L27a

对“超新星爆发” SN1987A的解读 

提   要 从物质聚散循环物理角度和对超新星爆发图像解读,可以回答一些有关难题并附带发现行星产生的“速成”机理.

关键词  超新星爆发  行星速成  黑洞  物质聚散循环

(Text in English see the rear) 

　　至今不能圆满回答“恒星是如何生成的”、“恒星为什么会转变为超新星爆发”等问题。回答这类问题需要正确的系统性的基础理论，勉强解释难免顾此失彼，存在“问题”或“困难”。陈理士（Chinese）物理（参见《L04物质演变》）提出，物质演变起自引力子、斥力子两种基本粒子，终于“超新星爆发”（以下写为“爆”），此时，恒星物质分散成为基本粒子、原子、分子而分散。此后进入新一轮循环；对于上述问题的回答是：恒星是行星发展壮大“大”出来的，恒星产生核反应的机制是“压燃”。

　　对于基本粒子，下一轮循环便是重复上一轮循环：逐渐聚合。但是，“爆”的原子、分子，情况与空间新合成的原子、分子状态有所不同。不同之处有：一、温度高；二、密度大；三、速度先由膨胀而快，后因引力而慢；四、有规则动态分布。

2008 第9期《物理》杂志载有1987年拍摄到的编号为SN1987A的“爆”图像，从图像和相关报道中可以读到的信息有：

（1）“爆”的结果是该恒星分散成为基本粒子、原子、分子高速离散

（2）基本粒子离散的速度为光速量级，气态原子、分子的离散速度接近0.1光速

（3）万有引力在那里照常存在

（4）“爆”成为行星生成的捷径 

（5）该恒星由此消亡

（6） “爆”后基本粒子以光速逸去，分子原子在高温下膨胀，在引力下凝缩

（7）显示宇宙中不可能形成比“爆”更大的“爆炸”

（8）恒星乃是宇宙中“质量聚散演变”的单元

　　进一步的解读分述如下：

1

　　离开“爆”的引力子，“高速”飞出，此“速度”到底有多高，当然是一个重要议题和需要验证的课题。按理，引力子的飞行速度应该等于它们在质子、中子内部回旋的切线速度，因为空间对于引力子没有阻尼，它恒保持这一速度。有文章说，不久前能量方程E=mc2得到“精确”验证，但未提精确到什么程度，如果能精确到10的负二次方，引力子的速度v应为1.4c，即光速的1.4倍。而在发现SN1987A之后，日本探测到了一些“中微子”，认为这是从这个超新星发出的。果真如此，则表明“速度”恰好为光速c，因为，1987年发现的这颗“超新星”，它的“爆发”是在163000年之前，“中微子”的速度只有严格保持光速才能如此。为了审慎，不妨先不肯定，并暂且大致认为这一速度为光速，留待以后精确验证。因为，现在每年发现“爆”约300例，几乎每天会发现一起，怎么能证明日本检测到的信息恰好是许多年前从SN1987A发出的呢？但是，“爆”说明了它同恒星内部核反应原理相仿，存在“量别”，“程度”特别猛烈。

　　“爆”生成“中微子”喷发说明恒星的部分质量彻底解体成为基本粒子高速进入空间；“爆”形成“气团”则说明该恒星的另一部分物质形成了高温发光分子、原子快速膨胀。

　　因为，恒星心部核反应区域随着恒星“成长”，这使它的温度逐渐升高，恒星物质由液态向气态转变，转变越来越强烈，最后全部蒸发膨胀成为温度极高的气体，因而“爆”后形成了巨大的明亮的“气团”或称为“光亮气团”。

　　“爆”使原来恒星的物质分成两部分，基本粒子为一部分，它们高速离去，不再回来；分子、原子为另一部分，它们被引力“挽留”在“原地”，进入下一轮“聚散循环”。

　　恒星的“爆”是否会因为“走失”了部分基本粒子而使该空间的物质总量减少呢？不会！，因为每一个“爆”和恒星都向空间“输送”基本粒子，使空间存在一定密度的“基本粒子流”，它们也会成为物质“补给”来源，因此，对于每一个恒星演变的空间，物质总量可以动态地大致不变。

2

　　“爆”生成的两种基本粒子速度有多大？其中引力子的速度据上所述，在光速c与1.414c之间，大致上，可用光速加以估计。引力子的光速来自何处？回答是：“没有来处”，能量与质量均不能“无中生有”或“从有到无”，只能“原来就有”，就是说，引力子在质子、中子内部时就具有如此线速度。核反应使它们解脱了引力束缚，飞向空间，获得了表现这一速度的几会，此后它们在高速飞行中重新聚合演变。

　　斥力子的速度分为“两档”，一是中子里的电子，其初速与引力子相同，二是原子外围的电子，初速约为0.1光速。电子在进入空间后是“硬度”不同的X射线，但它们受到空间电场的推拒，速度不断降低，最终速度消失成为空间电场的成员。

　　这里需要说明上述“中微子”同基本粒子的关系，《粒子今论》曾叙述过，引力子是真正“一粒”、不能细分的最小的粒子，在现代物理认为的“62种基本粒子”中，只有“电中微子”可能是引力子，这还要看它的质量是否在10的负36 次方(克)量级，是否不能“变”。

　　因为以往人们从未意识到“基本粒子只有两种”，因此，对于引力子，现在刚开始有文章认识到它的存在，其详细性质有待今后研究。

　　“光球”的膨胀过程已经被拍摄到，推算膨胀气体的速度接近0.1光速。如果引力消失，此光球当不断膨胀最终彻底消失，但情况恰好相反，这说明引力确实“万有”。

3

　　如果远方万有引力照常存在，那里物质聚散演变应该同样符合已知力学规律。在SN1987A“爆”成为“一团光球”之后，随着光球直径继续增大，温度下降，内部出现了一些明亮的小光球，这些小“光球”为什么比原来的“一团光球”明亮呢？这说明密度变大了，显示了引力起的聚合作用，气体由膨胀状态开始进入分子聚合状态。

　　任何力由力线相互作用生成，力线始终伴随物质存在，“光球的形成”显示了远方照常存在万有引力，这附带表明：“宇宙大爆炸若干亿年之后，远星依然一直（不受引力影响）继续膨胀”是一则悖论，对于远星“红移”的解读，应摆脱这种悖论。理论难以建立在此基础之上，因为不能避开万有引力而只推论“宇宙膨胀”，如果创造一个“暗能量”来充当“膨胀”原因，相当于将需要完成的理论任务交给“不可知”承担，结果是贮存了难疑，留下困惑。

　　再次强调，“爆”的演变显示，在遥远空间，万有引力照常存在。

4

　　《物质演变》提出了物质由小到大的聚合演变路径；这里观察到了一条演变“捷径”：行星有可能“一气呵成”。那些从“爆”气团中出现的小“光球”无疑处于质量聚合之中，随着逐渐降温，先是大气团从视野消失，留下这些“光球”依稀可辨，随着时间推移，“光球”的亮度也越来越弱，直至淡出望远镜视野。不言而喻，此时，“光球”已经成为一些融浆状球形天体，分布在一光年左右的空间内，由于相互之间的引力和空间电场的阻尼，“膨胀”速度将逐渐降低，可以计算它们的速度不久将等于零而且在引力作用下开始“回行”，它们的温度也逐渐降低，若干年后，液态融浆冷凝成为岩石外壳，再若干年，心部也逐渐冷凝。以上描述了在物质聚散循中行星的“速成之路”。有多少行星是“速成”产生的呢？像地球、月球这类“历史”上曾经有过高温的行星应当有此可能。不能排除，同时也凝聚成一些质量参差不一的远小于行星的物质，成为空间小行星、“球形星际物体”。 

　　这类物体的重要特征是，整体呈现融凝态，这是它们同宇宙尘、彗星类由小到大逐渐聚合的松散物质的明显区别。

　　这里有个问题：“爆”后，既然引力存在，全体物质会不会重新收缩回去聚合一起？甚至“塌缩”产生“黑洞”？回答为：不会，理由是，“爆”后产生的凝聚物体虽然是向外辐射的物质，如果空间没有其它物质，乃是一个“抛物”问题（在引力作用下，辐射速度慢慢降低，若干年后，速度为零，然后开始向心运动），但是，空间分布着众多大大小小的物质，每一物质发出的力线朝向四面八方，都形成作用力，运动改变了距离使各方向的力此消彼长，此外，还有来自相邻星系的引力，于是，在相当时间内，该空间几光年区域内散布着行星小行星和星际物质不会按“抛物”规律“回行”。关于“黑洞”，在下面“６”中回答。 

5　　　

　　已经观察到了“爆”的可见延续过程大约百年。在 “爆”之后，原来的恒星已经消失，

所有物质发生了运动方式、运动速度、聚合方式、聚合形态等的改变。原来处于核反应区的心部物质，质子、中子、电子在核反应后解脱了引力束缚以光速离去，留下真空；其余物质被蒸发成为高温气体急剧膨胀，高速向外膨胀的同时，当然也向内占领这部分真空，达到压力平衡，使质量分布相对均匀“一致向外”，继续膨胀与降温。此时气态原子、分子的温度在10000度K以上。从引力波中读到的是“离去”物质的信息，留下物质虽然体积“庞大”了，但相对于地球，其视角微小，它们的膨胀，不致形成可检测的引力波。基于上述，“爆”显示该恒星发生“突变”，所观察到的爆发过程历时几十年，这对于恒星的演变，只是瞬间，经历了5.1、5.2、5.3三个程序：

　5.1 成为逐渐膨大的高温气态光球

　5.2 光团逐渐降温

　5.3 气态开始凝聚，向液态过渡，使光团内部出现较小的光球

根据《物质演变》所描述的机理，可以推测此后的演变历程：

　5.4 大大小小的液态球形天体，在若干万年后，进一步冷却为具有岩状外壳的行星、小行星、星际物质，同空间由基本粒子聚合形成的微细物质相掺混

　5.5 在引力作用下，空间物质向“大个头”聚集

　5.6 “大个头”行星引力大、质量大、成长快鹤立鸡群，渐渐由个头最大成长到比其它“弟兄”加在一起还大，若干亿年后，“小兄弟们”的总质量只有它的百分数！

　　“爆”时 的质量约比恒星大一个数量级，大半质量在“爆”中分解为基本粒子以光速离去，过程5.1～5.5涉及“剩余”的物质。

　　“爆”产生的“光亮气团”划出了一个空间，此空间内“爆”使“剩余”质量发生新分布，所以，恒星消亡后，在原来位置附近一光年左右区域内，物质密度大大增加，为下一轮新恒星在该空间生成储备了物质。由此也可以看出，宇宙空间物质分布既因随机性而存在趋于均匀的因素，也因 “爆”而出现暂时不均匀因素。

　　此后，5.6的那个行星终于被自己心部的高压“点燃”而转变为恒星，恒星在几十亿年的“继续发福”后又发展到“爆”，这是宇宙中的一次物质“聚散循环”，或称之为一次“宇宙振荡”。因为，宇宙中规模最大的物质集聚、分散循环已无过于此。

如果以运行方式划分恒星、行星，那个“大个头”在成长过程中逐渐成为大家围绕的中心乃是质量集中的必然结果，就是说，在它被“点燃”之前，按质量规模就已经接近“恒星级”了。

6

　　大多数“黑洞”理论认为，“黑洞”出生于“爆”，有些理论还在并未真正探测到黑洞的情况下进一步按质量大小将“黑洞”分为若干类。SN1987A“爆”显示，恒星转变为“爆”后，所有质量解脱了那种让他们“保持为恒星”的引力束缚高速分散，有的成为基本粒子以光速离去，其余的成为高温原子、分子状态的气体以0.1光速向外膨胀，原地暂时成为“真空”，这个瞬间形成的真空即使有恒星那么大，膨胀气体去占领也会很快，可见，将那个暂存的真空称为“黑洞”是可以的，它不能传递电波，看不到，不能被直接探测到。但是，它也没有质量，不能形成力，而且，一当“外部”物质——膨胀气体——进入，真空自然消失。于是这里提到的“黑洞”性质如下：

　(1)“黑洞”等于真空,没有质量

　（2）“黑洞”暂时存在很快会消失

　(3)“黑洞”对外不能形成力

　　与现在的“黑洞理论”相比，早先的“黑洞”理论比较审慎，并不越出物理机理和物理规律的界限，现在的“黑洞”则已经“非彼黑洞”，目前“黑洞”理论赋予“黑洞”的特性有：

　（1a）“黑洞”有质量，最小可由质子对撞产生，最大的具有百万个太阳质量

　(2a)“黑洞”永存，可以“融合”，不会消失

　(3a)“黑洞”可形成巨大引力，使物质变形、使星系绕其回旋，每个星系中心都有一个巨大的黑洞

　(4a)“黑洞”表面堆积物质，不会塌缩

　(5a)“黑洞”吞噬物质变大

　（6a）”黑洞”具有熵值

　（7a）巨型“黑洞”不再吞噬人，人入其中，可见外界，外界不能见到他

　　以上（1）至（3）是根据“爆”观察据理推断而来，而（1a）至（6a）则包含了“没有规律的规律”等许多需要证明其合乎物理规律的内容，(7a) 则具有美丽的想象力，但是，都难以成为严肃的物理理论。

　　显然，星系呈涡旋状态不能证明“中心有一个黑洞”，因为，两个恒星可以彼此环绕成为双星，中间并不需要有个黑洞，更多恒星成为涡旋星系同样不需要中间有一个黑洞，每一星体向外发出的力线同外部物质之间形成作用力，在运动中，随着力的此消彼长，每个星体在涡旋中不断有自己的瞬时中心，这是“群体作用”的结果，不需要黑洞作为中心。

7

　　“爆”的发生，当然有其必然性。观察表明，恒星大到一定程度才会“起爆”，这说明“大”和“爆”相关；所有恒星都比行星大，所有恒星只是中心部位发生核反应。对于这些自然现象的解读需要与之相洽的理论，任何推测不能与之相忤。根据所述情况判断，是心部巨大的压力引发了行星转变为恒星的核反应。

　　在通常情况下，“压力”由原子的电子层相互推拒“承担”，即使达到百万大气压，物质也能承受。但是，归根结底，是原子核对于电子的引力使电子“坚守岗位”，此引力必定有一个限度，不能“无限”。

　　恒星只在心部发生核反应显示，达到“那种程度”电子便要“被迫”离开，此时，原子的界限被拆除，使原来不会碰撞的质子、中子有了发生碰撞的机会，受“聚合效应”制约，基本粒子聚合的极限是质子、中子，一枚质子与一枚中子碰撞的结果是相当于一枚质子或中子质量的基本粒子立即以它们自己的回旋速度——光速——离去，形成引力子辐射。

　　它们离开恒星后，进入新的“聚散循环”，使人们探测到“中微子”射线和引力波。可信的是，恒星心部确实发生核反应，引发这种核反应的直接原因显然是“超高压”，核反应的结果是物质彻底分散。这里显示了一个中国古典哲学“物极必反”的实例，引力占优势使物质趋于“聚合”，越聚越大，其“极限”是恒星，开始发生“分散”，再大则“分散”越来越大，达到“爆”乃是发生了“彻底分散”。由此推出了一则规律：‘宇宙间不可能存在比行星小的恒星；也不可能存在比“爆”大的恒星’。

　　既然如此，比“爆”更大的爆炸显然同样不能存在于宇宙之中。因为，任何空间物质演变，需要它的机理，“爆”的动力是恒星“大”所导致的，“大”使得心部压力升高，物体“大”到恒星的程度，不出现心部核反应已不可能，到了“超新星”那么大，不发生“爆”同样不可能。因此，宇宙间不会有比这更大的星体！由此可知，也不会有比“爆”更大的“大爆炸”。“所有宇宙间的物质”能不能“聚到一个点里”的前提是存在不存在这样的机理和动力，根据以上论证，这是不存在的。

附带看出，任何同“宇宙大爆炸”相关的“理论”，首先需要证明比“爆”更大的爆炸有存在的可能。否则，乃是玄乎的理论。

8

　　空间两颗恒星的距离粗略估计约为10光年，以10光年为半径的空间，是恒星的“领空”，在此之内，由电子散布形成的空间电场不属于恒星专有而属于整个宇宙，因为空间电场不会随任何一颗恒星漂移；离开原子的引力子以光速飞驰与空间也不属于哪一颗恒星。所以，两种基本粒子均不属于哪一颗恒星专有，在物质聚散演变中，它们随机进入某恒星空间且可能演变成为该恒星物质的成员。由此可见，任何空间领域所含有的“单身”基本粒子数量几乎均等。比原子“大”的任何物质只能具有“宇宙速度”（参见《物质演变》），难以摆脱引力束缚，于是，宇宙空间自然地形成以恒星为中心的“势力范围”，一般情况下，某恒星引力范围内的物质，只在该恒星约为20光年的球形空间内运行。

　　“爆”后，以上情况会不会改变呢？在‘5’中叙述的演变说明，“爆”后除了以光速飞走的引力子，恒星分散成为膨胀的高温气体，这些“留下”物质的质量依然是一颗普通恒星的量级，在它们演变成为行星、小行星、星际物质、宇宙尘过程中，相互间的引力，依然足以形成一个体系，若干亿年后，行星中的佼佼者脱颖而出演变成为恒星，以恒星为中心的体系便再次形成。该恒星继续成长向“爆”方向演变，如此进行新的一轮“聚散循环”。

9

　　根据以上所述作出推测：

　（9.1）太阳的昨天曾是本系统行星中的一颗佼佼者，因为质量大，发出的引力线多，使它的质量按对数规律“成长”，同其它行星的差距越来越大，“大”到了心部发生核反应转变成为发光发热的星体，“大”到了其它行星只能围绕它回旋。

　（9.2）整个宇宙是一个大系统，涡旋的星系是一个小系统，恒星则为一个分系统

　（9.3）每一个分系统内的总质量加上空间高速基本粒子、空间电场中的电子足以支持“爆”循环演变

　(9.4) 除了“爆”发生的短暂时间外，空间每个分系统存在行星应当司空见惯并非太阳系才有行星。

2019.3.24  加注： 本文于2008/11/18登上本网站原先架构，2019.1月投入使用的现在的新架构未设计“加入时间、阅读次数”，故加注以保持原貌。

SUPERNOVA

[center[size= 4]unscramble to “supernova explosion” SN1987A

Abstract from the angle of matter circle of gather-loosen to unscramble the picture of supernova explosion, may reply some relative problems and incidentally find the mechanism of how the planet “crash course” generated.

Keywords supernova explosion planet speed-up black hole polymerizing、scattering circulation of mass 

　　Until now cannot satisfactorily reply the problems of “how be produced the star”、“why the stare would change to supernova explosion” etc．answer the problem of these kinds need just systematic basic theory, to explain with difficulty is difficult to avoid from unable to attend to everything at one time, to exist “problem” or “difficulty”．Chinese physics (see also in 《L04 development of matter》) to arise, the matter developing was begin from two kind of basic particle of graviton and repulton, the end at “supernova explosion”(the rear in “supernova”), this time, star’s matter scatter to basic particles、atoms、molecules and distribute．

　　After this enter into a new circulate；the reply to the above problem is：the star to be the planet expand to large and cause from the “large”, the mechanism of star generate nuclear reaction is “compression ignition”．

　　To the basic particle, the next circulate is repeat last circulate：gradually polymerize．But, the condition of atoms、molecules of “supernova” to be different with the atoms、molecules of new composite of space．The difference to be ：

　　(1) The temperature high

　　(2) The density large 

　　(3) The speed at first get fast from expand, later slow by attracting force

　　(3) the trends distribution having regularity 

Journal 《physics》2008．9 be loaded with the image of “supernova” of no. SN1987A, the information from the image and relative report have：

　　(1) The result of “supernova” is this star scatter turn in to basic particles、atoms、molecules and disperse with high speed 

　　(2) The speed of basic particles be the order of light velocity, of atoms、molecules near 0.1 C,

　　　 C to be the velocity of light．

　　(3) Universal gravitation existing there as usual

　　(4) “Supernova” becomes the short-cut of planet generating

　　(5) The star thus wither away 

　　(6) After “Supernova”, the basic particle away with light velocity, molecule、atom swell 

　　　under high temperature, condense under gravitation 

　　(7) It shows do not possible form the larger “explosion” than “supernova” in the cosmos

　　(8) The star is the unit of “the evolution of mass polymerizing and scattering” in the cosmos

　　The farther reading and analysis as followings：

1

　　 The gravitons of away from the “supernova”, fly out with “high speed”, to the end how high with this “speed”, absolutely to be an important question and a task of need to proving．Normally, the fly speed of gravitons ought equal to its whirly tangent speed in the inner of proton、neutron, because to the graviton does not have any damp in the space, it always keep this speed．Have the article says, not long ago, the energy equation E=mc2 got “precise” proving, but not bring up how degree of accuracy it can reached, if can reach to 10 to the power of -2, (%), the speed of graviton to be 1.4 light velocity, namely 1,4 times of light velocity．After find SN1987A, Japan detected some “neutrino”, think it is issue from this supernova．If really so, then explain the “speed” just right the velocity of the light, because of, this supernova of 1987 find out, its “explosion” at 163000 ago, only “neutrino” strict keeps light velocity then able in this way．For careful, might as well uncertainty earlier, and for the present roughly think this speed to be light velocity, remain to here after exact proving，owing to now find the examples of “supernova” about 300 per every year, almost every day may find an example, how can proving the information of Japan detected just right issued of many years ago from SN1987A? But “supernova” explains it is similar in principle with nuclear reaction of star inner, to exist the quantity difference, the “level” special violent． 

　　“supernova” generate “neutrino” eruption it explains the party quality of star thorough disassembly become basic particle and enter into space with high speed；“supernova”form “air mass” be explain the mass of this star’s other part formed high temperature shine molecules、atoms and expand with fast speed．

　　Because of, the nuclear reaction area of the star center follow the star “grow up”, this makes its temperature gradually rise, the mass of star from liquid state change towards gas state, the change was going strong, at last all evaporate and expand and become gas of lofty temperature, thus after “supernova” formed huge bright “air mass” or call “shine air mass”．

　　“supernova” makes former star mass divided two parts, one part is basic particles, they away with high speed, no longer return；other part to be the molecules、atoms, they suffer “detention” by gravitation on “site”, enter into next round of “polymerizing、scattering circulation”．

　　 Whether the “supernova” of star will reduce mass total of space cause from “went astray” part basic particles? Improbable! Because every “supernova”and star all “transport” the basic particles to space, makes space exists the “current of basic particles” of a certain density, they also become the source of mass “supply”, there fore, to every space of star evolution, total mass may be roughly invariant．

2

　　How high of the speed of two kinds of basic particles which generated from “supernova”? there into the speed of gravitons according to above stated between light velocity C and 1,414C, haply, may estimate with light velocity．Where come from the light velocity of gravitons? the reply is：”have not the whence”, mass and energy are all cannot “fabricate” or “from have into non”, not having any other choice of “original at once having”, that is to say, when graviton in the proton、neutron as soon as possess such speed． Nuclear reaction cause them released from tie of attracting force, fly to space, obtained the chance of expression this speed, from now on they rejoin evolution in high flying． 

　　The speed of repulton divided to “two class”, the one is the electron of neutron, its speed is the same with graviton, other is the electron of atom outskirts, initial speed about 0.1C．after electrons enter into space to be the X-ray, but they suffer refuse of space electric field, the speed constant reduce, at last the speed disappear and become the members of space electric field．

　　Here need explain the relation of above “neutrino” and basic particle, 《L01 modern opinion about particle》ever related, graviton is a particle of true “a grain of”、cannot dispersed smallest particle, in the “62 kinds of basic particles” of deeming of modern physics, only “electron neutrino” may be the graviton, this still to check if its quality at the order of magnitude of 10 to the power of -36 (gram)，whether it is can not change．

　　Owing to before people never realize “it only have two kinds of basic particle ”, therefore, for graviton, now begin have the writing understand its exist, the property in detail await future study．

　　The expansion process of “photosphere” has been shoot, so reckon the speed of expand gas near 0.1C．if attracting force vanish, this light ball would constant expanding and thoroughly vanish in the end, but the condition just reverse, this explains the gravitation really “every time、every where having”．

3

　　If the distant place gravitation is exist as usual, there the matter evolution of polymerizing and scatter ought similar fit known mechanics rule．After “supernova”SN1987A become a lump of “shine air mass” follow the diameter of photosphere continue magnify, temperature drop, its inner appeared some bright little photosphere, why these little “photosphere” does brightness than primary (big) “shine air mass”？this explains the density does change to large, appears the action of gravitation, the gas from swell condition begin enter into polymerizing condition．

　　Any force to be generated from force-line act each other, force-line all along existing accompany with matter, “formation of photosphere” appears distant place exist universal gravitation as usual, this also appear, “after the big bang remote stars still (not suffer influence from gravitation) continue expand” to be a paradox, the reading for the “red shift” of remote star, ought to get rid of this kind of paradox．Theory difficult to set up on this basis, in that cannot avoid universal gravitation and only discuss “cosmic expansion”, if create a “dark energy” to act as the reason of “expansion”, correspond to put the theory task of need finished give “unknowable” bearing, the result is, storing difficult, leave the puzzle．

　　Again stress, the evolution of “supernova” shows, in the remote space, universal gravitation exiting as usual．

4

　　《L04 development of matter》raised the evolution way of polymerizing of the matter from small to large；here observed a “short cut ”of evolution：the planet were likely to “complete in one go”． 

Those little “photosphere” arisen from air mass of “supernova” surely stand in the polymerization, follow come to cooling, at first the large air mass disappear from view, leaves these photosphere dimly can see, following time lapse, the luminance of photosphere as well as more and more weak, until to fade out the view of telescope．It is self-evident, now “photosphere” already become some spherical aster of molten state, distribute in the space of about 1 light year, due to the gravitation between them and the damp of space electric field, the speed of expanding will little by little, can calculate their speed before long will equal to zero and begin will backing up under the action of gravitation, their temperature also little by little reduce, after years, molten of liquid state condensate become the rock shell, again years, the center also gradually Condensate．

　　Above described the “speed up way” of planet in the matter circulate of polymerizing and scattering．How many planets are generated from “speed up way”? such as earth、moon and so on planet of ever having high temperature in history ought may have this．Cannot remove, at the same time also condensate to some matter of mass uneven and far less than planet, become space little planet、”spherical interstellar matter”．

　　The important character of this kind of object is the whole appear “thawing-freezing” state, this is the clear difference of they with cosmic dust、comet and so on loose material． 

Here have a problem, as the gravitation existing, after “supernova”, is able to all not all matter again contract back polymerizing together? Even “collapse” becomes “black hole”? the answer is：improbable, the reason is, though the matter of after “supernova” produced was the mass of outward radiant, if non other matter in the space, to be a problem of “throw matter”,(under the action of gravitation, the radiant speed slowly reduce, after some years, the speed equal to zero, then becomes centripetal motion), but, space distributed numerous big and small material, every material issued force-line toward all directions, all form acting force, motion changed distance make acting force of all direction was “here’s loss been there’s gain ”, moreover, still have the gravitation come from (as it they were act each other) border upon galaxy, therefore in the match time, the distributed planet、little planet and interstellar matters of this apace of some light year area will not in accordance return with the rule of “throw matter”．About “black hole” please see the reply in “6”．

5

　　It already observed the visible continue process of “supernova” about one hundred years．After “supernova”, this star already disappear, all matter happened change of motion mode、motion speed、polymerizing mode、polymerizing shape and so on．the primary matters of locate on the center, the protons、neutrons、electrons after nuclear reaction free one self from attracting force and get leave with light speed, remain vacuum； 

　　The remaining matters evaporated become gas of high temperature and rapid expanding, at the same time of rapid expanding, of course also towards inner to occupy the vacuum of this part, to reach pressure balance, let the mass distribution relatively even and “unity towards foreign”, continues expand and reduce temperature．Now the temperature of gas’s atoms and molecules more than 10000o K,(>10000degree K)．Read of gravitational wave is the information of “walk out” matter, the remain matter although the volume is “huge”, but relative to the earth, the angle of view was very small, their expanding no go so far as to form the gravitational wave of detectable．Be based on above, “supernova” appears this star happen “mutation”, the explosion process of observed last several decades, this to the evolution of star, just moment, it go through three processes of 5.1、5.2、5.3： 

　5.1　become the shine air mass of high temperature of gradually incrassate

　5.2　the shine air mass gradually reduce the temperature 

　5.3　gas state begin cohesion, transit towards liquid state, make the inner of the shine air mass 

　　　arise little photospheres

　　according to the mechanism which described in《L04 development of matter》, may be guess the evolutional progress of hereafter： 

　5.4　the teeny-weeny sphere aster of liquid state, after a number of years, they more cooling 

　　　become planet、planetoid、interstellar matter of rock shell, mixing with the space minuteness matter form from polymerizing of basic particles 

　5.5　under the gravitation interaction, space matter gather towards “large body” 

　5.6　the planet of “large body” with large gravitation、large mass、faster grow up so stand out like a camel in a flock of sheep, gradually from the body maximum grow up to larger than cast up of whole “younger brothers”, some hundred million years after, the mass of the sum of “younger brothers” only have its percent! The mss of “supernova” about larger than star one order of magnitude, most material disassemble to basic particles and leave away with light speed in the “supernova”, process 5.1～5.5 relate to the “remain” material．

　　“shine air mass” generated from “supernova” mark out a space, in this space “supernova” make mass happen new distribute, there fore, after star die out, in the original position nearby about one light year area, the material density greatly increase, stored material for next new star generate in this space．Thus it can be see, material distribution of cosmos since due to randomness so exist the factor of tend to even, also due to “supernova” so exit the factor of tend to temporary uneven．

　　Here after, that planet of‘5.6’at last change to star by “ignited” from the center’s high pressure of it self, after the star “continues put on weight” in some thousand million years again run to “supernova”, this is once “polymerizing、scattering circulation” of mass in the cosmos, or call it as once “cosmic vibrating”．Because, the “polymerizing、scattering circulation” of the largest scale in the cosmos already cannot much too with this． 

　　If divide star、planet with mode of operation, that “large body” in the process of grow up gradually become the center of every one circumambient to be the reasonable result of quality concentrated, namely, before it “ignited”, in accordance with the scale of quality it already be close to “star class”．

6

　　Majority theory of “black hole” think, the “black hole” come from “supernova”, some theory under the condition of have not truly detect “black hole” more divide some class for the “black hole”．the “supernova” SN1987A appear, after star change to “supernova”, all quality liberated from that tie of attracting force of let they “keep be a star” and scatter with high speed, some become basic particles leave with light speed, the other become the gas of the condition of high temperature atom、molecule and swell outward with 0.1 light speed (0.1C), autochthonous temporary become “vacuum”, even the vacuum of formative in this moment have the size like that star, the swell gas go occupy be able very fast, it is visible, call that vacuum of temporary existing for “black hole” is tolerable, it cannot transmit electric wave, no its view, cannot get direct detection．But it yet have not quality, cannot form force, more over, once the “external” matter——swell gas——pass into, the vacuum naturally disappear．Hence the property of here mention as follow：

　(1) “Black hole” is equal to the vacuum, none quality

　(2) “Black hole” is temporary existing and soon vanishing

　(3) “Black hole” cannot form force external

　　Compare with present “black-hole theory”, previous theory of “black hole” relatively prudent, not get over the limits of physical mechanism and law, current “black hole” be already “not that black hole”, now “black-hole theory” gives the property of “black hole” have：

　（1a）“black hole” have quality, the least may generated from proton’s head on collision, the 

　　maximal possess the mass of million times of the sun 

　（2a）“black hole” remain forever, may be “inosculating”, would not vanishing

　（3a）“black hole” may form huge attracting force, make material get transformation、make aster circle round it, every galaxy’s center all have a huge “black hole”

　（4a）the surface of “black hole” heap up matter, so it will not collapse 

　（5a）“black hole” swallow matter and change to large

　（6a）“black hole” possess entropy 

　（7a）jumbo “black hole” no longer swallow human, if the human get in, may be see outside, the outside cannot behold them 

　　Above（1）—（3）is come from the observation of “supernova”, but (1a) —（6a）be contain “the law of none law”, and so on many matter of need to proving it accord with physical law, (7a) then possess beautiful imagination, but, all difficult to form serious physical theory．

　　Clearly, galaxy present vortex state does not can prove “there is a black hole in the center”, because of, two star may surround each other form double star, that is not need a black hole between them, even more stars form vortex galaxy are not need a black hole in the center in the same, every star issue force-line form act force with other external matter, in the movement, follow “one man’s loss is another man’s gain” of force, every star ceaselessly have it self’s instantaneous centre in the vortex, this the result of “group effecting”, with no need for a “black hole” serve as a centre．

7

　　It have the necessity for happen “super nova”．The observation make clear, the “ignition” only can happened because of the star would large to a certain degree, this explains the “large” to be relative of the “ignition”；all star are large than planet, all star only the centre part happen nuclear reaction．Unscramble to these nature phenomenon need the mutual theory with them, any guess should not disobedient with it．According to the stated situation to judge, it is the huge pressure of the centre triggered nuclear reaction of make planet change to star．

　　In conventional practice, due to atom’s electronic shell push each other so “bear” the “pressure”, even to million atmospheres, matter also can bear．But, in the final analysis, it is the attracting force between nucleus and electron make electron can “stick to one’s post”, this attracting force be sure to have a limit, cannot “unlimited”．

　　Star happen nuclear reaction only in the centre be explains, reach to “that sort of degree” would leave from “be forced”, now the limits of atom suffer remove, make protons、neutrons of original will not collie have the chance of happen collision, to restrict from the “polymerizing effect”, polymerizing of basic particle been with the limit of proton、neutron, the result of the collision of a proton with a neutron is the gravitons amount to a proton immediately leave off with it self’s circle-round speed—light velocity，form the radiation of gravitons． 

　　After they leaved star, to enter the new “circulate of polymerizing-scatter”, make people detected “neutrino rays ” and gravitational wave．The credible is the center of star really happened nuclear reaction, the reason of trigger this reaction clearly to be “extra high pressure ”, the result of nuclear reaction is matter thorough scatter．Here shows a example of “when a thing reaches its extreme, it reverses its course” of China classical philosophy, attracting force be in the ascendant make matter go “poly-”, as it more “poly-” the volume more large, its limit to be the star, it begin happen “scatter”, more over the volume then more over the “scatter”, reach to “supernova” is happened “thoroughly scatter”．Thus deduced one item law：‘among the cosmos, no way to exist the star less then planet；yet no way to exist the star large then “supernova”’．

　　Under the circumstances, in the same way, the explosion large then “supernova” no way to exist in the cosmos．because of, any evolution of space matter need its mechanism，the power of“supernova”is lead from the “large” of star, “large” to make the pressurizing of the center, when matter large to the degree of star, not appear center nuclear reaction already impossible, when the “large” like that “supernova”, non-occur the explosion is impossible similarly．Therefore, among cosmos will not have the star bigger then this! This clearly also will not have the “large explosion ” large then “supernova” in the cosmos．the premise of “all cosmic matter” can or can’t “gather in a point” is exit or don’t exist this mechanism and power, according to above proof, this is inexistent．

　　Attach to find out, any theory related to “big bang”, the first need proof the explosion large then “supernova” have the possibility of existing．If not, to be the unreliable theory． 

8

　　The distance between to stars of space rough estimate about 10 light year, the space with the radial of 10 light year to be the “airspace” of the star, the inner of this, the space electric field form of electrons spreading is not belong to star proprietary and that belong to whole cosmos, because of space electric field would not drifting follow any star；the gravitons of leaved atom speed along with light velocity also not belong to which star，so that two kinds of basic particle are all not belong to any star proprietary, in the evolution of matter polymerization and scatter, they random enter into certain star space and possible develop to the member of this star’s matter．From this, any space area contains the quantity of “bachelordom” almost even equalization．Any matter of large than atom only can possess “cosmic velocity” (see also in 《L04 development of matter》), difficult to cast off tie of gravitation．Upon that, the cosmic space naturally form the “sphere of influence” with the center of star, as a general rule, the matter in the scope of certain star’s gravitation, only move in the space of sphere space of about 20 light year of this star． 

　　After “supernova”, will or will not change above condition? The evolution related in‘5’shows, after “supernova”, except the graviton fly out with light speed, star scatter become the high gas of explosion, these matter’s quality of “remain” still equal to the order of magnitude of a general star, in the process of they develop to planet、asteroid、interstellar matter、cosmic dust, 

The gravitation of them still enough form a system, some hundred million years after, the outstanding person of planets talent showing itself change to star, the system with the center of star again form, the star constant growing and develop towards “supernova” direction, such proceed a new round of “polymerization-scatter circulating”．

9

　　According to the above make following guess：

　（9.1）the solar yesterday ever been an outstanding person of planets in current system, because the mass was large, issued gravitational force-line more, make its mass get “grows” in accordance with logarithm law, the mass difference with other planet was bigger and bigger, “bigger” to the center raise nuclear reaction and change to the aster of white light white heat, “bigger” to the other planets can circle round it only．

　（9.2）whole cosmos been a large system, the vortex galaxy been a small system, star then to be a subsystem, 

　（9.3）the total quality of every subsystem add space basic particles of high speed、the electrons of space electric field to be enough support the circulate evolution of “supernova”．

　(9.4) except the interval of happen “supernova”, space every subsystem ought commonly seen exist planets really not only the solar system have planets．