L59    相对论为何百年费解

                                                  陈理士

提 要 通过分析发现“《相对论》难以理解”的原因，据理做出较为圆满的结论

关键词 相对论　真空中光速恒定　　“光”　光＂引力红移＂　 光＂引力弯曲＂　空间场电子何来 　物质核能何来

1 前言 

阅读和研究《相对论》的人不少，不感到费解的好像不多。物理界至今仍有研究它的组织或个人，但是，并没有见到对此提出“推陈出新”的理论，说明对于相对论的研究依然侧重于理解。

初看，《相对论》应当不难理解，因为它的数学连接得相当紧，“全程”有方程相伴，有些方程的演变都加以演绎，相对论关于数学的应用，从线性代数、微分方程到微分几何都很娴熟，数学严密性应当天衣无缝，事实上也没有见到从这方面怀疑的文章。

说《相对论》“难以理解”，是因为其它物理论文还没有让学者在100多年后仍处于理解、研究阶段的先例。因此，今天，可以“站在前人肩上”看一看，《相对论》的哪些内容“难以理解”，它们为什么难以理解？今天怎么看待和理解这些内容？

以下举出这些具体 内容分析难以理解的原因以及本文对此的认识。

需要说明，本文不是沿数学方程顺序解讀相对论，因为相对论包含的154组225个方程，它们是为相关内容而应用的，如果对这些内容获得了正确解答，方程用来作定量计算即可，“难以理解”就不存在；反之，要是以方程为顺序理解相对论，如果方程的物理意义不清或不当（以下可见，确实存在）就不能“理解”，事情则难以为继。再说，如果对225个方程一一推敲下来，文章可能要比相对论长得多，因此，只选取了少数有关方程参与讨论。

2 相对论难以理解的那些内容和难以理解的原因 

2.1 在《相对论》第一章“相对论前物理学中的空间与时间”中，其内容是仔细推演了正交变换的有关方程，在高等数学领域，属于《线性变换》范围，而从这20组（27个）方程并不能从物理意义上清晰看出标题说的“相对论前物理学中的空间与时间”，这一些方程，对于坐标变换对矢量、张量、速度、力的影响当然是需要的，但是对于通过阅读此文以期了解“以前的空间与时间”——第一章主题——的读者，会感到如何呢？

在这里也列出了以微分方程形式表示的波动方程，这也显然并无助于说明主题而难免引起费解。因此，在第一章里，数学方程没有起到直接阐明“相对论前物理学中的空间与时间”的辅助作用，倒是容易让人感到费解。

2.2 整个第二章＂狭义相对论＂包含37组方程，一开始，这些方程表示在考虑“真空中光速不变”的情况下，坐标和“距离”同光速的关联，提出了“四维连续区域”以及坐标如何变换，文章从数学角度非常严密。

问题在于，“真空中光速不变”是否真实？现在简略讨论有关的五个问题：

(1) 真空中光速恒定原理

（2）四维连续区域的意义

（3）圆柱形刚体运动时其半径R0随运动速度q而改变（参见以下洛仑兹解释）

（4）“物体的质量不是恒量，它随着物体能量的改变而改变”即“质量可变”

（5）能量方程E0=mc2 

以下分别叙述：

(1a) 《相对论》提出“真空中光速守恒”的背景是1881年迈克尔逊进行的那次著名的光学实验，实验中在光路改变90°后，干涉带没有改变。那时认为“光路中的有一个方向以太被漂移”，光路改变90°后，干涉带应当改变，因此，实验结果（干涉带不变）出乎预料。

洛仑兹提出的解释是：“运动中的物体长度改变”，“改变”值由“洛仑兹变换”计算，设想中的“以太漂移”引起的光程改变被“长度缩短”抵消。

相对论则提出“真空中光速不变”，认为此实验证明“真空中光速不变”，由于对“光”的理论至今没有真正统一，因此，至今没有人对以上两种解释做出判断。

按理，同一物理事物出现两种不同解释，至少有一种是不准确或不正确的，但是那时的基础理论没有提供支持，学者们难以置辩。今天，主流光学理论依然不能对此提供支持。

本文的观点是，原因在于，迄今在“光”（light）这个名词内放满了许多同电子（斥力子）相关的不同物理事物，有不同速度的电子射线、不同频率的电场波动，不能用“二象性理论”(认为波与粒乃是同一事物的不同表象)予以调和，如果是同一事物，只有有了明显物理机理，才会出现不同表现，但不会出现不同表象。

历史上和《相对论》涉及的“光”，其实乃是“可见光”，是波长为0.6μ（微米）左右的电波，因此，洛仑兹的解释 缺机理、不可信。空间物体都在相对运动之中，只要不受力，“长度改变”何以能够发生？ 1881年的迈克尔逊实验是在实验室里做的，这里的光路是在平静空气里，空气同“真空”的区别是折射率有一点差别，光速较“真空中”慢约万分之3。但是，想象中的“以太漂移”在平静空气里并不存在，这是该实验中“光路回转90°干涉图像不改变”的原因。

现在看，空间并非真空（参见《L02a空间概论》），难以存在“真空中光速”命题，理论上，真空中没有电场，没有电波，也就没有光！对于《相对论》这一提法的改进是：“真空中光速”改为“空间光速”，什么决定空间光速？答案是：空间电场密度（折射率）决定空间光速。

因此，“真空中光速恒定原理”需要加以改进。

空间场电子从何而来？来自众多恒星的辐射和“超新星爆发”，由于电子之间的“相斥”，空间电场趋于均匀，这非常有利于“空间光速不变”。但有两点相关情况需要同时考虑，一是空间电场的电子有进有出，动态平衡，只能大致均匀；二是恒星是电子的辐射源，恒星附近，空间电场不匀，有一定梯度。据以往国际度量衡局空间测距的误差进行分析，空间光速的恒定程度约为百万分之一，就是说，虽然理论上不能说空间光速不变，但是，用空间光速作为长度测定标杆，只要不是“恒星和‘超新星爆发’附近”，具有相当高的精度。

虽然“真空中光速守恒”理论上不成立，不能以此解释迈克尔逊实验,但上述理论不但显示了探索自然规律的轨迹，而且使我们认识到在两个具有相对运动的系统之间，在速度接近光速时，目标信息会出现“时间延迟”和“时间畸变”，通过线性变换，方能得到真实数据。在当今宇航年代，《相对论》的这一贡献十分巨大。

（2a）四维连续区域的意义：经典物理学无意中置光速为无穷大，1902年，“光速”被精确到5位有效数测出（现在此项精度10位有效数），“光具有速度”成为物理学需要承认的现实，在两个系统之间信息“以无限大速度传递”和“以光速传递”在数学上的区别使三元函数方程改为四元函数方程，当相对运动速度接近光速c时，如果不这样改变其结果是发生很大误差。

具体的计算方程中国物理学者1957年曾经在中国科普杂志上介绍过， Г.C.蘭斯别尔格所著《光学》 的121节（运动媒质的电动力学）至124节列举了对这些方程的推导。

x、y、z 三个坐标加上时间t 形成四元数学空间，四维连续区域乃是“数学区域”或“数学空间”里的“区域”。如果混淆了数学空间和真实空间的界限，文义便难以理解。

有些文章恰恰混淆了“物理空间”与 “数学空间”的区别，不断增加空间的维度。真实的物理空间只能是3维，那些“隐空间”、“卷曲空间”是实还是虚？若是实，必定置身3维空间里，不存在其它维度；若是虚，与真空无异，依然存在于现存3维空间里，因此，不存在3维以外的真实“空间”。

空间除去物质后就是真空，真空作为物理概念，就是没有任何物质，没有物质就“什么也没有”，不会发生任何物理现象，无所谓“平、弯、隐、显、整、缺、能、势、等等”。

但是，真空中可以有力线“经过、穿过”，而力线本身不是物质，没有体积、质量，它由物质发出，只从属于发出它的物质，空间既分布着物质，自然分布着力线，力线相互作用形成力，力线“改变”作用对象时形成力的“波”——引力波，此“改变”产生于力线“通、断”的当时，没有“传播”，只存在于作用物体之间，不需要“传播”时间，就是说，引力波的速度是无限大。如果接受到了若干光年外恒星的“引力波”，事情可能是:它“现在”发生了“超新星爆发”，而通过显微镜观察到此图像却要在若干年以后！这是今天对于空间及真空的认识的补充。

（3a）《狭义相对论》有“圆柱形刚体运动时其半径R0随运动速度q而改变”的内容，从文字上看不出是物体的尺度在相对运动中真正改变（这是难以理解的）还是由于光信息改变引起的“视在改变”，而当时洛仑兹提出的“运动物体长度改变”并提出变换方程（洛仑兹变换）则不是“视在改变”。但是，物体的“尺寸”乃是力平衡的结果，如果不出现力的改变，无法改变“尺寸”。因此，需要从理论上认识这个改变。

事情的原因在于，光信息需要传播时间。在相对静止情况下，传播时间受光路长度——距离——影响，在相对运动情况下，传播时间还要受到相对速度影响，具体在下面2.3中叙述。

不过，需要相信，在惯性系统中的物体，只有受力 才会变形（改变尺度）。

（4a）“质量可变”是狭义相对论的重要内容之一，但是，相对论对质量的改变设置了界限：“随速度而变”，也列出了方程。

那时，物理界公认“质量不灭”“能量不灭”，罗蒙诺索夫的“物质不灭”作为物理定律而存在，但是实验中却出现了令人困惑的问题，如：物质巨大的核能来自何处？加速器中粒子速度为什么不能达到光速？威尔逊云室中出现粒子迹线中断现象说明什么？在物理界对此不能提出解释的情况下，《相对论》提出了有条件的“质量可以改变”，条件是质量m随速度变化，速度为0时质量为原始质量m0 。

爱翁以他高超的数学能力，用他的观点，为光速c、质量m、原子能E、运动速度v等因素构建了相关方程，对于偏重数学的学者，方程的无误似乎意味着理论正确。

其后，许多学者渐渐自由发挥，至今“质量可变”已经发挥到了不受限制的程度，如，有文章说：“宇宙大爆炸之前，现有宇宙的全部物质都被压缩在一个理论的点里”，这样的质量改变程度，比中国经典文学《西游记》的“孙悟空拔出一把毫毛变成一群猴子”要高出许多数量级！

现在看，当年上述那些“令人困惑的问题”，哪一个也不是真正质量改变了，都可以发现其实质量没有变而另有机制。经典物理学的两个不灭定理并没有真正受到挑战，“认识的局限”产生了“质量可变”误会，现在依然相信“质量可变”的人，能举出哪怕一个经得住推敲的事例来证明质量可以变？

按理，物理学的任何改变都存在机理，质量如果可变，也不能例外，今天我们已经能够看清，“两个不灭”(物质、能量)乃是物理学的基本规律，理论只能与之相恰，一旦相悖，必然发生失误。

人类在通向认识大自然的途中，走弯路是很难免的。《相对论》恐怕是迄今最高水准的物理论文，但是，由于当时的条件，它存在需要改进之处不应令人意外，这丝毫不影响其伟大成就与灿烂光辉。

质量到底能不能“变”是物理学的重要论题，不能含糊。如果相信“质量可变”，同相信“造物者创造了宇宙”没有很大分歧！

这里恰恰要强调，“质量可变”理论不牢靠：

a. 那时看起来似乎质量可变的那些“实例”（或“难题”），如上所述，都不能证明质量“变了”，质量既不能有“大小之变”，也不能“变能量”，“质量可变”理论需要至少举出一个能够说明质量真的变了的实例。

b. 下面（5a）要讨论，《相对论》的方程（43）将表示动能的方程和表示“质量蕴含能量”的方程视为等同地并列缺少理论依据，它的“质量与能量实质上是相像的；它们只是同一事物的不同表示.....”只是一家之见，不足为据，需要补充理由。

c. “质量可变”理论需要回答：质量如何变？是大小之变、密度之变、还是其它的“变”？“变”的机理何在？物理学中谢绝承认没有机理的“变”。

为什么本文不厌其烦的说明“质量不可变”呢？

需要看到，相信质量可变已经给现代物理学添加了许多水分。尽管也因此创作了许多美好的科幻作品。

物理学的基础规律现在还受到高度重视和严格遵守吗？在主流杂志中有一些包含“质量可变”“质量变能量”等等在内的文章，人们看到会认为是无稽之谈吗？

相信质量不可变，尊重上述两项基础性的物理规律，掺进物理空间的水分恐怕要挥发掉一大部分！

因此，需要恢复两个不灭定律的物理基础规律位置，将其作为判断正误的主要标准之一，物理规律的权威性不应忽视，与之相悖，等于失误。

（5a）能量方程E0=mc2已经深入人心，这里还提出改进性意见是正确的、必要的吗？

现在回顾《相对论》关于“质量与能量”的方程（44）：E0=mc2，此前的方程是表示相对速度对于“动能、能量”影响，方程的数学连接很紧密，不过，缺少了物理连接：

动能受相对速度影响的机理和能量具体是什么？

因为没有说明这点，人们对方程没有提出问题但是难以理解方程的物理意义。

光既然具有速度，上面（2a）讨论过，对于速度、坐标、时间等理论上需要“加以修正”，而在相对速度接近光速时，此修正数值将十分可观。因此，相对论方程组（43）的前面所有方程组 Ix....... 是正确的，问题在于最后并列的 E=m/√1-q2 

Ix.......代表的是动能，动能的因素是质量与速度，Ix.需要随速度“加以修正”，而E代表“质量含有的能量”，将它并列进来需要理由。

　　　《相对论》中只是说：“如果将E=m/√1-q2 应用于静止质量（q =0），便知道静止物体的能量E0等于其质量”。“如果取秒为时间单位，就会得到 E0=mc2　”。

这里的“便知道”其实无从知道，需要从物理意义上解释为什么“静止物体的能量E0等于其质量”。物理学回答不了“质子、中子是如何形成的、它们的‘内能’来源于何处、在什么情况下‘内能’又重新表现出来”等问题。　

为什么E=m/√1-q2 可以加进（43）这个动量方程，相对论后面解释说：“质量与能量实质上是相像的；它们只是同一事物的不同表示.....”

这里是一个逻辑循环，因为方程不能证明“质量与能量实质上是相像的”，方程组（43）之最后的这个方程，左边E表现的是“质量m”的能量，而右边却去掉了构成动能必需的速度因子，需要明确的理由。需要严格证明“相像”。

本文认为它们不能并列的理由是：

a.质量与能量的物理意义有别，质量代表“质”的数量，可以细化到多少枚质子、中子、电子；能量可以用动量m×v做代表——任何能量不能离开“m与v”这二元，质量与能量虽然都有m，但物理意义不等，基本粒子的质量m不包含速度v因子。所以“质量与能量”不能混在一起。

对此的改进在于发现机理、找到原因所在（见以下所说）。

b.二者的物理量纲不同，在物理领域，物理量纲不同的物理量不可能相同，没有回旋余地。

c. 方程 E=m/√1-q2 转变为E0=mc2没有从数学演变上交代而是说：“如果取秒为时间单位，就会得到”。需要具体交代，没有实际数值，不足为据。

当年，发现了物质存在巨大的核能，方程E0=mc2适应了这一发现，而且至今依然合用，这当然是重大贡献，在没有新解释的情况下，至今没有人怀疑其正确性。

因为物质确实含有核能，物理界对质量m含有巨大能量没有怀疑，对此，当时没有迄今也没有人据理提出相反的理论，问题只是物理真相何在？

物理学的目的不仅是应用，还需要探明机理，方程E0=mc2描述的物质核能自何而来？ 

没有机理不但难以理解，而且也难以相信。几十年之后，知识的积累使情况有所改变，

陈理士网站的论文《L32 原子的核能自何而来？》对此做出了回答，简言之，物质的核能是质子、中子形成之时就蕴含在内的，仅当质子、中子解体，才释放出来。

质子、中子内部并不是静止的粒子，它们是基本粒子的“微涡旋星系”，若回旋速度是v，动能就是E0=1/2mv2。

方程E0=mc2既然是为解释巨大核能而演绎出来的，它大致准确不成问题。

从《相对论》中看到，爱翁对于“红移”（引力红移）“光线弯曲”（引力弯曲）等当时难以解释的现象都演绎了方程而且计算与测量值很接近。但是，以后他认为“红移”同万有引力不相干，可见方程不能算数；此外，实验证明，比万有引力“强”的力不能使光线弯曲，万有引力自然不应当是空间光线弯曲的原因，这也说明方程不能取代机理。

所以，方程合用不等于理论正确，方程E0=mc2是否准确，今后需要加以验证。此方程的精确验证相当于揭示基本粒子在质子内部的旋转线速度，不过，验证时应当将其形式改为：E0=1/2mv2 ， 而v 是基本粒子在质子、中子内部回旋的线速度。

2.3　空间维度：从《相对论》提出了“四维连续区域”，有些文章似乎发现了空间可以超过三维的依据，但狭义相对论有：“并不存在将四维连续区域分成三维空间与一维时间连续区域的在客观上合理的区分”。 这里得不出“空间是四维”的结论，因为，针对的都是数学自变量，“空间”当然是函数空间，虽然相对论在后面“论宇宙学问题”中有“四维空间”术语，但明显看得出那是指数学空间。

其后，空间维度3　似乎也类似质量不灭一样不再得到尊重，如有文章中写到：“在5维空间中的隐宇宙同我们的宇宙相撞产生了现在的宇宙.....”，另一些文章的最高维度已经超过了２２！这类科幻性质的内容已经借《相对论》的名义溜进了现代物理理论。

如上（2a）所述，数学空间可以 > 3维，而且理论上的维度不受限制，而物理空间即真实空间维度只能是3。

2.4 广义相对论（第三章）有等式：

（惯性质量）·（加速度）=（引力场强度）·（引力质量）

提出这个方程，可用于回答：“惯性质量为什么不等于引力质量”，不过这只是数学回答，而且，此方程既没有验证，也没有机理支持。

以下两个例子好像说明 “惯性质量”并不等于“引力质量”：

例1. 太阳与地球间的引力在日食时（月球介入）出现改变, 此时， 没有发生“惯性改变”，改变的是引力。

例2. 已知 电子质量 9.1066×10-28（克）

质子质量 1.67248×10-24（克）

中子质量 1.6749×10-24（克）

这三个数据似乎可以“加出”任何化学元素的原子量，但是，“加出”的数值同实际测量原子得到的数值不相同。其表面上的区别是地球引力的影响，于是有了“惯性质量”与“引力质量”的不同。

解释以上例子、回答“惯性质量为什么不等于引力质量”需要阐明机理而不是列出一个难以理解的或没有机理的方程。

从理论上认定“惯性质量不等与引力质量”对“质量可变”理论有利，似乎可以证明“质量不是不可变”。

不过，这肯定是一个非常难以理解的等式。等号左方的“加速度”人们比较熟悉，其它三项则需要进一步理清。

首先，“质量”到底“可变”还是“不可变”？如果 “可变”，自然可以加上“引力”“惯性”甚至其它定语以示区别。问题是，上面说过，迄今“质量可变”的所有例证全都属于误会，质量可变的“理论”不实，“质量如何变”无人能够据理回答而经典物理学的两个不灭定律意味着“质量不能变”，质量不能变可以落实于“基本粒子不能变”。

理智的判断应当是：“基本粒子不能变”、由基本粒子聚合形成的物质当然只能“变形”（改变相互位置）而不能“变质”。

“化学变化”前后物质的电子、质子、中子数量不变，证明了质量不能变。“质量可变”需要依据，没有依据难以理直气壮。

质量不能变就不存在“引力质量”与“惯性质量”之分。质量就是一个：“物质的量”，落实到底，就是多少枚引力子和斥力子（电子），或多枚少质子、中子、电子。

其次，“引力场”是什么样的场？

现代物理学的误会之一是将“大小”引力分成了“四种力”，分别开拓成了：“牛顿、量子电动、量子色动、量子味动”四门力学学科，往往将“引力”仅同万有引力挂钩，文章《L18a强作用力、弱作用力、电磁力、万有引力的“统一”》论证了“引力只有一种”，引力的大小之差是作用引力线数量不同引起，由于不同规模的物质都向空间发出引力线，因此，空间的任何物体其实都处在力场之中，只是人们没有意识到而已。

一个空间星体，因为发出引力线，它同其它星体其实都形成“力线相互作用”关系。牛顿引力方程虽然是描述两个物体之间的方程，但可以“据理开拓”，这就是，一个空间星体发出的全部力线同空间周围物体作用，“全部（取相对值1）”被分为许许多多“部分”，“部分”的多少则由牛顿方程确定，即：同两个星体的质量之和（m1+m2）成正比，同距离s的平方成反比（1/s2）。“许许多多‘部分’”的代数和为1。

理解这一情况，有助于对空间物理现象的解讀，例如，日食时“日——地”之间的引力被测量到发生改变，为什么？ 

此时由于月球的“居间”，双方都有一部分原来只在“日、地”间相互作用的引力线此时改变为“日——月”“月——地”间的作用力线，于是，在这一特殊位置时，“日、地”“月、地”间的引力都发生了少许改变。这一改变的比例有多大，因为“日、月、地”的质量和距离都是已知数，可以用牛顿方程计算。

可以相信，日食时“日、月、地”的质量都没有“变化”，引力的变动乃是作用力线数量变动引起。

为什么 将电子、质子、中子的质量相加不等于相应原子的质量呢？ 原因在于“聚合效应”，质量位置改变使力线分布情况也有所不同（如上述日食时），以致由引力表示的质量不能呈线性。原子是一个“小宇宙”，斥力子（电子）在外围回旋，质子、中子作为基本粒子的“微涡旋星系”在内部回旋，每个粒子都向外发出力线。原子向外发出的力线分为内部“作用力线”与伸向外部的“剩余力线”两部分，这两部分力线的比例关系在文章《L04a 物质演变》中做过叙述，不是线性关系。

所以，构建上述方程不能从机理上说明“惯性质量”与“引力质量”，反而将问题数学化、复杂化且离开物理真实，要人们相信质量可以变！

这说明《相对论》应用数学方程略有过度之处，在“光引力红移”与“光引力弯曲”中也有类似情况。

从物理角度， 质量 没有“惯性质量”与“引力质量”之别，只是需要对物体在引力作用下与在惯性下为什么结果有少许差异作出合理解释，归根结底，这是一个物理题，是一个需要说明机理的题目。

《广义相对论》其余内容讨论张量的变换，因为张量是物理向量（三维，三元）的数学开拓，例如四元空间的“体积元素dx=∫dx1dx2dx3dx4”, 乃是四元函数空间中的体积元，其变换关系是严格的微分几何关系，因此这部分内容乃是数学的内容，对于希望通过阅读本文了解物理真实的人则比较难以理解。 

2.5 广义相对论（续）（第四章）以质点运动的微分方程开始，乃是将牛顿力学方程从数学方面 深化，用微积分、变分、偏微分、线性变换等数学手段加以演绎。与 Л.Л.朗道的 《力学》主要不同 在于《相对论》考虑了“光速影响”，因此更加合理。

但是本章有三项联系物理实际的内容需要商榷：

（1）“空间弯曲” 

（2）光谱“引力红移” 

（3）光线“引力弯曲” 

因为这三项解释都是从方程演绎中得出的结论，需要从物理角度加以认识，《相对论》的数学水准无疑很高，即使在数学家戴维·希尔伯特面前并不显弱，不过上面说过，数学正确不等于物理正确，数学是物理学的有力助手，但是，从“主、辅”关系来说，数学为辅。因此，物理题的解答，必须明确机理、相恰于物理规律、经得住理论与现实的质疑，不应存在“困难”或“问题”。以下从物理角度讨论这三项内容： 

（1a）这里有了一个专门含义的“空间”：光波抵达的“空间”，此空间由“波阵面”以光速向传播方向移动形成。“波阵面”是球面，广义相对论说：“在这个意义下，空间不是欧几里得空间，而是‘弯曲’的”，“在这个意义下”(由数学描述的)“空间是弯曲的”明白告诉我们，相对论不认为空间真正可以弯曲，

即，“波阵面”的空间，只是空间的一部分，只是根据方程，从空间中暂时地定义了一个动态的局部，此局部为曲面根本不影响空间的一般性质，从空间也可以“划出”其它方程几何图形的“一部分”，这也同样不能代表空间性质。上面已叙述过，没有物质的空间(等于真空)，无所谓“性质”，分布着物质的空间，不可能“折叠、弯曲、隐形或缺失”。

（2a）光谱“红移”的物理原因何在？ 

光源发出的光经过三棱镜折射成为许多并列的彩色条纹——光谱，不同元素光源产生不同光谱条纹，从远星形成的光谱可以看到“相似条纹”，它们同“近处光源”产生的光谱比较“结构相同”只是都向红色方向稍稍位移，星体越远位移越大。此即“红移”。

关于红移产生的原因，《广义相对论（续）》叙述是：“......时计邻近的有质物体的质量愈大，它就走得愈慢，因此断定太阳表面上产生的相应光谱线相比较，大约要向红端移动其波长的2·10-6 (10的-6次方)”，这就是“引力引起红移”。通过“引力红移”看出《相对论》在探索红移物理原因中不断修正观点，摸索前进：

在附录开始有“断然证明引力红移存在”（肯定“引力红移”），而在后面则写道：“因此不得不将赫布耳的发现（“红移”）看成星系的膨胀”（否定“引力红移”），说明他已经改变认识，相信“红移”表示“星系的膨胀”。

今天如何看待“红移”这一自然现象？需要系统地考虑所有相关物理现象后再提出理论，理论不能片面，不能存在困难与问题。

“红移”说明光波波长“变长”或频率“降低”，在地球上，从运动物体上反射的波会发生频率改变，此现象被多普勒发现，名多普勒效应，“红移”在地面上意味着物体远离观测者。于是有人将多普勒效应用于远星，认为远星“远离我们”，远离速度有多大？据光谱条纹推算在10万千米/秒上下！ 

就是说，如果远星“红移”真的由于多普勒效应，远星要以10万千米/秒上下 “远离我们”（迄今人工产生的爆炸速度约为千米/秒，仅为上述值的万分之一）！因为远星大多“红移”且“星体越远红移越大”，因此，“宇宙大爆炸”“宇宙膨胀”、“宇宙加速膨胀”成为“理论”至今不已。

但此“理论”存在的“问题”和“困难”却不能回避：

a. 空间也发现了“蓝移”的远星！如果说“红移”是“宇宙膨胀”，“蓝移”不就是“宇宙压缩”吗？理论哪能只说一面而无视同时存在的另一面呢？然而迄今理论恰恰就是如此！

b. 由“红移”确定的“宇宙膨胀”乃是以“我们”为中心，于是“理论” 需要说地球是宇宙的中心，此说当然难以启口，同天文观察的结论差距太大，于是加以位移。但不论移到哪里，同“红移”确定的“中心”不能一致。

其实，事情的关键在于从物理上分析 “红移”和“蓝移”的原因，即，远星的光波波长传到地球时为什么变化？

第一个可能原因是空间电场不是时时、处处均匀，每一颗远星的光波，经过若干光年的空间达到地球上的望远镜中，在它们的光路上，空间电场的平均密度同地球表面相比有一些差异，较高者波速加快，显示蓝移；较低者波速降低，显示红移。

因为地球离恒星太阳较近，空间电场密度可能稍高与空间平均值，这使多数远星相对“红移”；少数数远星相对“蓝移”。

第二个可能原因是“电波衰减”。波动理论认为波长和频率是不变物理量，即理论上不衰减，但是，绝对符合理论的物理量有没有？如“在弹性限度内，应力与应变成正比”，对于内应力消除得比较好的材料，“离开理论”的程度小于10的 -4次方就不错了；当光波在空间经过上百亿年的传播，亮度衰减到远小于原来的10的-8次方，由于空间电场的不绝对符合理论要求，波长发生一些离开“理论值”的“实际衰减”是可能的。此项“波长衰减”应当是“距离越远衰减越大”。

提出电波“波长衰减”并不是从理论上否定“波长和频率不变”，而是考虑在振幅极端衰减情况下媒质不能绝对符合理论性质出现的实际“改变”。

回看波动理论的“波速方程”是：v =√G/ρ

式中v为波速，G为媒质的弹性模量，ρ为媒质的密度。波速变不变，取决于G与ρ变不变。

先说ρ，空间电场一般相对均匀，即ρ大致不变，“不匀”只在恒星附近，在后面（3a）中再议；至于G，相当于材料的弹性模数，通常认为是常数，也不变。 这是光速理论上不变的依据。联系到实际就要问：“光媒质”是什么？当时有人提出是“以太”，迈克尔逊实验没有体现“以太漂移”使“以太”更加渺茫，在《L07 光与真空中光速》阐述了“光媒质”就是空间电场，“发光”的实质是物质原子外层电子围绕原子核回旋，附近的空间电子按照相同频率将这一运动作为横波“辐射”出去。电子之间的斥力是产生电波的力源。在光学里，光的发生与传播只有一个角色——电子（斥力子）。传播光波的媒质——空间电场（电子矩阵）——既非固体也非液体、气体（这一新情况是对于现在波动理论的补充）。

光极度微弱即振幅的极度减小意味着空间电场在传递光波時场电子上下波动“幅度极小”，理论上“幅度极小”与幅度较大不应影响频率（或波长），但是，实际情况不能完全符合理论，空间电场 传递光波是基于电子矩阵之间的斥力改变，在振幅变化很大的情况下其线性程度有所改变是可能的。

作为对比，实验室精心制作的单色光能保持频率不变的光程也就是千米上下（光波传输时间远远小于1秒），可见，光波在空间经过那么多年传播，频率改变10-1次方并不离奇。

至于“蓝移”远星的出现，可以考虑它的光路经过了“超新星爆发”等高电场密度空间。

总之，“红移”和“蓝移”应当作为空间光学现象加以分析，分析光学现象需要考虑光路的状态。

至此要问：“空间多普勒现象”到底存在不存在？当然应当承认空间存在多普勒现象，空间许多星体的距离已经有测量数据，完全可以通过光谱移动验证多普勒效应，只是对于遥远星体，不仅存在多普勒效应，还存在频率实际衰减，后者影响远大于前者，不能忽视。

空间星体的运动是惯性与万有引力作用的结果，因此，正确估计是：任何星体在空间是以“宇宙速度”运行。当从光谱条纹位移得出相应速度为0.1-0.2光速时，需要反思光谱条纹位移的原因，不能不加分析套用多普勒现象，否则，下一步必须回答：使那么多星体发生那么大速度改变的原因和能量何在？于是离不开“宇宙大爆炸”理论但又无法面对“蓝移”。

（3a）光线“引力弯曲” 

光线经过恒星附近为什么“弯曲”？

“光”在空间如何传播？对此有了可信理论，才能回答“光线”经过恒星附近为什么发生弯曲？ 

对于这些难以回答的问题其物理实质需要从基础理论方面作出了解释，由于知识的积累，今天，已经有可能据理认识和解答这些问题。

广义相对论（续）中有“可以作出光线经过巨大质量近旁时将有偏转结论”，爱翁曾以为光线经过恒星附近发生弯曲也是引力所致，并且也推导了计算方程。

用引力解释令后人难以理解的是:力能够影响光线的路径吗？机理何在？如果万有引力能够影响光路，比它强的电磁力是不是影响大得多？因为没有机理，此理论自然难以理解。

以上提到过，光波在空间电场中的传播速度取决于空间电场的密度与均匀度，但是在恒星——电子发射源——附近，存在较大电场梯度，这意味着折射率不匀，“光线发生弯曲”理所当然，这是物理机理所在，不能用引力的方程取代。

《相对论》的本章与 上一章类似，采用数学分析和演绎数学方程，从数学角度并没有看出方程有何不妥，但是它们并不贴切于物理机理，这些方程对从物理角度认识“红移”“光路弯曲”等空间光学现象帮助不大，如果一定要将它们用于解释 “红移”与“光路弯曲”，必定令人难以理解。 

2.6 关于《 相对论 》的附录部分，标题是《论“宇宙学问题”》，一开始，谈到发现了超重的“矮星”，认为这有利于“光引力弯曲”理论，继后提出了一个“引力方程”。

这个方程是不是能描述空间任何星体的力学状态呢？有人认为，此方程的“宇宙学衡量Λ”如果正确,宇宙问题就可以解决了。其实，每一个空间星体都处在“力场”之中。因为它发出引力线，与其它星体发出的力线相互作用形成引力，但是，作用力线数量随着相互位置变化，因此，用数学方程来描述一个空间星体的力和运动,其相关因素是周围物体，包括它们的质量、位置、速度，把这些直接相关的因素排除在外，怎么能够解决宇宙问题？

关于“宇宙方程”，现在有没有条件提出？这需要先理解力线力学的基本原理，需要进行大量测量计算，而《相对论》在这里提出的这个方程，乃是利用数学方法得到的结果，同“引力红移”、“引力弯曲”类似，从物理角度并不贴切。

本章的其它内容，情况比较相似，数学推导不但严格而且水平很高，主要是关于“张量”空间（四维“空间”）的线性变换，但是在联系实际物理内容时往往一语带过，不仔细交代机理，而涉及的物理观点未必正确。如：上述“具有曲率的空间”（离开物质的空间无所谓“曲率”）、“因此不得不将赫布耳的发现看成是星系的膨胀”（这里，同意了“红移”代表远星高速离去）、“空虚空间（注：离开物质不能形成力）的引力方程”等。

这里，《相对论》是在结合 数学解释当时不能解释的物理题，没有公认的基础理论，于是，这部分内容也同样难以理解。

3 后语

以上可见，《相对论》难以理解是由于：

1 时代局限（前沿理论特点）、相对论涉及的物理问题都是当时的“前沿”,《相对论》也在探索解决它们。

2 基本理论局限, 那时力学理论、电磁理论、光学理论、宇宙学理论、粒子理论都处于快速发展中，因此在涉及基础理论时《相对论》不可能作出令人容易理解的圆满的叙述。

3 同物理意义不直接相关的方程偏多

4 存在叙理不足之处

存在上述“不完善”之处不影响《相对论》是迄今最著名的论文，是对于物理理论贡献最大的论文。

本文提出这些问题的目的在于补漏拾遗，在前人基础上继续前进，使其不断趋于完善。

注：本文涉及的相对论方程据《相对论的意义》一书，李灏据《the meaning of relativity》 译，科学出版社 1961.本

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L59  Why relativity is hard to understand in the last hundred years

                              S. G. Chinese

Abstract Through the analysis found that the reason of "《relativity》is difficult to understand"

Key words 　relativity　　The same light speed in a vacuum　　”light”　　"Gravitational red shift" of the light "Gravitational bend" of the light　　where come from the electrons of space electric field　　where come from mass’s nuclear energy 

1 foreword 

Not a few people who rad and studied 《relativity》, it seems not many of them feel relativity is not hard to understand. 

Up to now the physical field still some organization or individual to research for it, but it does not find new “creative efforts” theory, this shows the researching for 《relativity》still focus on understanding. 

At first view,《relativity》should be easy to understand, because it’s mathematical connection quite tight, "the whole" accompanying equation, the evolution of some equation to deduce,《relativity》 about the application of mathematics，from linear algebra and differential equations to differential geometry are very skilled, mathematical rigor should be perfect, in fact also not seen from this aspect question.

To say《relativity》 is “hard to understand”, because other physical paper has not been the precedent of scholars in more than 100 years after is in a stage of understanding and research. Thus, today, can "standing upon the shoulders of predecessors" have a look, what detail of 《relativity》is “hard to understand” , why are they difficult to understand? Today how to think and understand the content?

The following are the specific content, analyses the reason of difficult to understand and this article know about this. 

Need to explain, this article does not along the order of mathematical equation to reading 《relativity》, Because it contains 154 groups 225 equations , They are applied for the related content, if these content got correct answer, equation is used to make quantitative calculation, There is no "incomprehensible"；conversely, if to understanding 《relativity》along equation’s order, when the physical meaning of equation is  ;;;;;;unclear or inadequacy ;;;;;;(the following shows, does exist), then can’t be understand, things are worse. More over, if the 225 equation research down one by one, the article may be much longer than ;;;;;;《relativity》, therefore, only a few relevant equations in the discussion. 

the content and reason of hard to understanding of 《relativity》

;;;;;;2.1 in the “space and time in relativity former physics” of the first chapter of 《relativity》, the content is careful deduction the orthogonal transformation of equations, in the field of higher mathematics, belong to the scope of the linear transformation, ;;;;;;from the 20 group 27 equations can't say clear “ the space and time before《relativity》” as the title shows, these equations, of course is needed for the influence of Shadow vector, tensor, speed and force by conversion ;;;;;;of ;;;;;;coordinates, but how feel for that readers they read this article only want to know “former pace and time”——the topic of the first chapter ?

Here also lists the form of differential equation of wave equation, this also clearly does not help that theme and inevitably cause a confusing. Thus, in the chapter 1, Mathematical equations not play a role for clarify “the space and time before 《relativity》”, is easy to let a person feel puzzling.

2.2the whole second chapter 《special relativity》 contains equations 37 groups, at first, these equations express when consider ;;;;;;in the case of “the speed of light in vacuum is constant” , coordinates and "distance" associated with the speed of light, raised “four dimensional continuous region” and coordinate transform, from the mathematical point of view is very tight. 

The question is if that “the speed of light in vacuum is constant” is true? Now  ;;;;;;briefly discuss the five questions：

（1）The principle of speed in a vacuum

（2）The meaning of the four dimensional continuous region

（3）when cylindrical rigid body is in moving it’s radius R0 will change follow moving speed q (see also in following Lorentz explanation ) 

（4) “The mass(quality) of the body is not constant, it will change follow body’s energy changing” mean “quality variable”

（5）the energy equation E0=mc2 

The following account respectively： 

(1a)the background of 《relativity》 raise “the speed of light in vacuum is constant”is those famous optical experiment proceed in 1881, in the experiment after the optical path change 90 °, interference with no change. At that time thought “one direction of optical path Ether is drifted”, after the optical path change 90 °, interference zones should be changed, ;;;;;;thus, experimental result ( interference with no change) is ;;;;;;against expectation.

Lorentz explanation is："The object length change in motion"，"Change" value calculated by the "Lorentz transformation",Proposed "ether drift” caused optical path changing get offset by “ ;;;;;;Length contraction”.

《relativity》is put forward "the speed of light in a vacuum ;;;;;;is constant ", Think that the experiment prove that the speed of light in vacuum is constant,because of “light’s” theory so far did not truly uniform, therefore, so far no one to judge the above two explanations.

 ;;;;;;According to reason, the same physical things appear two different interpretations, at least one is inaccurate or incorrect,but at that time the basic theory does not provide support, scholars are difficult to dispute. Today, dominant optical theory still cannot provide support.

This article's point of view is,  ;;;;;;the reason is that So far in the noun"light" within the term filled with many electronic( reputon) related to the different physical things,there are different speed of electronics, The electric wave of different frequency, can't use the duality theory (think wave and particle is the same thing different representation) to reconcile, if it's the same thing, only have the obvious physical mechanism, will show different performance, but there will be no different ;;;;;;presentation.

History and the 《relativity》 of "light", In fact is a "visible light", Is the electric waves its wavelength about 0.6μ,so,the interpretation of the Lorentz Lack of mechanism, not to be trusted. Spatial objects are in relative motion, as long as it don't suffer force, how can happen "length change” ? In 1881 the Michelson experiment is done in the lab, the light path here is in calm air,  ;;;;;;the difference between air and “vacuum” is refractive index is a little difference, the speed of light is slow about three over ten thousand than"vacuum". But, the imagined "ether drift" does not exist in calm air, This is reason of  ;;;;;;"the light road in the experiment turn 90 ° interference image does not change".

Watch now, the space is not a vacuum(see also in《(L02The generality of the space)》), it is difficult to exist "the speed of light in vacuum" proposition, in theory, no electric field in a vacuum, no waves, there would be no light!For the improvement of the formulation of "relativity"is :to use “space light speed” instead of “ speed of light in vacuum”, what decision the space light speed? the answer is, ;;;;;;the space electric field density (refractive index) decided to space light speed.so, “the principle of the light speed in the vacuum is constant” need to make improvement.

Where come from the space field electrons? They come from radiation of many stars and “supernova explosion”, due to "repellent"between electrons, space electric field tend to be more uniform, this is very helpful for the space at the speed of light is constant. But there are two related cases need to consider, the one is the electrons of space field is ;;;;;;dynamic balance by some are enter some are out,only roughly uniform；the other is, the star to be the source of electronic radiant, star nearby, uneven space electric field, possess a gradient. According to the international bureau of weights and measures in the past space ranging error is analyzed, a constant level of space light speed about one over one million, that is, Although in theory cannot say space light speed is constant, but, to use space light speed  ;;;;;;as the length measurement benchmark, as long as it's not "stars and supernova explosions near",Has very high accuracy. 

Although "the speed of light in vacuum conservation"is not confirm in theory, can't explain to Michelson experiment, but these theories not only shows the track of  ;;;;;;probing natural law, also make us realize that between the two systems with relative motion, when the speed is close to the light speed, target information can appear "time delay" and "time distortion", through linear transformation, in order to get the real data. In the space s, this contribution of 《relativity》 is very big. 

（2a）the meaning of  ;;;;;;the four dimensional continuous area：Classical physics has infinite inadvertently set the light speed is infinity, in 1902, "light speed” is measured accurate to five effective value (now this precision is 10 effective value), "Light has a velocity" become need to acknowledge the reality of physics, between two systems the information transfer with “infinite speed”and “light speed”, the distinguish on the math is to use Four-variable functions equation instead of three variable functions equation, when the relative speed is close to the light speed c, if don't change that occurs as a result, a large error.

;;;;;;Specific calculation equation in 1957, the Chinese physics scholar had introduced popular science magazine in China, section 121-124 (The electrodynamics of moving media)from 《optics》by Г.С.Ландсберг  ;;;;;;has enumerated ;;;;;;these equations and are derived.

X, y, z three coordinates and time t form four mathematical space, Four dimensional continuous area is a "mathematical area" or the "zone" in "mathematical space". If the blur the line between mathematical space and real space, thus difficult to understand.

Some articles on the confusion of "physical space" and "space" in math, increasing the space dimensions.The real physical space is only 3 d, is the "implicit space" and "crimp space" real or imaginary? 

If it's real, must be in 3 d space, there is no other dimensions; If it's empty, just the vacuum,still exists in the existing 3 d space, so, there is no 3 d outside the real "space".

to remove material, space is a vacuum, vacuum is that there is no any material, no matter is "nothing", will not happen any physical phenomena, no such thing as "flat, curved, implicit and explicit, whole, deficiency, energy, potential, and so on".

However, the force-line can be " through、pass through ", the force-lines itself is not material, there is no volume、quality, it made by the material only belong to the material of issued it, space distribution of the material, natural distribution the force-line, force-line act each other to form force, ;;;;;;the force-line "change" acting objects forming force’"wave"——gravitational wave, this "change" produced the same time of when force-line is “on/off ”, no “transmission”, only exists between the effect objects, don't need the "spreading" time, thus to say, the speed of gravitational wave is infinite. If have received several light-years star’s "gravitational waves", the thing seem possible：now it happens “supernova explosion”, and through the microscope to observe the image but after a few years!

this is today a supplement to the understanding of space and vacuum.

（3a） 《The special theory of relativity》 having the content of“When the cylindrical rigid body in motion it’s radius R0 change according to the movement speed q”, it couldn't see from the text is a real change in the relative motion of the scale of the object (it is difficult to understand) is caused by light information change "apparent change",  ;;;;;;and then put forward by the Lorentz "moving object length change" and proposed transformation equation (Lorentz transformation) is not "apparent change". But, the "size" of object is the result of the force balance,If don't the force change, can't change the "size".Therefore, it need to know this change in theory.

;;;;;;The reason of things lie in, spreading optical information need time.Under the condition of relatively static, travel time affected by the optical path length——distance, In the case of relative motion，ravel time also affected by the relative velocity ，Specifically described in 2.3 below.

However, need to believe in, the objects in inertial system, only suffer force can deformation (change size).

（4a）"Quality variable" is one of the main contents of the special theory of relativity, But the relativity ;;;;;;set up the boundaries："Change" with the speed, also ;;;;;;lists the equation. 

At the time, physical circles recognized “mass conservation” and “energy conservation”, Lomonosov’s “mass conservation” as the law of physics, but experiment is puzzling problems, such as：where come from the material huge nuclear power? Why can't accelerator particle velocity reach to the speed of light? Why Particle tracing line interruption phenomenon occurring in Wilson cloud chamber? ;;;;;;In the case of ;;;;;;physics cannot put forward explanation, 《 ;;;;;;relativity》 proposed conditional "quality can change"，on the condition that the quality m is changed follows the speed.  ;;;;;;when speed of 0 Quality as the original quality m0 .

Sir Einstein to his high level of mathematical ability, with his point of view, constructed related equation for the the light speed c, quality m, atomic energy E, velocity v and so on factors, for scholars lay particular stress on mathematics,Equation and correct seem to indicate that theory is correct.

Thereafter, many scholars have gradually free play, up to now "Quality variable" has been to the extent of not restricted, such as, the article says："Before the big bang, the universe of all existing material is compressed in a theoretical point", the extent of Quality variable, Than in the Chinese classic literature "journey to the west" that "Sun Wu Kong pulls hairs turn them into a group of monkeys"would large many many orders of magnitude!

Now look back, When those "baffling problem"，which one is not really changed the quality, can be found that the mass does not change and have the other mechanisms. Two conservation theorem of classical physics doesn't really challenged, the limitations of "know" produced "quality variable" misunderstanding, can give even can stand the scrutiny of examples to prove the quality can be changed?

Normally, any change in the mechanism of physics, if the variable quality, are no exception, today we have been able to see, “two conservation”（mass、energy）to be the basic rule of the physics, theory can just with it only, once the contrary, inevitable errors. to know the way of nature, human detour is inevitable, 《relativity》 ;;;;;;is by far the highest level of physics papers, I'm afraid, however, because of the conditions, it exists need improvements should not be surprising, this doesn't affect their great achievement and glorious. Quality really can or can’t "change" is one of the important topics in physics, ;;;;;;can not be vague. If believe that "quality variable", to believe that "the creator created the universe" not far apart!

Here just want to emphasize, the theory of variable quality unstable：

a. At that time seems to be the quality variable those "instance" (or "problem")， ;;;;;;as the above，all can't prove quality "changed", quality can not have a "change of size", nor "energy", the theory of variable quality need to at least give a example to explain quality really changed.

b. The following (5a) to discuss, the relativity’s equation (43) be going to the kinetic equation and "quality contains the energy equation” as equally tied that was lack of theoretical basis, its “mass and energy is essentially similar；They are just different said the same thing...” Just an opinion,It is insufficient, need to take a reason. 

c.The theory of variable quality need to be answered: how the quality get change? Is the change of size, change of density , or other "change"? what is the mechanism of "change"? physics declined to admit that the "change" there is no mechanism. Why this article never tired of goes that "quality immutable"? Need to see, believe that the quality variable has add a lot of water to modern physics. Even thus created many good science fiction. The basis of physics law also attaches great importance to and strictly abide by now? In some of the mainstream magazine contains "variable" quality "quality change to energy" and so on, the article, see that, are the people will think it ;;;;;;is nonsense? Believe that quality is immutable, respect of the above two fundamental laws of physics, mixed water into the physical space is likely to evaporate a most!

Therefore, we need to restore two conservation the position of basic physical law , as one of the main standard to judge right and wrong, The authority of the laws of physics should not be ignored, to the contrary, is equal to the error.

（5a）Energy equation E0 = MC2 already thorough popular feeling, does it is correct and necessary to also puts forward improvement opinion ?

Now review the"quality and energy" equation (44) of relativity：E0=mc2, The former equation is said the influence about relative velocity to the "kinetic energy, and energy", equation’s mathematical link is very tightness, merely lack of the physical link：,

What is the mechanism for the relative velocity influence to the "kinetic energy? 

Because there is no point, There is no question but equation is difficult to understand the physical meaning.

Since light possess speed, And (2a) discussed above, in theory such as speed, coordinates, time need to "correct", the relative velocity near the speed of light, the correction value will be very considerable. Therefore, all previous equations Ix... Of the equations (43) of relativity Is right, the problem is that the last coordinate E = m /√ 1- q2 

Ix.......IS represents the kinetic energy, The kinetic energy factor is the quality and speed, Ix ;;;;;;need "modified" flow the speed, but E is  ;;;;;;on behalf of “the energy” need a reason tied it came in.

In the 《relativity》only to say “If the E = 1 m /) - q2 applied to rest mass （q =0）,that is to know stationary object energy E0 is equal to its quality” “If to take seconds as the time unit, get E0=mc2 ”.

Here “that is to know ” in fact is unable to know, it need from physical meaning to explain why “stationary object energy E0 is equal to its quality”. Physics can't answer ;;;;;; “how form the proton and neutron, where come from their ‘inner energy’ , under what circumstances can show again " etc. 

Why E=m/√1-q2 may add to momentum equation (43), the interpretation from《relativity》 is： “Mass and energy in essence is similar; They are just different said the same thing... "

Here is a logical loop, because equation cannot prove "is essentially similar quality and energy", this last equation of equation (43), on the left E is the energy of quality"m", while the right to remove a factor speed which form kinetic energy is required, need to clear the reason. need strict proof "similar".

This paper argues that they can't coordinate reason is：

a.The physical meaning of the mass and energy is difference, the quality on behalf of the quantity of "quality",it can be refine to how many neutrons、protons and electrons；energy can be made on behalf of the momentum m × v——any energy cannot leave "m and v" this binary, although mass and energy are all have m, but physical meaning is not the same, the quality m of the fundamental particles does not include the speed factor. So “quality and energy” cannot be mixed together. The improvement for this is found that mechanism、to find the reason (see the followings).

b.The physical dimension of both is different, in the field of physics, physical dimensions of different physical quantities can't be the same, there's no leeway.

c.Equation E=m/√1-q2 into E0=mc2 without replacement from the mathematical evolution but to say ："If you take seconds as the unit of time, you'll get". Her need specific account, no actual values, it is insufficient.That year, found there is a huge nuclear exist in material, Equation E0=mc2 adapted to this discovery, and still share, this, of course, is a major contribution, in the absence of new explanation, so far no one doubts the correctness.

Because the material does have nuclear power, Physics field to quality m contains huge energy without doubt, to this, so far no one according to the principle put forward the opposite theory, the problems just what is the physical truth? Physics is not only the purpose of application, but also proven mechanism is needed, where come from the energy of  ;;;;;;equation E0=mc2  ;;;;;;to describe the nuclear energy of ;;;;;;the material? 

There is no mechanism not only difficult to understand, and also hard to believe. Decades later, the accumulation of knowledge to make things change,

Thesis 《 L05 where come from the energy of equation E0=mc2 》from the website www.chinesephysics.com given the answer for this,in short,material’s nuclear energy was contains when protons and neutrons were formed, only when the disintegration of protons, neutrons, just released. the internal of protons, neutrons is not static particles, they are the “micro vortex galaxy” of the basic (fundamental)particles, if the swirl velocity is v, kinetic energy is the E0=1/2mv2. Since equation E0=mc2 is to explain the huge nuclear and deduce out, it is roughly accurate is not a problem. 

From 《relativity》can seen，senior Einstein for “red shift”(gravitational red shift ;;;;;;) “ light deflection ”(deflection in gravitational ;;;;;;) and so on that time was difficult to explain the phenomenon all deduce the equation and calculated and measured values is very close. But, after he thought the "red shift" has nothing to do with gravity, visible equation can’t as a conclusion；besides, experiment proved, the force “strong” than gravity which can not make ;;;;;;the light bending, gravity ;;;;;;nature should not be the reason of space light happen bending, it also suggests that equation cannot replace mechanism.

;;;;;;So, the equation fit for use is not equal to the theory is correct, if equation E0=mc2 is accurate, need to be verified in the future. precise test and verify of this equation amount ;;;;;;to reveal fundamental particles rotating linear velocity inside the proton's, just, validation should be in the form instead：E0=1/2mv2 , and v is the fundamental particles inside protons and neutrons cyclotron linear velocity.

2.3 ;;;;;;Spatial Dimension：From 《relativity》 put forward "four dimensional continuous area", some articles seem to find the basis of the space can be more than 3 d, but there are special theory of relativity:"Does not exist the four dimensional continuous area is divided into three dimensional space and one dimensional time continuous region objectively reasonable distinction between". Here can’t get the conclusion of “space is 4 dimension”, because, in view of mathematical argument, "space" is of course the function space, although 《relativity》 in the back of "theory of cosmology problem" term "four dimensions",but is obvious that index math space.

Thereafter, space dimension 3 seems like conservation of matter the similar no longer respected, some article have wrote：”Implicit in 5 d universe collided with the universe produced now the universe..... ”, the highest dimension of some articles have been more than 22! The content of this kind of nature of science has been checked in the name of 《relativity》 slip into the modern physical theory.

As above mentioned in (2a), math space can > 3dimension,and the theoretical dimension is not restricted,And physical space namely real space dimension is only 3. 

2.4General 《relativity》 (chapter 3) with equation:

(inertial mass)·(acceleration) = (gravitational field strength)·(gravity mass)

This equation is put forward, can be used to answer “why don't the inertial mass is equal to the gravitational mass”, but this is just a mathematical answer, moreover, this equation is neither validation, and no mechanism to support. The following two examples illustrate like "inertial mass" is not equal to "gravitational mass"：

Case 1. Between the sun and the earth's gravity is change during a solar eclipse, (the moon intervention), by this time, no change "inertia", change is gravity.

Case 2. It is known Electron mass 9.1066×10-28（gram）

Proton mass 1.67248×10-24（gram）

Neutron mass 1.6749×10-24（gram）

These three data seems to be "out" any atomic weight of chemical element, but, “after adding” the quantitative ;;;;;;value does not the same with actual measuring atomic. Their difference is found on the surface of the earth gravity, hence the quality of "inertia" different from "gravitational mass".

 ;;;;;;To explain the above example, answer "inertial mass is not equal to the gravitational mass" need to clarify the mechanism rather than make a difficult to understand or a equation of no mechanism. 

range in theory that the inertial mass and gravitational mass "good for" quality variable "theory, seems to confirm that" the quality is not immutable."

Nothing but this equation must be a very difficult to understand. "Acceleration", the left of equality, people is familiar , the other three it will need to further clarify.

The first, whether the "quality" exactly "variable" or "no change"? If is “variable”, nature can add "gravity" and "inertia" and even other attributive to show the difference. the thing is,  ;;;;;;as ;;;;;;said ;;;;;;above, so far all example in the "quality variable" belongs to the misunderstanding, "Theory" of variable quality is not real, no one can according to the reason to answer "how the quality get change" and the two immortality principles of classical physics means "Quality (mass) can't change", quality cannot be changed can be implement in the " basic (elementary)particles cannot be changed.

The rational judgment should be : "basic (elementary) particles can't change"、the material formation of the basic particle aggregation of course can only be "deformation" (position change) and not "change quality"

"Chemical change" the number of electrons, protons and neutrons material before and after the same, Prove the quality cannot be changed. Need according to the "quality variable", there is no basis is difficult to stick. 

Quality cannot be change there is no the distinction of "gravitational quality" and "inertia quality". Quality is one："the quantity of mass” , at the end, that is how many gravitons (attractons)and repultons (electrons), or how many protons、neutrons、electrons. 

The second, What kind of ;;;;;;field is the gravitational field? 

 ;;;;;;one of the misunderstanding ;;;;;;of modern physics is  ;;;;;;divided to “four kinds of force” fore the attracting force, , respectively, to developed become 4 mechanics discipline：”Newtonian mechanics、quantum electrodynamics、 ;;;;;;quantum chromodynamics、quantum flavor dynamics”, tend to tie the "attracting force" only link with universal gravitation, article 《“unification” of strong force、weak force、electromagnetic force、gravitation》 proves there are only on kind of attracting force only, the size difference of attracting force cause from effecting force-line ;;;;;;number is different, due to the different sizes of matter to space attracting force-line, thus, any space object actually are in the field of force, it's just people don't realize.

A spatial objects, due to issued gravity force-line, it with other stars are actually form a relation of " force-line interaction". Although Newton's gravity equation is describe the equation between two objects, but can "according to the principle to develop", that is, a space star sent its all force-line effect with space around all object, “all(take relative value 1)”Is divided into many, many "part", " how much of the “part” is determined by Newton's equation, namely：with the quality of the two stars (m1 + m2) is proportional to the sum, with is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of s (1 / s2)."Many part" of algebra is 1.

To understand the situation, contribute to the understanding of the space physics, such as, when  ;;;;;;solar eclipse the gravity between “sun-earth” is measured to change, why?

At this time due to the moon "intermediate", a part of ;;;;;;both sides ;;;;;;original acting force-line now change into “sun——moon” “moon——earth” acting force-line, therefore, ;;;;;;in this particular location, the gravity  ;;;;;;between “sun-earth” “moon——earth” are all had happened a little changing.How big is the proportion of this change, Because of the quality and distance "sun, moon, and the earth" are all known, Newton equation can be used.

It ;;;;;;can trust, when solar eclipse the quality(mass) of “sun、moon、earth” re all no change, the change of gravity to be caused by acting force-line number changes. 

Why will the quality of the electrons, protons and neutrons together is not equal to the quality of the corresponding atoms? the reason is that the "aggregation effect", mass’s position change make force-line’s distribution is also different,(as above when the solar eclipse), so that the quality of the said that by gravity not linearly.The atom is a "small universe", The repulton (electron) in peripheral circle ;;;;;;round, protons, neutrons, as the basic particle of "micro vortex galaxy" circle ;;;;;;round internally, every particle to the outgoing output the force-line. Atom to send out force-line can be divided into internal “acting force-line” and to external "residual force-lines " two parts, the proportion of the two component of the force-line has been narrated in the article 《L04a matter’s evolution 》, Is not a linear relationship.

There fore, Build above equation may not explain the difference of "inertial mass" and "gravitational mass", but make the problem mathematically, complicated and leave the physical reality, to people believe that quality can change!this shows that the 《relativity》 applied mathematics equation is slightly too, in the “ ;;;;;;red-shift of light frequency for gravitation” and “gravity bends light” also a similar situation.

From the physical angle to see, no "inertial mass" and "gravitational mass", just need give a reasonable explanation for objects under gravity and inertia in why results have little difference, in the final analysis, this is a physical problem, it is a need to illustrate the mechanism of the subject. 

The rest of the content of《 ;;;;;;general relativity》is discuss the tensor ;;;;;;transformation, because the tensor is the math exploit of physical vector (3 d, three variables),  ;;;;;;For example, the quaternion space "volume element dx=∫dx1dx2dx3dx4 " to be Four function space in the volume element,the transform relationship is strict differential geometry, to hope that through reading this article to understand the physical real , tend to be more difficult to understand.

2.5 《General relativity (continue)》chapter four begin with a differential equation of particle motion, to be deepen the Newtonian mechanics equation from mathematics, use, variational calculus, partial differential, the mathematical methods such as linear transformation to deduce. The major difference with Л Л. Landau's 《mechanics》 is 《relativity》considering the effect of "light speed", so it is more reasonable. 

But in this chapter have three contents of touch the physical actual need to discuss：

（1）“ ;;;;;;Space Warp” 

（2） ;;;;;;red-shift of light frequency for gravitation 

（3）light’s “gravity bends ” 

Because these three explanations from equation to deduce the conclusion，need to be understanding, from the perspective of the physical, ;;;;;;the mathematical level of《relativity》 is very high, even if is not weak in front of a mathematician David Hilbert, but the above said, mathematics right is not equal to the physical right, mathematics is a powerful assistant in physics, but, from the "main, auxiliary" relationship, mathematics is complementary. therefore, mechanism of physics problem solution, must be clear, mechanism of , Mechanism of physics problem solution, therefore, the physics problem solutions, must be clear mechanism、 phase in the laws of physics and withstand the question of theory and reality, there should not be a "difficult" or "problems". The following from the physical point of view to discuss the three contents：

（1a）Here has a special meaning of "space"：light waves arriving "space", This space at the speed of light by the wave-front propagation direction is formed.The wave front is spherical, General relativity said："In this sense, the space is not a Euclidean space, instead of ’bending ‘ ","in this sense" (by mathematical description) "space is curved" ;;;;;;that clearly tell us, 《relativity》don't think the space really can bend, mean，The space of wave front, just a part of the space, just according to the equation, from the space defines a dynamic local temporarily, this local is the curved surface does not affect the general nature of space, from the space can also "into" other equation geometry "part", it also does not represent a space character. Have described above,No matter the space(equal to the vacuum), there would be no "nature" ，spatial distribution of the material, Impossible "folding, bending, invisible or missing"

（2a）what is the physics reason of the spectrum “red shift” ?

Light source issued light through a prism refraction became many parallel chromatic stripe - spectrum, different elements light source produce different spectrum stripe, from the far star formation spectrum can see "similar stripe", they compared to the spectrum produced by "nearby light" was "structure is the same as" just have a little displacement in the direction of the red, the greater the displacement of objects as far. This is known as "red shift".

About the causes of red shift, 《The general relativity(continue)》 narrative is:"... when the meter nearby has the greater the mass of the body, it walked slower, conclude that in comparison with the corresponding spectral lines of the sun on the surface, about to move toward the red end of the wavelength of the 2 · 10-6 (10 - power 6)", this is called the "gravitational red shift ".Through "gravitational red shift" see 《relativity》 ;;;;;;exploring the red shift physical reasons and correct ideas, groping forward:

At the beginning of the appendix there is “categorically prove the existence of gravitational red shift” (affirm gravitational red shift), while in a later wrote："So have to see Herb ear’s discover (" red shift") as the expansion of the galaxies'(deny gravitational red shift), he has changed viewpoint, believe that the "red shift" show "the expansion of the galaxies.Today how to treat the natural phenomenon "red shift"? Need to consider all the relevant system of physical phenomena and then put forward the theory, Theory can not one-sided, Can't exist difficulties and problems.

"Red shift" explains wavelength change to "long" or "lower" frequency, on the earth, the reflected wave from the motion object frequency change will happen,this phenomenon is discovered by Doppler, named the Doppler effect, "red shift" means the object on the ground away from the observer. So someone to use Doppler effect to far star, think far star "away from us", how big is far away from the speed?according to the spectrum stripe calculated at 100000 km/s up and down! That is, if the far star "red shift" really due to the Doppler effect, remote stars "away from us" with speed of 100000 km/s ( so far produced artificial explosion speed about 1km/s, only one over thousand of the value)！ Because most far star "red shift" and "star is far greater the red shift",so “ ;;;;;;The Big Bang” “cosmic expansion” “universe acceleration expansion” become a "theory" to date. But this "theory" exist "problems" and "difficult" but can't avoid:

a.The space also found far star of the "blue shift", if the "red shift" is "the expansion of the universe","blue shift" is not "compression" universe? can theory which only say one side while ignoring the other side of the existence?Yet by theory is so!

b.Be determined by the "red shift" of "the expansion of the universe" is to "we" as the center, so "theory" need to say the earth was the center of the universe,hard to open to this, of course, astronomical observations with the conclusion that the gap is too big, so to the displacement, but no matter where he moved, with the "red shift" sure "center" not consistent.

In fact, the whole point is that from the analysis on the physical "red shift" and "blue shift", that is, why the far star change the wavelengths of light when it to the earth?

The first possible reason is that space electric field is not uniform, always, everywhere, every smote star’s light wave, after several light-years of space reach to the earth telescope, on their light way, the average density of space electric field there are some differences compared with the surface of the earth, the higher wave speed is accelerated, to show blue shift；lower wave velocity decrease, to show red shift.

Because the earth is close to star the sun, the space electric field density may be a little higher than the space average, this make most far stars to the "red shift"；a few far stars on "blue shift".

The second possible reason is that "waves attenuation". Wave theory is that the wavelength and frequency is the unchanging physical quantity, mean no attenuation in theory, but, is there the absolutely conforms to the theory of physical quantity? such as "stress and strain within the elastic limit, proportional", to eliminate internal stress more good material, the extent of the theory of "left" of less than 10 - 4 is good; when light waves in the spread of space after billions of years, brightness attenuation to the much smaller than the original 10-8 power, because of the space electric field is not absolutely conforms to the theory of requirements, wavelength happen some "actual attenuation" left "theoretical" is possible. The "wave attenuation" should be "the greater the farther distance attenuation.

To raise wave’s "wavelength attenuation" is not negative from theory "wavelength and frequency of the same", but to consider in the case of extreme amplitude attenuation medium can't absolutely conforms to the actual nature of the theory and In the actual "change". 

Looked back at the "wave velocity equation of wave theory" is v =√G/ρ

In this equation,v is the wave velocity, G as the medium of the modulus of elasticity, ρ for the medium density. Wave velocity change or constant, Depending on the G ;;;;;;and ρ is change or not. 

Say first about ρ, the space electric field generally relatively uniform, the rho is roughly the same, "uneven" only near the stars, in the back (3a) reconsideration; as for G, equivalent material elastic modulus, generally considered to be constant, is also the same. This is the basis of light speed invariant in theory . Link to the actual will ask: "What is light’s medium"? When someone come up with "ether", Michelson experiment did not reflect "the ether drift" make "ether" more slim, In the 《L07 Light and light velocity in vacuum》 this paper expounds the "light medium" is the space electric field, "Light" is the essence of material atoms outer electrons circle around the nucleus, the space near the electronic according to the same frequency will this movement as shear wave "radiation". Repulsion between electrons is the force source of waves. In optics, occurrence and propagation of light only one role——electron (repulton). The media of Propagate the waves——space electric field (electron matrix)——is not solid or liquid and gas (The new situation is a supplement to the for the wave theory).

Extremely faint light is extreme decrease of amplitude means that the space electric field in a light wave transmission electron fluctuating "tiny", in theory "tiny" and larger extent should not affect the frequency(or wavelength), however, the actual situation is not fully conforms to the theory, light is based on the electronic matrix between the space electric field repulsive force change, in large amplitude change its linear degree change is possible. ;;;;;;serve as a contrast to, laboratory elaborate monochromatic light can maintain frequency constant optical path about 1km(light transmission time is far less than 1 second), visible, light waves in space spread after so many years, the ;;;;;;frequency change 10-1(-1power) is not mysterious. 

As for the emergence of the "blue shift" far star, consider it path ever through "supernova explosion" and so on as the high electric field density space.

In a word, "red shift" and "blue shift" shall be used as space optical phenomenon analysis, analysis of optical phenomenon need to consider the state of the light path.

At this point you would like to ask："Space Doppler phenomenon" exist on earth or didn't exist? of course should admit space exists Doppler phenomenon, space have been many stars distance measurement data, can through spectrum move to proving Doppler effect just for distant objects, Not only it exist the Doppler effect, there are actual frequency attenuation, the influence of the latter than the former, cannot ignore.

Space star movement is the result of inertia and gravity action, therefore, proper estimate is: any stars in space is "speed of the universe". When from spectrum stripe displacement corresponding rate of 0.1 to 0.2 the speed of light, Need to reflect on the reason of spectrum stripe displacement, can't no analysis and use Doppler phenomenon, otherwise, the next step must be answered: where is the mechanism and energy to make so many stars so big speed change? So can’t leave the "big bang" theory, but unable to face the "blue shift".

（3a）light "gravity bending"

Why the light happen “bending” when through star nearby?

How the"Light" spread in the space? have a reliable theory for this, so can to answer why the "light"happen bent after it through the star nearby ? For these question of difficult to answer needs from the aspects of basic theory to explains its physical essence, Due to the accumulation of knowledge, today, is may according to the principle to recognize and solve these problems.

In the general relativity (continue) there is “Can make the conclusion of the light through the massive nearby when there will be a deflection”, Sir Einstein ever thought after near the star light bending is caused by gravity, and also the calculation equation is deduced. 

Using gravity explanation to future generations is difficult to understand： can force may affect the light path? What is the mechanism? if gravity can affect the light path, the electromagnetic force stronger than is it a much bigger affect? because there is no mechanism,the theory is of nature difficult to understand.

The above mentioned, light waves in the space its propagation speed is depends on the density and uniformity of space electric field, but near the stars - electron emission source, there is a big electric field gradient, this means that the refractive index is not even, "the light happen bent"is go without saying, this is a physical mechanism, cannot replace with gravity equation. 

《The general relativity(continue)》was similar to the previous chapter, using mathematical analysis and deduce mathematical equations, from the Angle of mathematics is not what is wrong with that equation, but they are not apt to physical mechanism, these equations for from the angle of physics to understand "red shift" "bend light path ” and so on space optical phenomenon wouldn't help very much, if you must use them for interpretation "red shift" and "light path curve", should be hard to understand.

2.6 The appendix part of 《relativity》, the title ;;;;;;is 《The theory of "cosmological problems"》，at the very start，when it comes to found overweight "dwarf star", think it is helpful to the theory of gravity bends light, after it proposed a "gravity equation”. If this equation can describe any astral space mechanics state? Some scholar is considered, if the "cosmology constant Λ " of this equation is correct, the cosmic problem can be solved. Actually, each space star are in the "force field". Because it is issue gravity force-line, mutual effect with the gravity force-line issued from other stars to form the gravity, but, force line number as the position changes, use mathematical equations to describe the force of a space objects and movement, the related factors was around the object, including their quality, position, speed, out these directly related to the factors of the ruled,  ;;;;;;how can solve the problem of the universe?

About "universal equation", does have the condition to put forward it? the basic principle of this need to understanding first is force-line mechanics, need a large number of measurements and calculation, this equation and 《relativity》 is put forward here, to be the result of using the method of mathematical, it is similar with “gravitational red shift” 、 “Gravity bending”, from a physical point of view is not appropriate.

The rest of this chapter, situation is similar, mathematical derivation strictly and level is very high, is mainly about "tensor" space (4 d "space") the linear transformation, but when in contact with real physical content is often a word, without careful tell mechanism, and involve physical point of view is ;;;;;;may not be correct. as：above "the space with curvature" (leave the material space doesn't matter "curvature")、"So have to Herb ear as the expansion of the galaxies"（here, agreed to the "red shift" on behalf of the star far away at a high speed）、"empty space (note: leave the matter cannot form force) gravity equation", etc. 

Here, 《 relativity》 is in combination with mathematical explanation cannot explain the physics problem at that time, there is no generally accepted the basis of the theory, then, this part is also difficult to understand.

3 said at the rear

Above can be seen, the《relativity》 is difficult to understand due to:

1 time limitation (frontier theory characteristics),《relativity involved physical problems are the "frontier", 《relativity》 is exploring to solve them also.

2 the limitations of the basic theory，then mechanics theory, electromagnetic theory, optical theory, cosmology and particle theory in rapid development, so when it comes to the basic theory 《relativity》 could not make a complete description of easy to understand.

3 more equations its physical meaning is not directly related.

4 exit some shortcomings of narrative mechanism

The "incomplete" does not affect 《relativity》 is by far the most famous papers, is the paper for the largest contribution to the theory of physics.

In this paper, the purpose of these questions is for leak repairing or find lost, on the basis of predecessors' to move on, to make it come to perfect.

Note: this article involves the《relativity》 equations according to the book 《THE MEANING OF RELATIVITY》  ;;;;;;Science Publishing Company, 1961