“略去不计”。

　　从原子到“物体”的聚合是引力作用的结果，在空间已有大量星体的情况下，绝大多数这样的“物体”自然会受到吸引投向附近的大星体，成为它们继续成长的“原料”。

三　　 行星　　 恒星　　 超新星爆发 

　　行星的形成可以有两条途径，上面已有简述，一是“小物体”长期聚合的结果。每一个“小物体”均处于不断“合伙”之中，其结果自然是逐渐壮大；二是“超新星爆发”后，部分原子解体成为基本粒子高速离去，另一部分原子成为高温气体快速膨胀，其后温度下降，部分气体凝聚为液态“光球”，温度再下降成为“速成”的行星。

　　以上已经叙述了宇宙演变的总趋势是“聚合”，行星的形成只是一个时间问题和体积大小问题，但是，恒星上则出现了“散”的现象，出现了高温和放射，其机理何在？行星、恒星之间有无关联？

　　对于这类难题，宇宙给出的暗示是：凡是恒星，都是大个头的。需要合理解读这一现象。内部为液态的星体，心部压力显然与个头相关，以地球为例，深度每增加3米，压强约增加1大气压，地心受压最大，达到数百万大气压。

　　原子受压的实质是，电子层通过斥力相互推挤，在受力方向，原子轨道直径缩短，这是虎克定理的物理背景。亦即，应力引起应变，超个一定限度，原子间出现不可恢复的位移，材料“失效”。

　　这是自由状态下从一个方向受力的情况。若密闭均匀受压，材料抗失效能力提高，变形方式也有所改变。 

　　深海生物为什么能耐受那么高的水压？碳在高压高温下为什么不粉碎而是变为金刚石？这显示了物质在均匀受压下的结果不同于常规。

　　尽管如此，原子的电子层也不能无限承压，过高压力将超过原子核对电子的引力极限，迫使电子让位，于是，中子、质子相撞。此类相撞使质子、中子解体，因此，蕴藏的原子能以放射形式得以釋放，这便是核“聚变”反应。极大的压力是引起反应的原因：当行星的个头达到恒星这么大时，中心部位的压强已能压垮原子外层电子，从而使恒星心部发生核反应。因此，体积小的星体不可能成为恒星；体积大到一定程度(恒星尺寸)想当行星也不能，宇宙中没有象太阳那么大的行星，也没有月亮那么大的恒星。

　　原子依然对外发出引力线，密度又较质子、中子为少，此力线仍可使原子趋于聚合，形成分子、物体。

　　物体的力线密度最小，但还是引力线，不同物体之间的引力线相互作用，形成万有引力。

　　宏观物体对撞能否达到核反应的结果？由此联想地球和行星上的一些直径巨大的凹陷，若说是同星体对撞的印痕，那个“撞者”压上印痕之后去向和结果如何？既然压上了，必然消耗了它的动能，是什么力将它又“弹回去”了？如果是一次爆炸形成了这样的大坑，只能是核爆炸。由此又联想到发生在西伯利亚的通古斯大爆炸，爆炸原因至今令人困惑。但是，如有一块重量过“吨”的陨石以宇宙速度撞到地面坚硬的岩石上，“少量”原子外层电子被挤走从而中子、质子发生对撞便有可能，此“少量”要是达到kg量级，发生像通古斯那样的爆炸是可能的。 

　　质子、中子蕴含原子能使人相信物质即为能源，因此，人类需要担心的不是能量资源的短缺，而是从质子、中子获取能量的技术。如果将质子加速到“光速”去撞击物质或用两枚方向相反具有光速的质子对撞，加速所用能量同释放出的能量相当，不能得到“净输出”。所以，只要能够发生反应，对撞速度宜低。

　　现代物理学对此有一个理解不到位的问题，认为核反应分为“裂变”与“聚变”两种，特别是，以为恒星上发生的是氢原子合并为氦的“核聚变”，似乎已成为“常识”，其实乃是误会。试问，是甚么机制让恒星中最轻的元素一定要钻到压强最大的心部呢？所需的力来自何方? 质子、中子对撞才是“解体”的原因，也是核反应的机理所在。任何元素均蕴含原子能，原子外层电子速度较低，质量较少，所含能量远少于质子、中子。原子的“能量”就是这些“粒子”的动能1/2MC2（平方）。能量方程之所以能反映原子的能量是由于质子、中子里回旋的基本粒子具有“光速”那么大的线速度。这里可看出，方程合用同理论正确——“质量变能量”——不一回事。

　　心部核反应使大个头行星温度升高，逐渐由暗红“变”为明亮，这一过程同人的生命期相比，显得缓慢。当发现太空中有一颗暗红星体时，它是“新恒星”呢还是“白矮星”呢？一颗正在升温中的“新恒星”，如果心部“燃料”耗尽，亦即，体积减小到阈值，是否会慢慢冷却恢复原样？

　　按理，一般不会，因为所有恒星不断向空间提供基本粒子，为成长中的物体提供了物质。因此聚合趋势使空间物体趋于成长，行星、恒星均处于继续成长过程之中。因此，“新恒星”会继续不断增大，心部核反应区也不断加大，成为一颗白亮的、地地道道的恒星是若干亿年后的必然结果。

　　恒星的核反应是压力“压”出来的，压力是引力引起的，故引力是物质演变的原动力。

　　如上所述，恒星向外发出的力线依然是引力线，于是，它在“散”出基本粒子的同时，还从空间引来陨落物，继续“长大”。这使心部核反应区域加大。于是，个头越来越大，温度也越来越高，总有一天，该恒星的全部质量在核冲击下彻底分数，成为基本粒子、原子、分子“散”入空间。此时，该恒星作为星体已从空间消失，宇宙中少了一颗恒星，也并未马上产生“新的”星体,“super nova” 乃是“恒星爆发”。

　　从行星到恒星以至“超新星爆发”，由聚合导致分散以至彻底分散，似乎印证了中国人的一句古话；“物极必反”。之后呢？从基本粒子开始又进入聚合过程，于是，物质在空间的演变成为“聚——散——聚——散——”的循环，这一演变不同于机械运动，没有损失，效率为1，因此，是一种无所谓起止、永不停止的进程。

　　实际观测表明，最后的彻底分散是对于恒星说的，而分散成为基本粒子的只有恒星的部分物质，另一部分物质分散成为高温分子、原子，其后，在原来的空间形成一个行星系统（参见L27a超新星爆发）。

　　至此，物质在空间的演变过程已经有了完整的轮廓，这个聚散过程反复不断，类似振荡，一种以宇宙空间为舞台的振荡。参与聚合的质量规模为“恒星级”。每个恒星占有一个舞台，太阳系便是太阳的演变舞台，数以万亿亿计的舞台构成了物质宇宙。

四　　 空间物质场　　 宇宙来由

　　演变的结果是，空间散布着不同粒度、不同速度的物体，“粒度”最小的是基本粒子，其质量〈10-36克，按照涡旋星系比例估计，它们的尺度约在10-13埃，这也是对电子的估计尺度。

　　引力子有两种运动状态：（一）直线运动态，（二）圆运动态。前者聚合为“高能粒子”、“宇宙射线”， 后者聚合为“夸克”、“介子”等等“粒子”（实为“微涡旋星系”），基于“聚合效应”，两者都以质子的规模为极限，前者直线运动能量外露，使观察者易于测出；后者涡旋运动具有同样大的能量蕴含于内，只要聚合不解体，能量不会对外显示。（二）态虽然同样只能到中子、质子规模，但可以进一步形成原子、分子以及空间场中其他物质，参见《L02a 空间概论》。

　　 质量最大的物体是恒星，直径在百万公里量级。从这一自然现象中分析、判断的是：“宇宙大爆炸”属于子虚乌有，那些“大爆炸证据”并不牢靠，当质量聚集到恒星规模时，心部压力已使质子、中子解体因而恒星开始出现“质量分散”现象。再大，恒星便向“超新星爆发”迈步，质量达到10 倍左右时这颗恒星便要“彻底爆炸”化为“微粒”分散离去，所以，空间不可能存在比恒星更大的质量，质量不能更多地聚集到一起，“宇宙大爆炸”还能发生吗？

　　空间物质场是一个动态场，物质在运动，具有动能，能量在空间场中转变效率为1，没有能量消耗，因此，这是一个永久的动态场。

　　这里，已经回答了“宇宙如何演变”，有必要进一步回答“宇宙从何而来”？其实“宇宙大爆炸理论”并未真正回答此问题，因为，并未交待“宇宙大爆炸”之前的“从何而来”。 

　　出现“宇宙从何而来”问题是可以理解的，在人类周围，事物都有“始、终”，以至连本没有始终的时间，也为它安排了“始于宇宙大爆炸”，“终于宇宙毁灭”！

　　但数学的无穷概念有助于理解某些事物的无穷性质，除了时间以外，空间也是无穷的，而物质在空间的存在则是一种“客观存在”，不存在“理由”或“机理”，也不存在“多长时间”的问题，人们只能理性的承认，“运动的物质，客观地存在”是同认识无关的独立事件，因此，“宇宙从何而来”是一个“不成问题”的“问题”，其回答有些类似禅语，可以用“宇宙从来处来”“向去处去”作答。宇宙的存在，既无起点，也无终点，这是物质存在无起点、终点的另一方面，我们应当承认这一自然现象，其中不存在机理。除此之外，任何物质的演变，都存在机理，都遵守自然规律。因此物理学只能承认客观存在，不追问“物质为什么存在”、“ 宇宙为什么存在”。研究“宇宙起点、终点”“时间起点、终点”最终只能得到镜花水月。物理学研究的是“物”的“理”，理在物质的演变与运动之中。

本文涉及的是物质的演变，叙述了演变的“聚合效应”、宏观聚合极限——恒星——与微观聚合极限——质子、中子等机理与规律，因而得到了对于空间场的比较圆满的认识。

五　　 推论 

　　电子可以形成斥力F2，也可以形成引力F3，这一自然现象决定了宇宙中既形成了由小而大的物质形态、结构的演变，又产生了弥散于空间的电子分布场——空间电场，F2力使这个场不会无限扩散于无物质空间。

　　可以看出，宇宙空间中的物质演变虽然姿态万千，令人目不暇接，几乎无所不变，但是，归根结底乃是基本粒子聚、散引起，是物质形态、尺寸、结构的演变，在万变中保持不变的是基本粒子，它的质量、数量、尺度、形态、发出的力线数等等均不会改变，因此：

　　1　宇宙间不存在比“恒星爆发”更大规模的物质积聚和爆发，理由已如上述。因此，一颗恒星所在的空间——大约一百光年——乃是空间的一个演变单元。

　　2　物质所在的整个太空中都弥漫着空间电场。

　　3　宇宙不存在“始、终”。既是循环，便无始终； 既然效率=1，就永远不会停止。于是，时间也没有起点与终点。

　　4　以高倍望远镜观察到的遥远星空，恒星分布依然均匀，因此需要在两种认识中选取一种：（1）地球位于宇宙中心；（2）宇宙规模比观察到的大得多。

　明智的选择，显然是后者。现在观察到的140多亿光年规模的空间只是客观宇宙极小的一部分而已，它的真实规模有待今后发现。

　　5　对与遥远星体的“红移”，需要系统的分析判断，得到稳重圆满的结论。星体越远，红移越大的现象暗示了红移的发生原因是光波极度衰减，否则，如果将“红移”判断为“远星高速离去”，“宇宙发生过大爆炸”，这种理论将在“蓝移”星体面前发生“困难”而成为“偏论”（或“意论”）。当前，“宇宙大爆炸”理论方兴未艾，是否需要推敲一下这一理论的合理性、圆满性？

　　6　 如果“大爆炸”理论不牢靠，现行的“暗能量”、“暗物质”理论还可信吗？

　　由此看来，空间物质演变理论已经分为实、虚两个部分，本文描述了实的部分

2019.3.20加注： 本文2008/6/2登上本网站原先架构，2019.1月现在的新架构投入使用后未设计“加入时间、阅读次数”，故加注以说明原貌。

                                           L 04    matter's evolution

                                                  (S. G. Chinese)

Abstract  from elementary (basic) particle up until star, development of mater in the space does exist the basic power and trend, this paper will to discuss this power and development，has been find out the developing mechanism, according the polymerization effect and substance to reply the problems of the source atomic energy、if the parity is conservation or not、how the star get light、why the big bang does not happen etc.

Key words 　cosmos 　comic scope 　planet 　star 　super nova　matter evolution 　nuclear energy　 force line　 force　 attracting force-line 　repulsion force 　repulsion force-line 　surplus force-line 　attracton (or graviton) repulton algebra polymerization 　storing-energy polymerization 　polymerizing effect　(poly effect) 　micro vortex galaxy　 first-degree polymerization 　second-degree polymerization 　third-degree polymerization 　circulation of poly and scatter 　　method "H" 

1　force line 　 force     attracton(or graviton)    repulton 

　　What is the total trend of the cosmic developing? What is the mechanism of ignite the fire of nuclear reaction of stars? This kind of problems is desire get solution, but for this reason, need to lay up the prejudice and proof according to the reason.．Namely, it is hardly to answer if depend on current theory．

　　The first is needs to lay up current theory of the basic particle．Normally, it had two kinds of the basic particle is “sufficiency and necessity”, it is：graviton and repulton．

　　Repulton is electron, but its quality compare with modern electron of 10-28 gram of quality is vary little．The reason is, if the out side of hydrogen atom only one electron, it can not be possess neutral of electricity and magnetism and to carry on Brown movement．Therefore, it must be “a share of” and does not only one．How much of this “a share of”? It should be much enough,“a thousand or eight hundred” is not enough to shield the out side space of hydrogen atom；the electron in this text just such electron；The graviton is the basic particle of send out attractive force-line, it may be the electric neutrino and it also may be more small．

　　Later will reckon out its mass is about < 10-36 (10 to the power of -36) gram．

　　The repulton is the basic particle of to send out repulsion force-line．Naturally, one side force line cannot be form force, it just to form the force by the force line act each other, this already over and over have proofed in the electromagnetic induction．Of course, the reciprocity of attractive line to form gravitation, mark it as F1, it is the root cause of atomic nucleus is hardly get separate and between the matters exist attracting force．Withal the misunderstanding is, both have not understand the mechanism of the proton to suck in each other and be limited to human’s “exclude each other by homosexual”, to believe it is cause of the action of gluon, but does not find it among the “chip”of when particle bombarding to proton． If to depart of human “male-female、plus-minus”, only to pay close attention to the substance of the proton “carry positive electricity” is it send off the attractive line, it’s only right and proper for the proton is attracting each other in the atomic nucleus and does not exclude each other．

　　The repulsion force-line act each other to cause repulsion, mark it as F2, the proof was, electrons does exclude each other．What is the result of the attractive line act to the repulsion force-line? From atomic structure we can know, to cause the gravitation but less a litter then F1, mark it as F3, F! ＞F3．

　　All cosmic developing is driven by the force．Therefore, it is important of correct to know of the force．From kind to see, it have two kinds of force only, namely attracting force and repulsion force；from the angle of force-line acting to see, the attracting force has two kind (F1andF3) of generating mode, the repulsion only can be generate by act each other of repulsion force-line．As to the magnitude of force, merely at how much of the acting force-line, this is belong to the difference of “quantity”．The theory of force need to change the opinion of “the force divided to 4 kinds” in order to joint reality．

　　Cannot to explain problem from the side of force-line act each other to form force but intent to adopt equation derivation it may well be that is the primary cause of Einstein cannot carry one’s point of “unify Newton’s force and electromagnetic force ”． 

　　Matter developing does under the action of attracting force and to be beginning from basic particle, where come from the two kinds of basic particle? There have two source：star’s nuclear reaction and supernova, this two kinds of reaction are all “distributing” reaction, to cause atom、molecule、proton、neutron got complete distribution，graviton and electron got break away．

　　Where come from the stars? Star is form from “ignite” of jumbo planet (the mechanism see rear)．Where come from the planets? The first is at the later of “super nova” form from cohesion of hyperthermia air mass, the other is gradually polymerization of the basic particles．How to polymerize by the basic particle? It have two kinds of the basic particles which leave the heart of star and supernova, according the equation of E=mc2 is suitable then to decide, the velocity of graviton is at the order of magnitude of light velocity；reckon from the frequency of the light wave, the electronic velocity is sub-light velocity．

　　The graviton fly in space with light velocity, it send out the gravity-line, can be produced two kinds of attracting force F1and F3 only, it did not bear the repulsion force, so can to keep its velocity in the cosmos．Would it fly out of the cosmos? If it leaves the matter cosmos, the gravity just let it get reverse．Upon that, the space is full of fly gravity with light-velocity and different direction but cannot come loose enter vast space, the reason lie in they send out attracting force-line and generate acting force．

;it is observed, in this paper“graviton(attracton)”compare with the past graviton have some new idea, it issued attracting force-line (does not “interface force”), it is the one of two kinds of basic (elemental)particle. Should use the word "attracton", but considering the inheritance, can be still to use the word graviton. 

2 　　matter polymerization 　　 cosmic rays 　　atomic energy 　　object 　　algebra polymerization　　 storing energy polymerization 　　micro vortex galaxy　　proton　　neutron

　　From the mode to see, the graviton to appear two kinds of polymerization：t

　　The fist is, if two graviton have same or similar direction and there distance is less then “A” （10-8CM）, the attractive line of the two graviton to form the attracting force, it should be to form a “group” , the “group” keep former direction and speed and continue to go forward． But the current technology can not distinguish out they are two and did not one, in such a case, generally believe this is a “new particle” of the mass large 1 times then the graviton．

　　This polymerization mode may be called “algebra polymerization”, it is equal to 1+1=2. able to imagine it dose not limited to 1+1, it’s possible of 1+2, 1+3……1+N

　　The result of “algebra polymerization” just be the “cosmic rays”, that polymerizing together from 1 to N small object and they hold light velocity．Because of we cannot be to distinguish how much particles of this “particle” and to consider it is one, according to “electron volt” then we obtain acknowledge of “there are over than 600 kinds of particles in the cosmic rays”. 

　　If N can be increase unlimited, the cosmos would depart with attracting and repulsion, repultons loosen into space, whole gravitons would tight polymerized as a big ball of super-high density．Be based on the “polymerization effect” of rear telling, the graviton can be polymerized to the scope of proton only, the total quality at about 10-24 (10 to the power of -24) gram, to reckon according to measuring the energy “step distance” (really is quality step distance) at 1012 (10 to the power of 12), the quality of graviton < 10-36 (10 to the power of -36) gram. Here use “<” and not “=”, because of until now the “minimum value” it have measured perhaps dose not minimum.(incidentally, the force between graviton and electron is attracting force and did not find the graviton revolving around electron so reckon, the quality of repulton——electron——is near graviton)．the particle of cosmic rays continuous generating, this is “product”, they do away intrude atom of matter, form the isotope and isotope of radioactivity, this is the “selling”．

　　The second polymerization is, when two graviton meet in the space, the direction is opposite and with distance of <“A”，(10-8CM), at this moment, the attracting force line of both side would to form the attraction so tie up both and can not to separate, but the kinetic energy still existing, the result should be form a “whirl group”, the whirl linear-speed is equal to the linear speed of former straight-line movement, the “group velocity” of the group is near zero ( but not equal to zero, see rear)， their kinetic energy mc2 (square ) had been becomes the inner energy of “whirl”, so long as the group dose not disjoint, this energy would not to show external, m express the quality of graviton, c express its linear speed, it has been stated, about equal to light velocity．

　　This polymerization mode may named as “storing-energy polymerization”, before polymerization the kinetic energy of particle always to show to the strike object, after polymerization the energy inclusion to the inner of “group”．

　　“group of two particle” only the beginning of polymerization．In the same mechanism, its member would gradually get raise, there have a problem of “polymerization effect”, the revelation of the drawing of electric line and magnetic line is：a alone graviton to sand out the attracting force-line equably, to set up the total quantity is equal to 1, when two gravitons get opposite, both 1/2 attracting force-line to join effect, 1/2 remain force-line been extend to the space．To establish a letter H, to place this two gravitons separately at two point of intersection of the level and vertical line, it have 1/2 attracting force-line inner of the vertical lines act as acting force-line, the other 1/2 force-line offside the vertical lines act as remain force-line, to extend towards space as before (this describe is agree with scatter-drawing of magnetic pole of electromagnetism)．This method of letter H of to distinguish “act、remain” force line be call as “H” at rear．If to have 3 gravitons A 、B、C and distributed like triangle, separately three times with “H” for AB、BC、CA , the result is, every graviton has 1/3 remain force-line；when the quantity change to 4、5、6……N, the result is 1/4、1/5、1/6、1/N, for every graviton, the polymerization would cause the proportion of remain attract force-line to lessen and the total external attractive-line of “group” is keep act as 1．

　　It means, the more large the “group” the more low the density of attracting force-line, so is the “polymerize effect”． Upon that, follow the degree of polymerization get augmenting, its “attracting ability” would to lower, as the litter to a certain “level”, then should not re-attract the graviton which fly from its side, this moment, the “group” get stable．Today, due to lack of basic data, cannot to describe this “level” with mathematical equation, but the experiments has been accumulated numerous credibility data, it explain this “level” is the scope of proton．So the proton is the result of force balance, under common condition its quality cannot be more big or more little, the attracting force-line which sent out of proton is about equal to the gross of one graviton’s, even to say, the external density of attracting force-line of proton——“micro vortex galaxy”——is equal to one graviton’s 1/1012 (1/10 to the power of 12), it was attracting force-line．When to say it “carry positive charge”, need to understand why the proton does mutual attracting, and do not be limited to the prejudice of “reprove each other for homosexual”．

　　Here the “polymerization effect” exposing the mechanism and substance of the “strong action force” how gradually lessening until becomes the order of magnitude of electromagnetic force, can see, they only the quantity changing and does not “two kind of force”, there fore also can see, the density of external force-line is inverse ratio with the degree of polymerization of matter, so the force of nature divide to 4 kinds is the misunderstanding．

　　It is to set, the atom delete part surrounding electro is called “carry positive charge”, the substance is the attractive-line of nuclear get let out；”carry negative charge” is the surrounding electron been more , so to give out the repulsion force-line get escape, therefore, according to the mechanism, the group less then atom does not exist the problem of “carry negative charge”, the existing problem is, what kind of force-line does “they”（group）sent．

　　Here has a word “they”, because of besides the basic particle, all other “particle” are not simple and was “plural”．But current method cannot distinguish to them, to think they are but one only．This misunderstanding let the theory go to awkward, such as, until now can not to explain the mechanism of why atomic energy get inclusion and liberation but to return the “quality change to energy”. Whichever “changing” would have the mechanism, may ask what is the mechanism for quality change to energy? Again as, bombard the proton、neutron may get much “particle”, if proton、neutron dos not “plural particle”, how could its “splinter” so standard? The quality of proton is 1.67248 × 10-24 (10 to the power of -24)gram, this data has 6 effective value, it inspect and verify the reasoning ,the dimension of proton is definite by the density of force-line, it has strict mechanism of force balance, if not, why can the consistency of quality to reach 6 effective value?

　　Above polymerization may called “first-degree polymerization”, proton was the result of force balance, its condition is：

　　（1）It does not “a grain of” but to be the “micro vortex galaxy” of about trillion gravitons, it still send out attracting force-line, this make we think of it “carry positive charge”

　　(2) The inner gravitons are tie down by strong attracting force, with no need fore any “gluon” act as “the particle of introduce force”, generally it will not send out graviton also not easily increase member, so it is stable, serve as a “small group” pertaining to external, make person think of it is “a grain”, according to the density of force-line to analyze, its “mechanical strength” would large more than any known material 

　　(3) under intensity nuclear impact, may become some smaller groups, they are the “micro vortex galaxy ” of scale less than proton, density of attracting force then large more, there fore, after “split up” immediately be in the process of polymerizing “augment”(in fact is increase), person also think they are all “particle”, until now, already named lots and lots of “particle” of different names, also find they are all “live very short”, without except all “carry positive charge”（the essence is send out attracting force-line）

　　(4) The energy of proton and those “particle” was kinetic energy 1/2 mv2 (square), m be the quality, v be the velocity, because of v possess the order of light speed, so this energy about mc2 (square), c be the light velocity, visible, the secret of energy equation lie in proton itself just possess like that great energy, “quality change to energy” to be a kind of misunderstand, mass itself contain “atomic energy”, merely, general don’t exposure nothing more．

　　Since two kind of basic particle in the space, the star nearby have high speed electron and the force F3 is attraction, in the above two kinds of polymerization process, cannot shut out the electron to join．But it has fixed share of the electron to add in, why? Because of the force F2 to make the electrons be exclude each other．Following the electron added, this “proton” already got changing, it is no more attract of electron, to show neutral when in the electric-field, upon that it is named “neutron”, due to with the addition of electrons, its quality is slightly large than proton．

　　Above has been described two kinds of typical mode of polymerizations, if the direction of two gravitons does other than above angle, so long as the distance to be enough small, it may be get polymerization also, but the mode does not outside of above two．

　　The neutron besides cannot attract to the electron, its remain force-line is attracting force-line still, it can be form attracting force with proton and neutron；the force between protons of cause is attracting force, as so did not need to have another kind of “gluon” to give the glue actions．Then, will or will not to form the “neutron star” or “proton star”? It is related to the understanding of the atomic nucleus, also related to the “polymerization effect”．Nowadays, it has been unexpectedly to suppose the proton and neutron are closely reclined in the atomic nucleus, really so, the “neutron star” and “proton star” would more easily to form than atom, how can be to form the planet and star!

　　Why to say the proton and neutron should not to stick together in the atom? They are to form of the “storing energy polymerization”, at the time of the polymerization, the graviton fly to come from every direction, their speed vector is hardly absolute equal, in addition, the star of sent out them does not stillness in the space, there fore, to the speed of graviton ——light velocity——added a star speed on the probability——cosmic velocity, this cause proton and neutron should not be stillness in the space but possess a certain speed, reckon of it about some 100km/sec, slight less than star’s speed．when the gravitons encounter in the space, the situation is similar with the encounter of graviton in the space, now it is to use “micro vortex galaxy” (proton、neutron) as a unit, to form the “vortex galaxy”(atomic nucleus), until get the electrons to “surround up” with them, so form the atom．Upon that, the inner of atom does not stillness, if atom、proton、neutron suffer outer attack, the situation is all not same with play billiards, under this physical background, the “ parity” surely cannot get conservation．

　　If to ask which is correct for “parity conservation” and “parity does not conservation”? here does not a isolate physical problem or a problem of derivation of mathematical equation, only clearly understand of the basic particle how to form proton、neutron、atom and any scale of mass would have a certain density of external force-line, then ability to correctly reckon the probable result of when the basic particle 、proton、neutron、atom、matter suffer attack of matter of different scale, and the substance of “conservation” or “un-conservation” when under some kind of situation．About the experiments of “particle” attacking, need clear, only basic particle just the true particle, many varieties “other particles” to be have two kinds：“micro vortex galaxy” and “the particle of cosmic rays”, it should not expect the “micro vortex galaxy” respect to the “parity conservation” when under the attacking, in same time, above has reply the energy source of equation E=mc2 (square), so we need not to violate the law of mass conservation and energy conservation and believe the false theory of “quality variable”、“quality can change to energy” etc.

　　Remain force-line of atom is still attracting force-line, therefore the atom go polymerization and does not separate．But if too near the outer electron would act each other and form repulsion force．The balance of attracting force and repulsion force cause the “strength”, it should be to exert the external force for to make the displacement of atom of the mass． Due to the remain attracting force-line, the basic changing tendency is still “polymerization”, it make the scale of polymerized group constant to expand, and then along with the time continue, to form the community of atom、cosmic dust、kernel matter、block matter until small and large matters in the space．

　　From the density of force-line to see, the distance between two atoms is far greater then radius of neutron, the “H” is no more applicable, matter tend to large be cause the action of “polymerization effect” tend to small, the force between two matters is decided on the quantity of force-line, the distance between this both sides also have important influence clearly．Upon that, in the microscopy domain, Newton equation is applicable and cause admire．Today, at same time of to respect to this scientific monarch, also need from mechanism angle to know the physics meaning of this equation, to clear does it represented natural rule or is similar description．

　　The difference of “gravitational mass” and “inertia mass” is about 10-3 (10 to the power of -3 ), this to explain the influence of “polymerization effect” is still exist in the scope of “Newton force” but been greatly minimal, because the attraction is decide to the quantity of acting force-line, the inertia force only decided to the mass．

　　Therefore, when use Newton equation also need wake up to it has been omit of the “polymerization effect”．

　　From atom to “matter”, “matter’s” polymerization is the result of action of attraction, under the case of there are numerous stars in the space, the overwhelming majority of this “matter” naturally be able to get attract and to send to nearby major celestial body, become their “raw material” of continuous grow up．

3　　planet　　 star 　　supernova

　　Form of planet may be from two way, the one is polymerization result of the “litter object” in long time．Every “litter object” are all in the continuous “construct a partnership”, the result is gradually expand naturally, the other is after “super nova”, part atoms break up become basic particle and leave with high speed, another part atoms become high-temperature gas and expand with high speed, thereafter the temperature drop, part gas cohesion become “photosphere” of liquid state, temperature more drop it become planet of “crash course”． 

　　Above has been talk about the total tendency of cosmic developing is “polymerization”, to form planet only a problem of time and volume, but it has appear the “loosen” phenomenon on the star, to appear high temperature and radioactive, wherein the mechanism? What is the relation between star and planet? 

　　For these difficult problem, the hint from cosmos was, all star are large body, need to unscramble this phenomenon on the logic, the inner of star was liquid, its center pressure is related to the size of body clearly, for the example of the earth, the depth raise every 3 meters, the pressure raise 1 bar pressure, the largest pressure at earth center, to reach to some mega-bar pressure．

　　The substance of atom to bear the pressure is the outer electron of atom through repulsion force jostle each other, at force direction the orbit diameter of atom get curtail, this the background of Hooke’s low．Also namely, the stress to cause the strain, if over a given limit, to appear the displacement of cannot recover between atom, so the material get to “failure” 

　　This is the situation of one direction stress at freedom mode, if it is obstruction and even to bear the press, the ability of anti-fail of material would increase, also to change the mode of deformation． 

　　Why the biological of deep sea can be bear so high hydraulic pressure? Why the carbon does not crash but change into diamond when under high pressure high temperature? It is show if the matter get even press and the result been other then common．

　　Still the atom’s electron layer does cannot bear press unlimited, the overtop press would to surpass the gravitation between atomic nucleus and electron, to force the electron to abdicate, then, the neutron and proton get knock together. It cause disassemble of neutron and proton, therefore, the storing atomic energy get to release, thus the reaction of “nuclear fusion”．The huge press is the reason of to cause reaction：When the planet size is reach to the star size, its center pressure already can make collapse to the atom’s electron layer, thus to cause the nuclear reaction of star center．For this reason, the planet of little body is cannot to become star；a planet’s body if large arrived a certain size（star size）and is impossible to regard as a planet, it is have not any planet’s size as sun’s size and any star’s size like moon’s in the cosmos． 

　　Atom still issue attracting force-line to external, its density should less then proton、neutron’s, this force may form molecule、object．

　　Object’s density of force line was least, but yet attracting force-line, this force-line of different object act each other form universal gravitation．

　　Can macroscopic object colliding reach to the result of nuclear reaction? From this associate to some hollow of large diameter on the earth and planets, if to say that is the imprint of collide with aster, what is the result and disposition of that “colliding aster” after it press this imprint? Since it has been pressure on, certainly consume its kinetic energy, what force can rebound with it? If it was once blast be form this hollow place, can but the nuclear burst．Thus again associate to Tunguska event happen to Siberian, the reason of this blast so far make people puzzled．but, if there has a r stony meteorite of weight pass “ton” knock down to hard rock of ground, a “smidgen” electrons of atom’s outer suffer crush off then neutron、proton happen collision is possible, this “smidgen” in case reach to the order of Kg, happen such blast like Tunguska is feasible． 

　　Proton、neutron including nuclear energy make believe of matter to a energy sources, therefore, human needs fearful does not the shortage of energy resource, but the technology of from proton obtain．If let proton accelerated to “light velocity” leave it run upon matter or clash use two protons of opposite direction and possess speed of light, the needs energy of speed up would quite to the release energy, cannot obtain “net output”．Therefore, so long as can happen reaction, collision speed should low．

　　Modern physics to this exist a problem of understand not in place, think of unclear reaction divide into two kinds of “fission” and “fusion”, especially, think of the star occurred “nuclear fusion” of hydrogen merge to helium, seems now it’s “common sense”, in fact to be misunderstand．May ask, what mechanism make the most-light element be bound to drill into the center of largest pressure? Where come from the needs force? Collision of proton 、neutron just the reason of “KD”, also the place of mechanism of nuclear reaction．Any element are all contain atomic energy, the speed of outer electrons of atom been lower and the mass of them also less, energy content would much less than proton、neutron．The energy of atom just the kinetic energy of these “particle’s” 1/2 MC2 (square)．Energy equation can reflect atom’s energy be due to the whirly basic particles in proton、neutron possess linear speed of “speed of light”．Here may see, equation fit for use to be not one and the same with the theory ——quality change to energy——correct。

　　nuclear reaction of the center let the temperature get high of large planet, from dark red “change” to bright gradually, this process compared to the human life is appear very slowly．When to find a dark star in the space, is it a “new star” or a “white dwarf”? if a “new star ” is heating up, when the centre “fuel” is use up (namely the body be mini to the threshold )，if it will be cooling slowly and return to original shape ?

　　Generally it is would no, because of at the same time of all stars continuous supply elementary (basic) particle, to supply mass for growing object．Therefore, the polymerization trend cause space mater got grow up, stars、planets are all in the process of grow up．So the “new star” would continuous aggrandizement, the nuclear reaction region of the center also continuous augmentation, to form a white bright out and out star is the certain result after many hundreds of millions of years．

　　The star’s nuclear reaction is come from “press” of the pressure, the pressure is lead by the gravitation, so the gravitation is prime power of mass development．

　　As stated above, the force line of star issued still the attracting force-line, upon that, at the same time of it issue basic particles, it also draw fall mass from space so would continuous augmentation , and the nuclear reaction of centre region get augmentation．so the body more and more large, the temperature also more and more high, one day, under the nuclear attack ,whole mass of that star would complete fraction, become basic particle、atom、molecule “loosen” into space. Now this star does already disappear from space, it was lack a star for cosmos and also did not to cause a “new” star, the “super nova” to be the “star exploding”．

　　From planet to star up to “super nova”, from polymerization to scatter up to complete scatter, it seems prove a Chinese ancient tack “When a thing reaches its extreme, it reverses course”． What is the later? It would be again into the polymerization process, therefore, the mass development in the space become the circle of “polymerization——loosen——polymerization——loosen——”, this develop is unlike with mechanical movement, none of loss, the efficiency is 100% , for this reason, it is a movement of to be indifferent start and stop, and is a process of incessant．

　　Thus already have a rounded outline of space mass development, this circle of polymerization and loosen over and over uninterrupted, similar of oscillation，a oscillation of use space act as a stage．the mass scale of to participate in polymerizing and loosen to be “star grade”．Every star possess a stage, solar system just the stage of the sun, trillions of stages make up matter cosmos．

4　　the matter field of space 　　cause of cosmos

　　The result of the development is, the space was disseminated matter of different granularity and different speed, the “minimal” is basic particle, its quality is less than 10-36(10 to the power of -36) gram, according to the proportion of vortex galaxy to reckon, their scale is about 10-13 A (10 to the power of -13angstrom), it is also the reckon scale of electron．

　　The graviton has two kinds of the mode, (1) the mode of movement of straight line, (2) the mode of circle movement, the former polymerized to the “high-energy particle”、“cosmic rays”, the latter polymerized to the “particle”(In fact they are the “micro vortex galaxy”) as “quark” “meson” etc．base on the “polymerization effect”, both are all with proton scale act as the limited, the former with the movement of straight line so the energy to show out, it is easy to measure out；the letter to do the vortex movement, its energy is same with the former but inclusion to the inner, if only the polymerization dose not disassembling, the energy would not to show to external．Although the mode (2) also can to the neutron、proton scale, but it can more to form atom、molecule and other matter in the space field, see also in《L02a Outline of space》． 

　　In the space, the largest body is fixed star, its diameter is at the order of magnitude of million kilometer．From this nature phenomenon can to analyze and decide：the “big bang” is belong to false, those “prove of big bang” dose not firm, when the matter polymerized to the star scale, the centre press is already to cause disassembling of neutron、proton so the star begin to appear the “phenomenon of matter scatter”, if again large, the star would with big strides go to super nova and when to reach about 10 times, this star should be “complete explosion” to change into mote and scatter away, so it cannot be exist the matter of scale lager than star, if it is cannot polymerized more matter together, is still to cause the “big bang”? 

　　The matter field of space is a moving field, matters are in the movement, possess kinetic energy, in the space, the efficiency of energy changing is 100%, none energy to be consume, therefore, it is a lasting moving field．

　　Here has been reply“how does the evolution of cosmos” , be necessary to move forward a single step to reply “where come from the cosmos”? the “theory of big bang” dose not real to reply this problem, because of， it had not to say about “where come from” before “big bang”．

　　It is may understandable of to arise the problem of “where come from the cosmos”, at human around, any thing have “begin、end”, down to the original has not “begin、end”of the time, also to arrange out for it：“begin at the big bang”, “the end is the cosmic perish”！

　　But the endless concept of mathematics may help to understand the endless characteristic of some thing, besides the time, the space is also endless, and that the matter’s existing in the space is “the objective existing”, it dose not exist “reason” or “mechanism”, nor exist the problem of “how long of time”, men should rational to admit it only, “the kinetic matter, existing objectively” is a independent event which is unrelated to the recognizing, therefore, “where come the cosmos” is a “problem” of “be out of question”, the reply is similar dhyana words：“the cosmos come from coming place”、“to go the going place”．The existing of cosmos both have not starting point and end point, it is the other side of there is no starting point or end point of the matter existing, we ought to recognize this natural phenomenon, there is not mechanism in it．Apart from this, any matter’s evolution are all exist mechanism, are all comply with natural law． For this reason, the physics can but to admit objective existing, do not to ask of “why the matter dose existing”、”why the cosmos does existing”．Research for “the starting point、end point of cosmos”、 “the starting point、end point of time” only be get an illusion at last．The physics dose research for the reason of matter, the reason is in the matter’s development and movement．

　　This text involve the matter development, has been related the mechanism and law of the “polymerization effect”、 macroscopic limited of polymerization——star_——and microscopic limited of polymerization——proton、neutron, thus get relatively satisfactory recognizing to the space field

5 the inference 

　　The electron’s force-line may be form repulsion force F2, also may be form gravitation F3, this natural phenomenon decided in the cosmos both to form the development of matter’s pattern、structure also to form the spread of electrons——space field electric field， which has disperse to all matter space． 

　　It can see, although the matter development in the space is myriad posture, there are too many things for eye to take in, nearly not unchanging, but, in the final analysis it is to cause by “polymerization、loosen” of the basic particle, is the development of matter’s shape、scale、and structure, hold the line in the myriad changing is basic (elementary) particle，its quality、quantity、scale、shape、number of force-line are all not to get changing, therefore：

　　5.1　　between cosmos absent the amass scale of matter and the exploding more large-scale than “star exploding” did, the reason is ibid．so the star location space——about 100 light year——to be an unit of development．

　　5.2　　hole space of matter locating is fill of space electric field．

　　5.3　　the cosmos does not exist of “begin and end”, since the loop, it has not begin and end；since the efficiency equal to 1 , then will not stop forever．Upon that, the time also dose not begin and stop．

　　5.4　　use high-times telescope to see remote sky, the star distributed still even, so should choose one recognizing from tow kind：(1) the earth located in the center of the cosmos；(2) the cosmic scale is more large than now has been saw．

Clearly, the wise choice is rear, now we have been observed the space of 14×109 (10to the power 0f 9) light year only a minimum part of cosmos, its true scale is pending to find hereafter．

　　5.5　　 To the “red remove” of remote star need to systemic analysis and deciding, get the steady orbicular inference． The phenomenon of the more far the star the more much the “red remove ” has drop a hint of the root cause of “red remove” is the light wave got extreme weak, otherwise, if to decide “red remove” is “the remote star away with high speed”, “ever happen the big bang of cosmos”, this theory will face “difficult” to the remote star of “blue remove” and become “one-side theory”．Modern, theory of “big bang” just starting to expand, if need to refine the satisfactory and the rationality of this theory? 

　　5.6　　If the theory of “big bang” does dot firm, yet the modern theory of “dark matter”、“dark energy”is credibility? 

　　There out it appears, today, the theory of space development has been divide into two part of true and vain, this text is described the true part．