L24a LHC强子对撞机能够撞出什么？

——写在强子对撞机LHC即将工作之际

                  陈理士

提要 本文立足陈理士物理空间，探讨机械碰撞难以包含的物理碰撞以及强子对撞机可能和不可能出现的一些现象和其实质

关键词 强子对撞机 核能 黑洞 分数电荷 宇宙大爆炸 通古斯大爆炸

(Text in English see rear) 

1 关于碰撞

　　欧洲的大型强子对撞机即将开始工作，可以理解，物理界对此怀有很高期望，为此，有必要从物理基本原理的角度，加以分析，能够做到和不能做到哪些，事先有一个比较实际的估计。

　　宇宙中最大的物体是恒星，质量约为地球的百万倍，大约包含1069枚基本粒子；最小的是基本粒子，质量约为10-36克。需要说明的是，本文的“基本粒子”只有引力子与斥力子（即电子，但质量比现在认为的小得多）两种。万物皆动，所以碰撞难免。

明显的是，只有基本粒子是真正的“一粒”，其它所有称为“粒子”和“×子”的，其实都是“复数”粒子。介于最大最小物质之间的有：中微子、介子、质子、中子、原子、分子、星际物质、行星等，其中任意二者均可能发生碰撞。在粒子领域，为了提高碰撞时的相对速度，可以通过加速器形成运动方向相反的粒子束，此时的碰撞乃是对撞。

基于力学原理的碰撞被引入粒子领域时，由于未能觉察中子、质子乃是基本粒子的“微涡旋星系”，仅根据机械碰撞原理，自然认为理当“宇称守恒”。后来又发现“宇称不守恒”，至今并不了解宇称为什么不守恒，而是根据实验结果相信“宇称不守恒”，是否还需要从机理上明确为什么它不守恒呢？ 

　　物理界的表现似乎满足于用“诺贝尔奖”划句号，一旦某一“结论”获奖，就成了无需探索机理的“当然正确理论”。

　　其实，结论与理论的区别是有无机理，有机理之论才是名副其实的理论，“质量可变”、“宇称守恒”、“宇称不守恒”、“力有四种”、“光的引力弯曲”、“宇宙大爆炸”、“多维（>3）空间”、“渐进自由”、“时间通道”、“轻原子聚变为重原子”、“量子的色、味”、等等都是研究结果或结论，需要补充机理，机理圆满、符合自然规律才能成为理论。 

　　“宇称不守恒”和质子、中子受到碰击“裂变”出许多“粒子”都应看作大自然向人们发出的某种暗示：质子中子乃是由众多基本粒子聚合的“群体”，核能则进一步暗示，这个群体并非静止、贴靠，而是一个“微涡旋星系”（参见L04 论文《物质演变》），旋转速度等于它们聚合成为质子、中子前在空间直线飞行的速度，此速度又从方程E=1/2mc2被越来越精密验证——据报道——而估计约为1.4倍光速。顺此形成的理论自然比较圆满，能量方程E=mc2就不需要再回答为什么，因为以1.4倍光速飞行的粒子它的动能就是这么大。若不从理论上认识到这些，“原子能从何而来”就成为一道难题，只能求助于“质量变能量”，这会引出了一道更难的问题：“质量如何变能量？”，若要勉强解答，又会引出新的难题，难题不断派生是理论步入误境的明显表现。

“两个物体的碰撞”有：

　1.1 两个基本粒子碰撞：引力子不能形成斥力，因此，它受不到斥力作用，恒以超高速在空间飞行，它同另外一枚引力子如果发生碰撞，应当是：双方相向而来，碰撞后反向而去。这种碰撞相洽于牛顿力学，遵守宇称守恒规律；两个运动方向相反的电子的“碰撞”则难以实现，如果运动速度较低，不等它俩很近，斥力使它们反向，如果运动速度很高，会在距离相当近时，发生反向，但是，却难以发生真正的碰撞，为什么？ 因为空间“高速电子”来自引力被离心力克服，从原子解脱出来，在实验室里则来自“电子驱动”而不是碰撞。至于能否真正实现电子的对撞，有待证实。实现电子碰撞的关键在于其动能是否足以克服电子间的斥力，这是一个实际内容而不是理论可以证明的事项。两枚斥力子间的斥力可能达到多大？当将它的质量标定到10-36克之后，有可能计算得比较靠谱；两束高速相对运动的电子中发现“对撞”，只有通过“散射”显示，非常准确的对撞产生反向电子不可能被区别出来。但是，这种由散射显示的“碰撞”到底是真正“碰上了”还是斥力所致？

因此，电子能不能发生名副其实的碰撞，有待证实。

　1.2质子、中子的碰撞：发生在在质子、中子间，这相当于一个超高速涡旋的微小体系撞入另一个同样的体系，因为质子、中子的“规模”受到力平衡机制——聚合效应——的制约，当它们碰撞之时，并非“宇称守恒”或“宇称不守恒”起作用而是相互“引进”，成为一个比力平衡允许的上限大一倍——一即不可能存在——的“微涡旋星系”。

从原理上看来，质子或中子的碰撞是一种“掺和”，是两个“微涡旋星系”掺和在一起，结果是，“至少”其中一半基本粒子立即挣脱引力束缚飞去，显示mc2的能量，“至少”的意思是，如果作用力线均匀下降，两个“微涡旋星系”的基本粒子会全部散去。为什么？因为“聚合效应”。在聚合中，基本粒子的力线有一部分相互作用形成引力，使它们不能离散而处于涡旋状态，这部分力线是“作用力线”，另一部分依然伸向空间，是“剩余力线”，二者之比随聚合成员多少而改变，聚合度越高（成员数量越多），剩余力线比例越小，当聚合达到质子规模，剩余力线已不能栓住从身边飞过的引力子，于是，质子作为引力子最大的“微涡旋星系”而稳定地存在于空间。每一枚聚合中的引力子同其它同伴间的作用力线数量随聚合度增高而减少，达到质子规模时，若再增加引力子，其引力已难以胜过离心力，于是，聚合的这一机制使得“两个质子”掺合到一起时至少一半基本粒子立即因引力不足而离去，这便是“发生核反应”、“发出mc2能量”（ 至今，这被误认为是“质量变能量）。

这是人们能够期望“强子对撞”得到的结果。于此，并非碰撞速度大小决定核反应结果，从能效角度，碰撞需采用较小速度。

但是，如何捕获这些超高速基本粒子使之转变为电能、热能等能量是技术重大难题，也是人类的希望。因为，这种能源乃是取之不尽、用之不竭的清洁能源，一旦掌握了转变这种能源的技术，“能源枯竭”问题将不复存在。

不过，象“模仿宇宙大爆炸”、“制作微型黑洞”之类设想或期望当属不切实际的范畴，对此不能轻言轻信，以下还要分析。

因为，关于“宇宙大爆炸”的那些“依据”，客观存在的自然现象只是“红移”和“空间微波辐射”，但如果把“红移”看作“众星高速飞离”，那么怎样解释“蓝移”？是否要说成“众星高速飞来”？因此,虽然“红移”确实存在，但是难以将它说成是“众星高速离去”——“宇宙大爆炸”——的证据，否则，“蓝移”是否成为“宇宙大压缩”的证据？所以，不能理直气壮地说“宇宙大爆炸”曾经发生过。

空间均匀的、微弱的“微波辐射”能不能认为是宇宙大爆炸发出的电波又从遥远太空反射回来的呢？这只是设想的一面；另一面是，如果发生过宇宙大爆炸，当时发出了电波，它以光速c向空间传播，其它有质量的所有一切都有一个加速过程，肯定处于电波之后，而且永远赶不上电波，电波会湮没于无际空间，是“什么”将电波反射回来的呢？如果找不出这个“什么”，就不能如此“应用”“微波辐射”而需要另外分析原因。

关于“黑洞”的文章越做越多，重要的问题是：一，超新星爆炸之后物质会不会“塌缩”？二，太空中的星系正在围绕什么运行？

“超新星爆发”乃是恒星所有物质以质子、中子、原子、分子解体方式彻底分散（其机理在《物质演变》中已有分析），两种基本粒子——引力子与斥力子——分散后进入下一轮“聚散循环”。它们会不会被引力又引回来“压缩”成为“黑洞”？

引力子由于发出引力线，倾向聚合，所以，“塌缩”的想法可以理解，但是，它们在空间超高速飞离，引力线形成的引力只有在“埃”的距离内才可能使引力子相互吸引，逐渐聚合，基于”聚合效应”，聚合到质子规模时为止。于是，空间，随机地诞生质子、中子，它们又随机地聚合为原子和同位素。并不存在那种超强的引力会将向远方飞离而去的基本粒子从若干千米外拉回来并且压缩成为超强引力的“黑洞”的可能。

所以，“黑洞”只是想象力的产物。一枚引力子连距离超过“埃”的另一枚引力子都“拉”不回来，怎么能够将若干千米之外超高速离去的引力子拉回来又“塌缩”为“黑洞”呢？

“超新星爆发”后有许多质量应当还能够“回来”，但不是如人们想象那样的“塌缩”。

因为引力子如果进入其它星系的引力范围，它是回不来了。仍旧受到万有引力作用的是那些没有解体的质子、中子、分子、原子，它们的“前途”另文加以讨论。

对于在相对微弱的万有引力作用下的“回来”，不存在所谓“塌缩”的机理，也不能生成所谓“黑洞”。 

星系涡旋被认为是绕“黑洞”旋转，现在用以作为“黑洞”的“证明”。其实这是中心观点的反映，所有物质都不能彻底同涡旋运动隔离，并且在许多情况下，小物体近似地绕大物体中心旋转，如电子之于原子核，月球之于地球，地球之于太阳等。在此情况下，中心观点自然形成。

但是，物体运动绕不绕中心、绕谁为中心由力平衡决定，相关的力是作用力、离心力、惯性力。以双星为例，它们等速圆运动，惯性力为零，作用力是双方间形成的引力，与离心力平衡，它俩的回转中心是它俩间的中点，共同围绕虚空中的这个点旋转。可见，只有质量悬殊的物体之间才发生“绕物质中心”旋转。同理，双星的运动机理可以开拓到四星、八星直至多星，所以，太空中的涡旋星系并非必须一个超大质量作为它们的回转中心。众多恒星之间的质量差别并不悬殊，所以，当我们没有观察到这么一个超大质量在涡旋中心时，这同双星围绕一个虚点回旋机理相同，毋需困惑。虚构出“黑洞”来充当“中心角色”既不合理，也无必要。其实，并无“黑洞”其物，它只是出自虚构而已，因此，LHC产生“微型黑洞”的设想没有实现的可能性。

强子对撞肯定会“撞出”许多“新粒子”。因为，现在用“电子伏”作为划分粒子“同”与“不同”的依据，没有估计到被测量到的可能是“复数”粒子，因而，各式各样的“新粒子”其实可能只是引力子的不同聚合组群。因为，自然界“种类”不同的粒子仅有两种：引力子与斥力子。

一枚质子是万亿枚引力子形成的“粒子”，当它被“撞散”后能够形成许许多多“组群”，每一个粒子数量不同的“组群”都可能被认为是“一种粒子”，如果测量仪器很精确，根据概率，可以有数以亿计的“不同组群”，要说那是“新粒子”，可就“多如牛毛”了。

可以看出，从基础理论角度的上述清理是很有必要的。

　1.3宏观物体间的碰撞：这是第三种相同规模物体间的碰撞，这种碰撞可能出现两种不同后果，一是，常规碰撞；二是，发生核反应。

第一种碰撞在经典物理中已有详尽研究，不再叙述；第二种碰撞的后果虽然不时呈现，但是至今并未被认识到，所以，至今令人困惑，困惑原因在于基础理论存在不足，这里相关的问题是：1 原子的核能何来？ 2 原子在什么情况下释放核能？

《物质演变》阐述了基本粒子聚合成为质子、中子的机理，聚合过程就是基本粒子将其动能转变为核能蕴藏起来的过程，所以，质子、中子在诞生时就蕴含了内能mc2,也可以说，它们的核能是“先天就有”。因此，质子、中子里的核能，不是神奇的可以“变来变去”的什么能量，而是全体成员——引力子——高速回转的动能。

质子一但解体，引力子的回转运动转变为直线运动，重新成为在空间以“光速”直线飞行的粒子时，于是显示出此mc2动能。核反应前后发生的只是基本粒子运动方式的转变，其质量、能量并无变化。所以，核反应发出能量mc2 是很自然的。不需要求助于“质量变能量”。

人们至今未能发现以上因果关系，相信了“质量变能量”“理论”，但是，直到目前，并未发现“质量变能量”的机理，若要使“质量变能量”成为理论，必须有明确的机理，理论应当是有理之论，以理为核心，找不到“理”，“论”难以成立。

中子、质子是引力聚合的结果，一般是稳定的，正常原子不会发生核反应。但是，如果发生1.2中说的碰撞，情况已如上述，能够发生核反应。

对于“物体”，存在的问题是，物质的原子外空间有电子包围，基于电子互斥，物质碰撞难以导致质子、中子碰撞，因此，一般情况下，碰撞不会引起核反应。但是，如果在两个物体碰撞中，局部应力大到外层电子不能承受而退让，情况如何？

一旦原子外层电子离让，质子、中子的“掺合”就有可能，这意味着，在某些情况下，宏观物体碰撞有可能引起核反应。至此，自然联想到那些至今令人困惑的现象，如：通古斯大爆炸、地球、月球与其它行星表面上的大型球面凹陷，这一类自然现象只能归因于核反应。

这类陨石碰撞同一般碰撞的不同在哪里？一是速度高，达到宇宙速度量级；二是质量大；三是表面硬度高。亦即，碰撞的物质质量大、相对速度高、双方的表面硬。如果一块陨石落在水面、土壤表面就不会出现这种大爆炸。今天，对这一机理的认识在工程上有特有的应用空间，足以引起注意。

2 LHC 可能和不可能碰撞出的结果：

　2.1 可能的碰撞结果

　　（1）“发现” “新粒子”： 一枚质子是万亿枚引力子形成的“粒子”，当它被“撞散”后能够形成许许多多“组群”，它们被认为是“粒子”。

这些“粒子”最大的特点是“电子伏”不同，但是可以预言的是它们毫无例外的带“正电荷”。物理实质是：它们是引力子的较小规模的“微涡旋星系”即“组群”，向外发出“较多引力线”。任何对外引力线强度超过正常物质的现象，都被定义为“带正电荷”。

“新粒子”的数量与检测质量仪器的分辨率有关，分辨率越高，可能发现的“新品种”“粒子”数量越多。其背景已如上述。

上面提过，引力子质量约为10-36克，而质子、中子质量在10-24克，一枚质子、中子，作为“微涡旋星系”包含大约万亿枚基本粒子，在其受“聚合效应”制约，达到质子、中子这一平衡状态以前，可以有上亿种“数量状态”，测量仪器如果精确到能够分辨到“一枚之差”，就可能出现若干亿“种”此类“新粒子”。

在引力子的“微涡旋星系”达到质子这一稳态之前，“微星系”始终有较多的引力线外伸，这种状态被称为“带正电荷”。

所以，从LHC工作中“发现成千上万”的“新粒子”不成问题，问题是，人们能不能觉察它们乃是粒子的“复数”而并不“新”。

用电子伏区别粒子种类是当今命名了成千上万种“不同粒子”的原因，方法的局限使理论进入误域，基础理论的重要性可见一斑。

　　（2）会发现更多不同的“分数电荷”：质子乃是万亿枚引力子聚合成为“微涡旋星系”，它外部吸引了总量上亿枚斥力子（电子）成为氢原子，现在所标定的“氢原子电荷=1”，其实是这“上亿枚斥力子”的总量。其“一部分”（即“分数电荷）当然不能避免。特别是那些“介子”，它们是不同数量引力子的“微涡旋组群”，对外引力线的总量各不相同，使人们感到其“电荷”的“大小”不同，但是都小于质子的“正电荷”或氢原子外围电子总量，即“分数电荷”。测量仪器的分辨率越好，可以发现“分数电荷”“品类”越多。

　　（3）创造新能源：质子对撞的结果是质子分解为基本粒子高速辐射，具有mc2 (平方)动能，如果能够将此动能转变成为可以应用的能源，这种对撞的应用有可能成为取之不尽的能源。如果质子加速到可以通过碰撞产生核反应的状态时消耗的能量小于mc2, 便有可能获得静能量输出。这是一种清洁的用之不竭的能源，要达到这一目标，理论上不成问题，即“说起来容易”，但是技术上的难度显然非常之大。

　　（4）获得对于基本粒子、质子、中子、物质的有别于现行理论的新认识；现有理论

的失误已客观存在，表现为理论的不圆满、缺机理、违规律。但是，发展到现在，克服了重重困难，在当时面临的是别无他选，方才能以形成主流理论。今天，通过进一步大量实验，使认识深入、理论趋于正确乃是可以预料的事。

　２.２不可能出现的碰撞结果：

　　 （1）微型黑洞

上面已经论述过，“黑洞”至今只是一种假设，一开始提出的“黑洞”相当于真空，它是“超新星爆发”后在原地留下的一种状态，以后有人提出膨胀的物质又“被引力拉回”压缩成为“黑洞”，现在，建立在玄虚基础上的“黑洞理论”已经被大大扩充，将其按照“质量大小”分成不同等级，虽然既看不到又测不到，却有了一组相当复杂的“熵方程”，“熵”乃是分子、原子外层电子能量状态的一种显示，联系于温度和热量，“黑洞”理论迄今并不认为它是普通分子、原子的构成物，而是“超高密度物质”，“超高密度物质”就不能有原子外电子层，于是，这类“物质”即使有，却不存在“熵”，“微型黑洞”是“黑洞”理论的开拓，是一种缺乏机理、规律、事实支持的开拓而已。

　　（2）“两枚质子对撞，发出现在世界最大水电站工作10小时的能量”

这是不可能的，因为质子“微涡旋星系”里的引力子的线速度为光速量级，因此，一旦碰撞使它分散，可以得到的能量就是这些动能，约为10-13千克力•;;;;;;;;;米，用方程E=mc2描述是合适的，更多的能量无从得来。

　　（3）“质量为零”和“传递力的”“粒子”

至今依然有人相信粒子的质量可以为零，这其实是一个基础理论问题，物质必须有质量，因此“物质不灭”与“质量不灭”意义相通，动摇这一理念的肇始是“质量不是不可变”，那时——一百年前——“质量不灭”与“能量不灭”已经被承认为物理规律，而物理界面临几则难以解释的现象，在无人可以提出解释的情况下，《相对论》提出了“质量可变”而使问题暂时“平息”，此时，由于“难题”不再，“质量可变”也似乎“正确”，一百年后的今天，站在前人肩上，完全可以顺利地解释那些当年令人困惑的难题而不用依靠“质量可变”，毕竟，自然规律应当尊重，宁可暂时困惑也不能背离，这是防范理论失误必守的底线。

所谓“正负电子合成无质量的光子”，此理论虽然解释了一些问题，但是同时也派生了许多“新问题”：正电荷乃是原子外层电子相对不足、核内引力线外泄的一种状态，将其定义为“正电荷”、“带正电”都可以，但是，不能说那里有“正电子”，真正能够落实的基本粒子只有引力子、斥力子——即电子——两种，也只有这两种粒子是名副其实的“一粒”。

人们至今尚未觉察形形色色的所有其它“粒子”全都是不同数量基本粒子的“微涡旋星系”或引力子的“高速旅行群”，它们统统是复数而非单身粒子（请参见《L01 粒子今论》）。

“光子”既然无质量，能量何来？这里的基本概念是，一切能量其实都是显形或隐形的动能1/2mc2, 任何能量，最终不能离开质量m或运动速度v。

如何解释“光子”在三棱镜前后的行为？如何说明“光子”在干涉、衍射、折射中的机理？ 

现行理论中的有些“粒子”属于“事出有因、查无实据”的粒子，例如：光子、正电子、希格斯子、玻色子、胶子、镜像粒子等等。

它们都是虚拟粒子，《L01 粒子今论》已论述过，并不存在那样的“粒子”，它们用于弥补理论的不妥，乃是“理论”的需要，并非真正存在。

因此，每发现一种“新粒子”，不能仅依靠“与众不同的电子伏”，要先问一下：“它确实是一粒”吗？

基本粒子是力线的发出者，它们仅有两种，在力线相遇时便形成力，并不需要“传力粒子”。

以上这两类“粒子”，乃是当今基础理论失误的产物，理论的改善，会使它们消失，如果从LHC中“发现”了“新的”这类“粒子”，那不是真的“新事物”而是“新失误”。

　　（4）“模仿宇宙大爆炸初期” 

其实，人们只是写作而已，如果真的相信能够出现“宇宙大爆炸”哪怕只是“微型”的，还不怕炸毁地球和太阳系吗！还能不炸毁LHC吗？已经论述过，“宇宙大爆炸”理论的根据不牢、漏洞较多，难以置信，“黑洞、暗物质、暗能量”情况相似。已有文论述过，此处不另。

所以，用LHC“模拟”“宇宙大爆炸初期”肯定是仅仅是一种设想，这一设想又由于“宇宙大爆炸”的不落实而受到牵连。

　　（5）暗能量、暗物质 出于对远星光谱红移这一空间光学现象发生原因的误会，衍生了“宇宙大爆炸”理论，为了敉平此“理论”的不圆满，针对“星体越远红移越大”提出了“宇宙加速膨胀”理论，这一理论又需要“能量与物质”的支持，已知任何宏观物质都可以被物理方法显示，所以需要在上述凭空而来的“能量与物质”前加了定语“暗”，很明显，“暗物质、暗能量”同当年的“夸克”相似，只提出了一个“其然”，满足理论的需要。既无机理又无根据也提不出“所以然”，只是拿来作为弥合缝隙的粘结剂。按照常理，有必要进一步论证“所以然”。

其实，“红移”与“蓝移”都是空间的光学现象，理应从物理光学的领域寻找原因，而空间电场是空间光传播的物质环境，空间电场如果处处均匀、时时均匀加上光在空间传播完全可以按照理论上的“频率绝对守恒”，就不会出现“红移”“蓝移”一类光学现象，从这方面寻找原因，显然合理。

“红移”“蓝移”源于空间电场的影响，也要注意到迄今没有一项物理参数能够绝对符合理论。不妨认为这也属于“空间海市蜃楼”现象，此前，《相对论》曾经认为光线经过恒星附近轨迹发生弯曲是“引力弯曲”，从光学角度看，恒星附近乃是电子辐射场，电场有较大梯度是正常的，“折现率”不匀自然可以导致“光线”弯曲，因此，“弯曲”的原因不在引力而在“空间折射率”，这一是有理有据的。

由此推想，空间并不存在“暗物质”“暗能量”，是空间电场的不匀与光频率不能绝对守恒导致了“红移”“蓝移”现象的发生。

于是，从理论上可以看出，以上五项不能期望从LHC的工作中得到。

2019.3.24注： 本文于2008/10/10 登上本网站原先架构，2019.1月投入使用的现在的新架构未设计“加入时间、阅读次数”，故加注以保持原貌。

What can knocking-out from LHC——large hadron collider？

at the time of LHC——large hadron collider be about to running

S. G. Chinese

Abstract this text stand in the Chinese physical space, to discuss the physical collision of mechanical collision hard contained and the phenomenon of possible or impossible arisen in hadron collider and their substance 

Key words hadron collider nuclear energy black hole fractional charge big bang Tunguska event

1 about collision

　European large hadron collider be about to begin work, understandable, physical field harbor very high expect to it, for this reason, be necessary to analysis from the angle of basic physical principle, what is can to do and what is cannot to do, have a compare practical estimate in advance．

　Star is the biggest body in the cosmos, the mass about million times of earth, approximately contain 10 to the power of 69 grains basic particles；the least is basic particle, the quality about 10 to the power of -36 gram．Need to explain, “basic particle ” in this text only two kinds of graviton and repulton（mean electron, but it’s quality is far little than now think of）。Any object been in the motion, so collision be hard to avoid．

　　The obvious is, only basic particle is true “one” all so called “particle” and “some particle” in fact are all “plural” particle．between biggest and least matter to be ：neutrino、meson、proton、neutron、atom、molecule、interstellar matter、planet and so on, among these, any two can be happen collision．In the particle field, in order to increase collision speed, may through accelerator to form two beam of particles which have reverse direction, under this condition, the collision is head on collision． 

　The collision base on the mechanism of mechanics when bring in to particle field, due to cannot detect neutron 、proton to be the “micro vortex galaxy” of basic particle, only according to the mechanical collision principle, naturally to think should “conservation of parity”．Later also find “parity non-conservation”, up to now not understand why parity not conservation, but on the basis of laboratory finding believe in “parity non-conservation”, weather still need clear out why non-conservation of it from mechanism?

　The expression of physical field seems be satisfied with full stop use Nobel prize, once a certain “conclusion” bear the palm, as soon as become “surely correct theory ” of no need mechanism．

　 In fact, the distinction between conclusion and theory is have or have not mechanism, the discuss of possess mechanism just the theory of be worthy of the name, “quality variable”、“ conservation of parity”、“parity non-conservation” “four kinds of force”、“gravitational deflection of light”、“big bang”、“many (>3) dimensions space”、“ progress step by step to free” 

“time channel”、“light atom fusion to heavy atom”、“ chromo and flavor of the quantum” and so on are all the result or conclusion of research, need to added mechanism , the mechanism perfect and accord with natural law can but become theory．

　 “parity non-conservation” and neutron suffer collision fusion to many “particles” all ought treat as the hint sent out from nature：proton and neutron are the “colony” polymerized by numerous basic particles, the nuclear energy then more hint, this “colony” does not static、reclining, but rather a “micro vortex galaxy”(see also in thesis 《L04 development of matter》)., the velocity of vortex is equal to the velocity of before polymerization they rectilinear flying in the space, this velocity also from the equation E=1/2mc2 get precision verification——according to report——then estimate about 1.4 times light velocity． 

　To form theory follow this naturally rather satisfactory, energy equation E=mc2 then need not still reply why, because of the particle fly with light velocity then its kinetic energy just large like this．

　If not be cognizant of these in theory, “where come from the nuclear energy” then become difficult problem, not having any other choice but seek help to “quality change to energy”, this be able to extract a more difficult problem： “how can be the quality change to energy”? if manage to reply with difficulty, also be able to extract new difficult problem, the difficult problem continuous is the clear show of the theory walk in to mistake field．(2010.7.14)

“collide of two matter” to be：

　1.1 collide of two basic (element) particle：graviton cannot to form repulsion force, therefore, it would not to bear acts of repulsion force, permanent fly in space with super high speed, if it get collide with other graviton, it should be：both sides come on with relative direction, after collision leave with adverse direction．this collision is in harmony with Newtonian mechanics, abide by the law of parity conservation；the collision of two electrons of opposite direction then difficult to achieve, if movement velocity is lower, when they not yet very near, repulsion force cause they reverse, if movement velocity is very high, would reverse at the distance quite near, but difficult to happen true collision, why? Because of, in space, “high-speed electron” come from attracting force is overcome by centrifugal force and free itself from atom；in the factory then come from “electron driving” and not collision． 

　After when demarcate its quality to 10-36 gram, the count were likely to compare exact；happen “collision” of two electron beam of high velocity only through “scatterring” to show, very accurate collision produced reverse electrons impossible get distinguish．But to the end this “collision” displayed by scatterring whether truly “to plough up” against or be caused by repulsion force?

Therefore, it await confirm of electron able or unable happen collision of genuine． 

　1.2 collision of proton、neutron：when collision happened between neutron and proton, this amount to the collision of a little system of vortex with other a same system, due to the “scope” of neutron、proton to be suffer the condition of balance mechanism of force——polymerizing effect, when they get collision, it was not “parity conservation” or “parity non-conservation ” to occur action but is “introduce” each other, become a “micro vortex galaxy” of large than one times ——namely impossible existing．

From principle to see, collision of proton or neutron is a kind of “blend”, it is two “micro vortex galaxy” blend to one, the result is, among they at “least” the half basic particle immediately get rid of attracting force and fly off, display the energy of mc2, the “least” means, if acting force-line uniform drop, the basic particles of two “micro vortex galaxy” would all drop away．Why? Because of the “polymerizing effect”．In the polymerization, have a part of force-line of basic particle form acting force, to make they can’t disperse but on the vortex condition, this part of force-line is “acting force-line”, other part of force-line still hade space, it is the “surplus force-line ”, the ratio of both would changing follow member’s number, the degree of polymerization more higher (the member’s amount more much), the ratio of surplus more lower, when polymerization reach to proton scale, the surplus force-line then can’t tie up any graviton of flying from side, therefore, proton act as a largest “micro vortex galaxy” existing in the space．

　　Every graviton in polymerize it’s acting force with other companion was reduce follow polymerizing degree rise, when reach to proton scale, if l re-increase graviton, its attracting force then difficult to surpass centrifugal force, therefore, this mechanism of polymerizing make when two proton blending together at least the half basic particle immediately get out due to attracting force not enough, this is equivalent to “happen nuclear reaction”、“send out energy mc2” (up to now, this mistake for “quality change to energy”)． 

This is the result of people be able to wish of “hadron collider”．Hereof, really not the speed decide the result of nuclear reaction, from the angle of energy efficiency, collision need use lesser 

Speed．

　But, how to catch these super-speed particles and make they change to electric energy、heat energy and so on energy is the great technology puzzle, Also the hope of human, because this energy sources to be the clean energy of inexhaustible、in endless supply, once possess the technology of changing this energy, “energy drain” will be no longer in existence．

Only, like “copy big bang”、”make micro black hole” and so on imagine or hope ought belong to unrealistic domain, withal cannot credulity, later still analysis．

　Because, about those “according” of “big bang”, existing of objective reality just “red shift” and “space microwave radiation”, but if the “red shift” act as “much stars leave off with super-speed ”, like that how to explain “blue shift”? Whether would to say “much stars accio ”? therefore although “red shift ” really exist, but it difficult represent as the proving of “much stars leave off with super-speed”——“big bang”, otherwise, whether the “blue shift” would become the proving of “the great compression of cosmos”? so, can’t walk tall to say “big bang” ever happened． 

　　Does ability and inability to think that symmetrical weak “microwave radiation” of space was the electric wave of the big bang and reflex from remote space? This only the one side of assumed；the another side is, if ever happened the big bang, at the time send out the electric wave, it spread to space with light velocity c, other everything of having mass all have a accelerating process, surely be later of the electric wave, and that always can’t catch up with electric wave, “what” to make the reflect return of the electric wave? If can’t find this “what”, as soon as should not so “use” and that need moreover cause analysis．

　 The article about “black hole” is more and more, the significant problem is：first, after super nova, will or will not the matter get “collapse”? second, what to make the galaxy of space round it moving? “super nova” to be thorough scatter of whole star’s mass with pattern of proton、neutron、atom、molecular (the mechanism have been analyzed in 《development of matter》)，after scatter two kinds of basic particle——graviton and repulton——pass into next “poly- and scatter circulate ”．

Do they be able to or not come back by attracting force and “collapse” become “black hole”?

　 Due to the graviton send out attracting force-line, lean to poly, so, the idea of “collapse” is understandable, but, they fly out with super velocity in the space, the attracting force form from attracting force line only make graviton attract each other in the distance of 10-8 cm, and gradually poly, be based on the “polymerizing effect”, the poly would stop on the proton scale．

Therefore, space randomly born proton、neutron, they also randomly poly to atom and isotope．By no means existing the possible of that super-strong attracting force can pull return the leave basic particles from some km outer and compress to the “black hole” of super attracting force． 　

　 Therefore, the “black hole” only the production of fancy, a graviton can’t to “pull” return the other one only in the distance of 10-8 cm, how can it pull return the leave graviton beside some kilometer with super velocity and “collapse” to the “black hole”? 

After “super nova” many mass ought to ”return” yet, but does not that “collapse” of imagine．

　 Because of if gravity enter the attracting force range of other galaxy, they cannot return still．Yet under the action of relatively gravity to be that protons、neutrons、molecules、atoms of haven’t KD, their “future” will discuss in other article．

　 Towards the “return” under action of gravity of relatively weak, does not existing the mechanism of so called “collapse”, nor can generate so called “black hole”．

　The galaxy vortex be deemed to whirl round “black hole”, now use this for the “proving” of “black hole”.．in fact, this is the reaction of center view, all matters cannot completely separate with vortex movement, and under many condition, little object is similar to whirl round large object’s center, as electron to the atom nucleus, moon to the earth, earth to the sun etc．under this condition, “center viewpoint naturally form．

　But, the movement of object should round or do not round center and where is this center was decide by force balance, the relative force is act force、centrifugal force、inertia．For example of double star, they are in the circle motion of uniform speed, the inertia force is zero, (2010.7.21) , 

the acting force is the attracting force formed with both side, it balanced by centrifugal, their center of gyration is the midpoint of they, together round this point of vacant space to rotate．Visible, only the object of intervallic mass can but happen rotate “round center”．In a similar way, the mechanism of double star may be open up to four star、eight star until many star, therefore, space vortex galaxy really not should a huge mass serve as their rotate center, the difference of mass of numerous star does not great disparity, so when we have not become conscious of a huge mass at vortex center, it is similar with the double star rotate round a imaginary point, not puzzled．Make up “black hole” act as “center role” neither reasonable nor necessary．In fact, not have such “black hole”, it only come out of fiction, so, the imagine of LHC generate “mini-type black hole ” is have not realized possibility．

　Collision of hadron surely be able to knock-out many “new particles”．Because of, now use “electron volt” serve as the foundation for divide “same” or “un-same” of the particle, it does not estimated measured particle may be the “plural” particle, thus, sundry “new particle” really may be the different poly group of graviton．Because of, there are only two kind of different particle in nature：graviton and repulton．

　A proton is a “particle” form of trillion gravitons, after when suffer “collide scattered” it should be form lots and lots of “groups”, every “group” of different member number may be know as “a kind of new particle”, if the measuring apparatus very precise, according to the probability, may be have the billions of “different group”, if to say that is “new particle”, but this is countless．

　It can be seen, above clean in theory is very needful． 　

　 1.3 collision between macroscopic object：this is the third kind of collision of the same scale object, this kind of collision can be appear two kind of different consequence, the one is convention collision；the other is, happen nuclear reaction．

The first kind of collision has been researched in detail in classical physics, no longer narrate；through the consequence of second collision often appear, but up to now have not get come to realize, so as yet make people puzzled, the puzzle reason lie in basic theory exit shortage, here the relative problem is：　　　　(1) Where come from the nuclear energy of atom? (2) What condition happened to make the atom free the nuclear energy? 

Text《L04 development of matter》expounded the mechanism of basic particle poly become proton、neutron, poly process just the process of basic particle change kinetic energy into atomic energy and contain hold in store, therefore, when be born at once proton 、neutron contain internal energy mc2, so to say their nuclear energy is “congenital having”．So the nuclear energy of proton、neutron don’t the energy of magical of “all the changes ”, but rather the kinetic energy of rotation in high speed of whole member——gravitons．

Once the proton get disassembling, graviton’s rotate motion change to linear motion, when again become the particle of linear flying in space with “light speed”, then show this kinetic energy mc2, front and back of nuclear reaction only happen the change of mode of motion for basic particle, its mass (quality) and energy does not change．so the nuclear reaction send out energy mc2 it is quite natural that．With no need for “mass change to energy”．

So far cannot find above causality, believed in the theory of “mass change to energy”, but until now, never find the mechanism of “mass change to energy”, as if to make “mass change to energy” become theory, have to having clear mechanism, theory should be the view of reason, with reason for the core, if find not “reason”, the analects then difficultly become．

Neutron、proton are the result of poly, to be stable in general, normal atom will not happen nuclear reaction．But if happened collision as in 1.2, the condition has been say as above, nuclear reaction may be happened． 

　For the “object”, the existing problem is, outer space of atom of the object having electrons surround, so matter collision hardly lead to collision of neutron、proton, therefore, as a general rule, collision will not arouse nuclear reaction．But between two objects collide, the local stress great to outer electron cannot bear and climb-down, how does the condition?

Once atom’s outer electrons give away, “blending” of proton、neutron as soon as chances are, this mean, in some cases, collide of macro object were likely to arouse nuclear reaction．Thus, naturally associate those up to now confusing phenomenon, such as：Tunguska event、seeming large sphere hollow of earth、moon and other planet, this kind of natural phenomenon only can but ascribed to nuclear reaction．

　What different of this kind of aerolite collision with general collision? The one is speed high, reach to the order of space speed；the second is, mass large, the third is surface hardness high．　 

　That is, the collision matter was in mass big、relative speed high、and both surface hard．If a aerolite dropt to the water、soils then will not happen this kind of explosion．Today, be familiar with this mechanism having proper apply space on engineering, enough come into notice．

2 Possible and in-possible collision result of LHC 

　2.1 the possible collision result

　　(1) “to find” “new particle”：a proton is the “particle” format with billion gravitons, after when it suffer “collide” can form lots and lots of “group”, they be know as “particle”．

The largest character of these “particles” are “electron volt” not alike, but may prophetic is they each and all carry “positive charge”．The physical substance is：they are the lesser scale “micro vortex galaxy” namely “group” of gravitons, outward “more attracting force-line”．any phenomenon of outward attracting force-line exceed common matter, all to be defined as “carry positive charge”．

The sum of “new particle” relate to the resolution ratio of the instrument of detecting quality, the resolution ratio get over, may find the count of “new kind of” “particle” get more．Its background has said as above mentioned．

Above has bring up, the quality of graviton about 10-36gram, and the quality of neutron、proton at 10-24gram, a proton、neutron act as “micro vortex galaxy” contains trillion basic particles, before it reach to the balance condition of neutron、proton, may have hundred million kinds of “quantity condition”, if surveying instrument can correct to make out “difference of one”, as soon as possible appear some hundred million “kinds” of “new particle”．

Before the “micro vortex galaxy” of graviton reach to this steady state of proton, “micro galaxy” all along having many attracting force-line protract out, this condition to be called “carry positive charge”． (2010.7.25)

Therefore, “find thousands and thousands of new particle” in LHC working does not the problem, the problem is, people ability or inability find perceive they are the “plural” of particle and not “new”．

The reason for now named thousand of thousands “different particle” was distinguish particle use electron volt, method in limit make the theory enter into error region, the importance of basic theory “visible in a spot”．

　　　(2) be able to find more “fractional charge”：the proton to be the “micro vortex galaxy” of graviton polymerized, its external attracted hundred million electrons become hydrogen atom, now demarcated “charge of hydrogen atom equal to 1”, in fact, it is the sum of “hundred million” repultons．Part of this——namely “fractional charge”——certainly unavoidable．In particular those “meson”, they are the “micro vortex group” of different quantity of gravitons, the sum of external attracting force-line is differ from each other, make people feel their magnitude of “charge” not alike, but all less than the “positive charge” of proton or the sum of peripheral electron of hydrogen atom, namely “fractional charge”．The resolution ratio more good, may be find the “category” of “fractional charge” more much． 　 

　　 (3) creating new energy：the result of proton colliding is proton resolve to basic particle and radiate with high speed, possess kinetic energy of mc2 (square), if able to change this kinetic energy become to adaptable energy, the apply of this collision may be form the energy of inexhaustible．If wasting energy of when accelerate proton to the condition of can happen clear reaction is less than mc2, then can be get net power export．This is a kind of clean inexhaustible energy source, for reach to this aim, not the problem in theory, namely “easy in speaking”, but the difficulty very large in technical clearly．

　　 (4) get new knowing to the basic particle、proton、neutron、matter which is fifer from present theory：the fault of present theory was objective existing, appear as theoretical don’t perfect、lack of mechanism、defy the law．But it can run to now ever overcome numerous difficulties, at that time be faced with not other selecting, just now can become main stream theory．Today, through further mass test, to cause the cognition deep、the theory tend to correct to be the thing of it may be prophetic．

　 2.2 The in-possible arisen result of collision

　　(1) Mini-type black hole 

Above has been related until now “black hole” only a kind of supposing, first of suggested the “black hole” amount to vacuum, it is a leaving condition in situ after “super nova”, later people raise the inflated matter “return by attracting force” and compressed become the “black hole”, now, the “theory of black hole” set up on the mystery base already get great expansion, put it divide to different class according to “mass scale”, through as well as it can’t be seen and also can’t be measured, but already have a “entropy equation” of quite complicated, the “entropy” to be a condition appearing of the energy of outer electrons of atom、molecular, related to temperature and heat, until now the “black hole” theory dose not think it is the composition matter of common molecular、atom, but is the “matter of super high density ”, the “matter of super high density ” at once have not outer shell, therefore, even if existed these kind of “matter”, but does not exist “entropy”, “Mini-type black hole” was the extension of the theory of “black hole”, it is a kind of extension of lack mechanism、law、fact supporting and nothing more．

　　(2) “Collision of two proton can issue the energy of working 10 hours by now world largest hydropower station” 

This out of the question, because of the speed of inner gravitons of proton (micro vortex galaxy) to be the order of light velocity, therefore, once collision make it scatter, may get energy exactly these kinetic energy, it about 10-7(10 to the power of -7) kg m, use equation E-mc2 describe is suitable, the more energy was no way come into．

　　(3) The particle of “zero quality” and “the particle of transmit forces” 

Up to now still having people to think the quality of matter may equal to zero, this as it was a problem of basic theory, the matter should having quality, therefore “matter conservation” is meaning in common with “mass conservation”, the starting of shake this idea is “mass does not immutable”, at the time——before a centenary——“mass conservation” and “energy conservation” has been admitted as physical law, while physics field facing some phenomenon of strange, under the condition of none explanatory, 《relativity》raise “mass variable”, when make the problem get “quench” temporarily, this moment, due to “difficult problem” no longer, “mass variable ” also seems “correct”, today of after the centenary, stand on the shoulder of predecessors, be justified in smoothly to explain those difficult problem of confusing in current year and need not rely on “mass variable”, 

In the final analysis, natural law ought to get respecting, would rather temporary confused nor depart from it, this the under line of should to guard for keep away mistaking．

So called “the plus-minus electron mixture become the photon of none mass”, this theory although explained some problems, but at the same time also derived many “new problems”：the positive charge to be a condition of electron lacking of atomic outer layer and the attracting force-line of nuclear leak out, to definite it for “positive charge”、“carry positive electricity” all OK, but cannot say there exist “positron”, real can practical basic particle only two kinds of graviton and repulton, also only these two kinds of particles just the “truly one” of be worthy of the name． 

　 So far people not yet perceive other “particle of all forms” are all the “micro vortex galaxy” of basic particle in different quantity or graviton’s “”touring group of high speed”, they are all in plural and not bachelordom particle (see also in 《L01 Modern opinion about particle》)。

　 If photon none quality, where come from the energy? Here the basic concept is, all energy actually are phenotype or covert kinetic energy 1/2mv2 (square) , any energy can’t away with mass m or moving velocity v．

　How to explain photon’s action when it at fore-and-aft of triple prism? How to explain the mechanism when photon in interference、diffraction、refraction?

Some “particles” in present theory belong to the particle of “there is good reason for it but investigation reveals no evidence”, such as：photon、positron、Higgson、boson、gluon、image particle etc．

They are all the virtual particle, 《L01 Modern opinion about particle》has been discussed, no existing those “particles”, need to use they make good the theory, to be the need of the “theory”, does not really existing．

　 Therefore, when find a “new particle”, should not only rely on “distinctive electron volt”, first want to ask ：”is it really one”?

Basic particle to be the source-encoder of force-line, only have two kinds of they, when force-line get meet then become force, no need the “the particles that transmit forces”．

　 Above two kinds of particles to be now the product of basic theory fault, when the theory get improve, be able to let it disappear, if “find out” these “new particles” from LHC, that does not real “new things” but is the “new fault”． 　

　　 (4) “to copy the initial stage of the big bang

In fact, it but writing nothing more, if really believe in can happen “big bang” even only “tiny”, could it be not fear blow up earth and solar system? Could it not blow up LHC? It has been discussed, the theory of “big bang” was not firm in basis、leak more、incredible, the condition of “black hole、dark matter、dark energy” is similar, has been discussed here don’t again．

Therefore, use LHC “to imitate” “big bang” surly only a kind of imagine, this imagine due to “big bang in the clouds” then suffer involve．

　　　(5) dark energy、dark matter 

Start from the misunderstand of the space optical phenomenon of red shift of remote star, derive of “big bang” theory, for to repair the unsatisfactory of this theory, directed towards “more remote the star, more big red shift” raised the theory of “cosmos speed up ”, this theory needs the supporting of “energy and matter”, any knowing macroscopic matter and energy are all can show by physical method, so needs add the attribute “dark” before above “energy and matter” which is come from thin air, clearly, “dark matter、dark energy” was similar with “quark” of under year, only raise a “so” to meet theory need．As lack of mechanism or reason and cannot bring up “the reason why”, only bring it as the binder to close gap．According to the convention, be necessary for more demonstration of “the reason why”．

In fact, “red shift” and “blue shift” are all space optical phenomenon, ought to find reason from physical optics field, and space electric field is the physical environment of light propagating, if space electric field can uniform in every time 、every where, and added light propagating in space “frequency absolute conservation” fully according to the theory, that’s it would not appear this kind of optical phenomenon of “red shift” or “blue shift”, to seek reason from this way clearly reasonable． 

“red shift” and “blue shift” are derived from the influence of space electric field, also would take notice of until now it have not a physical parameter can absolutely accord with theory．May as well to think this also belong to the phenomenon of “space mirage”, before, 《relativity》ever regard as the light pass star nearby happen race bend was “gravitation bend”, to see from optical angle, star nearby to be the radiation field of electrons, the electric field have more gradient is normal, “discount rate” uneven of course may lead to “optical line” get bend, there fore, the reason of bend at “space mirage” and not gravitation, this is possess reason and according．

Thus guess, space not exist “dark matter”、“dark energy”, to be the uneven of space electric field and the frequency of light cannot absolute conservation lead to happen the phenomenon of “red shift” and “blue shift”．

There fore, from theory can be seen, above five terms cannot expect obtain from LHC．